IMPORTANCE OF HYDROLOGY, SOIL AND VEGETATIONIN WETLAND RESEARCH

Wetlands, one of the most productive systems in the biosphere are a unique ecosystem. They occur in landscapes that favor the ponding or slow runoff of surface water, discharge of ground water, or both. Wetlands are not only important for maintaining plant and animal diversity, but also for balancing global carbon budget via sequestrating or releasing CO2 from/into atmosphere depending on their management. Therefore, it is imperative to understand how wetlands form and function, then we can better manage, utilize, and protect these unique ecosystems. Hydrie soils,hydrophytic vegetation, and wetland hydrology are the three main parameters of wetlands. These parameters are interrelated with each other which jointly influence the development and functions of wetland ecosystems. The objective of this paper was to report the current understanding of wetlands and provide future research directions. The paper will first focus on aspects of hydrology research in wetlands, and then shift to soil hydrosequence and wetland vegetation to better understand processes, structure, and function of wetlands, and conclude with some possible future research directions.

Construction of a Genetic Map and Mapping Quantitative Trait Loci for Salt Tolerance During the Vegetative Stage in Tomato by SSR Markers

Quantitative trait loci （QTLs） contributing to salt tolerance during the vegetative stage in tomato were investigated. A moderately salt-sensitive Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.‘XF 98-7’ was hybridized with a salt-tolerant Lycopersicon pimpinellifolium accession LA2184, and F2 and F3 populations were developed. The F2 population was used for SSR mapping and the F3 families were evaluated for salt tolerance in solution cultures containing 1% NaCl. A LOD score threshold of 2.0 was chosen to identify putative QTLs and to estimate their additive effect and phenotypic variation. Two genomic regions （LEtat003-SSR139, SSR119-SSR17） were detected on chromosome 4 beating significant QTLs for salt tolerance, respectively accounted for 6.03% and 8.01% of the phenotypic variation. The QTL in the marker interval of LEtat003-SSR139 showed significant negative effects, while the other QTL in the marker interval of SSR119-SSR17 showed significant positive effects. The identification of genomic locations with both positive and negative effects on this trait suggests the likelihood of recovering transgressive segregants in progeny derived from these parental lines. Results and its application in developing salt-tolerant tomatoes as molecular markers are discussed in this paper.

Effects of Streptomyces microflavus Extract on Heat Tolerance of Tall Fescue

Heat stress in summer is a major factor limiting use of cool-season grasses in Shanghai area, China. The objectives of this study were to investigate effects of a crude extract product of a new strain of Streptomyces microflavus (TSS) on turf performance and physiological activities of tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea) in response to heat stress. Plants of tall fescue cultivar ‘Barlexus’ were exposed to 38/33 (°C) (day/night) high temperature in growth chamber after TSS applications. High temperature induced about 3.5 fold increases of initial shoot extension rate and clipping yield (6 d) and led to quick decline of plant growth after 18 d. TSS inhibited the extent of initial increases of shoot extension rate and clipping yield and maintained a longer period of steady growth under the heat stress. TSS also decreased the decline of leaf chlorophyll content, TNC, shoot density, and turf quality induced by heat stress. The results suggested that TSS application improved turf performance under heat stress, and the greater improvement of heat tolerance was associated with higher dose of application. This positive effect on heat tolerance could be related to the decreased carbohydrate consumption and loss, and reduced decomposition of leaf chlorophyll.

Exploring seven hundred years of transhumance, climate dynamic, fire and human activity through a historical mountain pass in central Spain

A high-altitude peat sequence from the heart of the Spanish Central System(Gredos range) was analysed through a multi-proxy approach to determine the sensitivity of high-mountain habitats to climate, fire and land use changes during the last seven hundred years, providing valuable insight into our understanding of the vegetation history and environmental changes in a mountain pass close to a traditional route of transhumance. The pollen data indicate that the vegetation was dominated by shrublands and grasslands with scattered pines in high-mountain areas, while in the valleys cereals, chestnut and olive trees were cultivated. Strong declines of high-mountain pines percentages are recorded at 1540, 1675, 1765, 1835 and 1925 cal AD, which may be related to increasing grazing activities and/or the occurrence of anthropogenic fires. The practice of mountain summer farming and transhumance deeply changed and redesigned the landscape of the high altitudes in central Spain(Gredos range) since the Middle Ages, although its dynamics was influenced in some way by climate variability of the past seven centuries.

抗虫转基因欧洲黑杨的培育

用带有３５Ｓ－Ω－Ｂｔ－ＮＯＳ嵌合基历的双元载体的农杆菌ＬＢＡ４４０４转化欧洲黑杨的叶片外植体，共独行５４株转化再生植株，用这些再生植物对杨尺蠖进行毒力测定，昆虫校正死亡率在８０－９６％的再生植株占总测定植株的１５％。部分再生植株对舞毒娥进行测定，表明在５－９天内校正死亡率高达１００％，存活昆虫的生长和发育也明显地受到抑制。根据苗木在苗圃中高生长的昆虫校正死亡率采用重心聚类法进行分析。

人为剥离黑土层对大豆干物质积累及产量的影响

通过田间试验,进行人为剥离黑土层,模拟研究了不同水土流失强度对大豆干物质积累及产量的影响。研究结果表明,在拥有30cm黑土层的6度坡耕地上,表土流失掉10cm对大豆干物质积累没有明显影响。然而当黑土层流失超过10cm,大豆干物质积累量随流失的增加而减少。黑土层流失5cm、10cm后,未对大豆产量造成显著影响,仅分别降低3.1%和3.2%;流失20cm,大豆产量下降了33.2%;黑土层全部流失即30cm后,产量下降了59.2%,表明黑土水土流失对大豆生产危害极其严重。试验也表明施用有机肥可适当减轻水土流失对大豆产量的影响。

黑土区水土流失对玉米干物质积累及产量的影响

水土流失对农业生产构成威胁。本文通过田间试验,进行人为剥离黑土层,模拟研究了不同水土流失强度对玉米干物质积累及产量的影响。研究结果表明,在拥有30cm黑土层的6°坡耕地上,表土流失掉10cm对玉米干物质积累没有明显影响。然而当黑土层流失超过10cm,玉米干物质积累量随流失的增加而减少。黑土层流失5cm、10cm后,未对玉米产量造成显著影响,仅分别降低1.9%和4.7%;流失20cm,玉米产量下降了34.6%;黑土层全部流失即30cm后,产量下降了95.7%,表明黑土区水土流失对玉米生产危害极其严重。试验也表明施用有机肥可适当减轻水土流失对玉米产量的影响。

通扬地区豆野螟发生规律与测报防治技术

豆野螟在江苏一年发生4～5代,主害代为第2、3代(7～8月)。低龄幼虫为害以花为主,3龄后以荚为主。第2、3代常温下历期为:卵2.5～4天,幼虫5.5～9.5天,预蛹1～2天,蛹5～16天,成虫3～14天。幼虫和蛹的发育起点温度分别为9.33℃、8.67℃,有效积温为137.48、172.22℃/天。过冷却点分别为-3～-5℃、-11～-13℃。幼虫在田间为聚集分布。防治指标花害率为20％,百花有虫10头,荚害率5％。

Trichoderma species collected from Iran

In order to identify Trichoderma species isolated from Iran, Trichoderma selective media and malt extract agar (MEA) were used to isolate Trichoderma species from the soil samples. All the cultures were purified on 2% water agar by hyphal tip method prior to morphological examination. Morphological observations were carried out on the cultures grown on 2% MEA and oat meal agar at 20°C under ambient laