Encyclopedia of Autographa californica Nucleopolyhedrovirus Genes

The Autographa californica multiple capsid nucleopolyhedrovirus (AcMNPV) was the first baculovirus for which the complete nucleotide sequence became known. Since then 15 years lapsed and much research has been performed to elucidate putative functions of the annotated open reading frames of this virus and this endeavour is still ongoing. AcMNPV is the most well-known and well-studied baculovirus species, not in the least for its application as a vector for the high-level expression of foreign genes in insect cells. This article is the first monograph of a single baculovirus and gives a current overview of what is known about the 151 AcMNPV ORFs, including (putative) function and temporal and spatial presence of transcripts and protein. To date 60 ORFs have a proven function, another 19 ORFs have homologs for which functions are known in other baculoviruses and 72 ORFs are still enigmatic. This paper should assist the reader in quickly finding the essentials of AcMNPV.

Decolorization of Direct Black 22 by Aspergillus ficuum

The decolorization of Direct Black 22 by Aspergillus ficuum has been studied. It was found that Aspergillus ficuum could effectively decolorize Direct Black 22 especially when grown as pelleted mycelia. Results showed that the media containing Direct Black 22 at 50 mg/L could be decolorized by 98.05% of the initial color in 24 h. The optimum pH and temperature of decolorization are 4.0 and 33 °C respectively. Aeration was quite beneficial to decolorization. Medium composition and the concentration of Direct Black 22 could affect the rate of decolorization. The dye degraded products assayed by UV-visible spectrophotometer and macroscopic observation showed that the decolorization of Direct Black 22 by mycelial pellets includes two important processes: bioadsorption and biodegradation. The degradation experiment agree with the Michaelis-Menten kinetics equation.

Influence of fungicides and vesicular arbuscular mycorrhiza on growth and nutrient balance of soybean by used DRIS equation

A pot experiment was conducted to study the effect of mycorrhiza, fungicides in difference concentration and there combination on growth and nutrients balance index of soya bean. Tow AM treatments including with and with out mycorrhiza and tow fungicides (parasmid and ant-arcol) each of them including four concentration (0.0, 0.25, 0.5 and 1 Kg·donum-1) were tested in factorial completely randomized design in the three replication. The results indicates that the higher value of total dry matter weight was recorded from combination treatment (F1M1C1) which attained 11.09 gm·pot-1 ,while the lower value 2.25 gm·pot-1 was produced by combination treatment (F2M2C3) ,however the same combination treatments was showed that the nitrogen ,phosphorus ,magnesium and iron in the shoot tissues in the mycorrhizal plant with lower concentration of fungicides were significantly greater (P -1, 251.00 mg·K-1) was recorded. The result of nutrient index and nutrient balance index revealed that the lower NBI (56.18) was recorded in combination treatments (F1M1C1), while the higher NBI (2033.81) was produced from combination treatments (F2M2C3), moreover the results shows significant negative correlation ship between NBI and total dry matter weight (r = -0.63*) .

An Optimization Study of α-Amylase Production by Aspergillus niger ATCC 16404 Grown on Orange Waste Powder

In this work, sequential optimization strategy, based on statistical designs, was employed to enhance the production of α-amylase by Aspergillus niger ATCC 16404. This statistical study consists of optimizing the factors that influence the production of α-amylase of A. niger ATCC 16404. Indeed, another statistical study has allowed the selection of 5 factors (pH, starch, yeast extract, “corn steep liquor”, CaCl2 and salts) affecting both the development of mould (biomass) and that of the enzyme production. The central composite design allows the determination of the optimum of these selected factors and a quadratic model explains the factor reaction. Thus, the “ridge analysis” method, has led to maximizing the experimental reaction. The results indicate that the production rate of α-amylase is maximized in the presence of starch at 8.97 g/l, yeast extract at 2.86 g/l, CaCl2 at 1.224 g/l, salts (composed of 25% FeSO4, 7H2O, 25% MnSO4 and 50% MgCl2, 6H2O): FeSO4, 7H2O, MnSO4 0.1518 g/l and MgCl2, 6H2O at 0.3036 g/l. As for the pH, it is maintained at the rate of 5.68.

A fusion at the root of prostate cancer

Many hematopoietic malignancies have oncogenic gene fusions, like BCR-ABL, in their tumor-initiating cells. This implicates the product of the fusion as a powerful cancer-initiating event. In human prostate cancers, despite the detection of numerous similar fusions,

OsiWRKY基因的水稻转化和转基因水稻抗病性分析

为了研究水稻WRKY类基因的功能,对OsiWRKY基因进行了水稻转化.转基因植株的分子检测结果表明,OsiWRKY基因已整合到水稻基因组中并得到超量表达.进一步抗病性测定表明,转基因植株表现出对稻瘟病菌(Magnaporthe grisea)和白叶枯菌(Xanthomonas oryzaepv.oryzae)的广谱抗性.这些结果说明OsiWRKY基因可能作为一种正调控因子参与水稻的抗病反应.

运动食品,功效何在?

1.运动食品应该用之有效,使用便利,能够补充运动员在训练和比赛中对营养素的需要。2.使用运动食品前,运动员应该明确自己之所需,从而有的放矢地选择适合的运动食品,针对性地进行补充。3.运动员必须懂得如何辨别运动食品标签上的功效说明,以避免使用假冒伪劣或误用含有违禁成分的运动食品。

CLN5突变导致青少年发病的非典型神经元蜡样脂褐质沉积症

Three related patients from Colombia presented with a juvenileonset neuronal c eroid lipofuscinosis. Electron microscopy of one case showed condensed fingerpri nt profiles, and genetic analyses identified a novel missense mutation in CLN5. The authors demonstrate the existence of pathogenic CLN5 mutations outside north ern Europe and that mutations in this gene can lead to an atypical late-onset n euronal ceroid lipofuscinosis disease, in addition to the late infantile form fi rst described inFinland.

Impacts of grassland fence on the behavior and habitat area of the critically endangered Przewalski's gazelle around the Qinghai Lake

The trend of fencing grassland as livestock paddocks is spreading on the Eurasian steppe,however,its impacts on grassland wildlife are little known.In order to explore such impacts,we carried out a field study on how grassland fencing impacts Przewalski's gazelle(Procapra przewalskii),a species listed as EN(Endangered) by SSC/IUCN,on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau.The results revealed that(1) in the fenced areas,daily movement distance of Przewalski's gazelle was 5081±1187 m(Hudong-Ketu) and 4110±912 m(Yuanzhe),which was much shorter than the 7223±546 m recorded in an unfenced area(Kuaierma);(2) the feeding bout duration of Przewalski's gazelle was much shorter in the fenced habitat;(3) the frequency of walking along both high or low fence lines reached about 81%;while the frequency of jumping across the low fence line was only about 1.2% and frequency of crawling through the bottom of the high fence lines was about 17.8%;(4) the size of post-fencing habitat decreased to about 20% and 6% of the sizes of pre-fencing habitat in Hudong-Ketu and Yuanzhe areas respectively,but no clear change in the size of habitat area was found in the unfenced Kuaierma area;and(5) the fence lines impaired the possibility of gazelles to escape from predators and occasionally trapped the Przewalski's gazelle which failed to jump over the fence lines.Death occurrence of Przewalski's gazelle in the intensively fenced area,including gazelles strangled by fence lines and predated by wolves,reached 5% of the population size in Yuanzhe and up to 15%-20% in Hudong-Ketu.This study highlights the negative impacts of grassland fencing on Przewalski's gazelle and proposes measures for integrating conservation of this gazelle with livestock management practice.

Hsa-circ-000094 in Peripheral blood can be used as a biomarker for the diagnosis of type 2 diabetes

Objective The purpose of this study was to investigate the differential expression of circRNAs in human blood,as a diagnostic marker for pre-diabetes and type 2 diabetes mellitus(T2DM).Methods Microarray analysis was used to select several differentially expressed circRNAs from three normal patients and three T2DM patients.Enlargement of the sample size(normal controls,n=20;subjects with impaired glucose regulation,n=20;and type 2 diabetes mellitus,n=20)determined circRNA to be the most evident differentially expressed by fluorescence quantitative PCR(Q-PCR).Then they were verified with expanded samples(normal controls,n=50;impaired glucose regulations,n=50;type 2 diabetes mellitus,n=50)by Q-PCR.Results A total of 2953 differentially expressed circRNAs were found in microarray analysis,of which 1439 were up-regulated and 1514 were down-regulated.Nine differentially expressed circRNAs were selected from the 1439 circRNAs that were up-regulated(hsacirc-103838,hsa-circ-103965,hsa-circ-104227,hsacirc-002117,hsa-circ-000094,hsa-circ-101226,hsacirc-101720,hsa-circ-400029,and hsa-circ-100633).The Q-PCR results of the expanded sample(n=60)showed that the difference expression of hsa-circ-000094(Alias:has-circ-0000247)in the nine circRNAs was the most obvious one among the 3 groups,the area under the maximum curve was found by ROC curve analysis,SIGR=0.8025[95%confidence interval(0.6655-0.9395),P=0.001];ST2DM=0.77[95%confidence interval(0.624-0.916),P=0.003].In order to verify the clinical diagnostic ability of hsa-circ-000094,the experiment was conducted to further expand the sample(n=150).The results showed that the expression of hsa-circ-000094 in the three groups was different,the difference and ROC curve analysis were statistically significant,SIGR=0.6733[95%confidence interval(0.5757-0.7710),P<0.01];ST2DM=0.7231[95%confidence interval(0.6327-0.8134),P<0.01].Conclusion The higher expression of hsa-circ-000094 in peripheral blood provides a certain diagnostic basis for pre-diabetes as well as type 2 diabetes mellitus.

The relationship between controllability, optimal testing resource allocation, and incubation-latent period mismatch as revealed by COVID-19

The severe shortfall in testing supplies during the initial COVID-19 outbreak and ensuing struggle to manage the pandemic have affirmed the critical importance of optimal supplyconstrained resource allocation strategies for controlling novel disease epidemics.To address the challenge of constrained resource optimization for managing diseases with complications like pre-and asymptomatic transmission,we develop an integro partial differential equation compartmental disease model which incorporates realistic latent,incubation,and infectious period distributions along with limited testing supplies for identifying and quarantining infected individuals.Our model overcomes the limitations of typical ordinary differential equation compartmental models by decoupling symptom status from model compartments to allow a more realistic representation of symptom onset and presymptomatic transmission.To analyze the influence of these realistic features on disease controllability,we find optimal strategies for reducing total infection sizes that allocate limited testing resources between‘clinical’testing,which targets symptomatic individuals,and‘non-clinical’testing,which targets non-symptomatic individuals.We apply our model not only to the original,delta,and omicron COVID-19 variants,but also to generically parameterized disease systems with varying mismatches between latent and incubation period distributions,which permit varying degrees of presymptomatic transmission or symptom onset before infectiousness.We find that factors that decrease controllability generally call for reduced levels of non-clinical testing in optimal strategies,while the relationship between incubation-latent mismatch,controllability,and optimal strategies is complicated.In particular,though greater degrees of presymptomatic transmission reduce disease controllability,they may increase or decrease the role of nonclinical testing in optimal strategies depending on other disease factors like transmissibility and latent period length.Importantly,our model allows a spectrum of diseases to be compared within a consistent framework such that lessons learned from COVID-19 can be transferred to resource constrained scenarios in future emerging epidemics and analyzed for optimality.

草原围栏对普氏原羚行为和栖息地面积的影响

在欧亚草原区,建设草原围栏将草原围成家畜放牧场的趋势越来越明显,然而草原围栏对野生动物的影响却鲜为人知.仅分布在青藏高原东部青海湖流域草原上的普氏原羚被国际自然保护联盟物种生存委员会列为濒危级物种.为了探索草原围栏对其行为和栖息地面积的影响,笔者开展了相关研究.结果表明:(1)在建有围栏的区域内,普氏原羚昼间活动距离平均值为5081±1187m(湖东-克图分布区)和4110±912m(元者分布区),远远低于无围栏分布区中普氏原羚的昼间活动距离7223±546m(快尔玛分布区);(2)在建有围栏区域内的普氏原羚采食周期比无围栏生境中的短;(3)普氏原羚沿围栏行走的频次比例达81%;跳越围栏的行为频次比例为1.2%,从围栏底部钻过围栏的频次为17.8%;(4)建立围栏后,湖东-克图和元者分布区内普氏原羚的活动范围分别缩小为建立围栏前的20%和6%;(5)围栏降低了普氏原羚逃离天敌的能力.在元者和湖东-克图,直接被围栏挂住死亡的比例为5%,或因围栏限制了逃避天敌的能力而导致普氏原羚被狼捕食的比例为15%～20%.由此可见,草原围栏不利于普氏原羚生存,建议加强草原生物多样性保护,对家畜牧场进行综合管理.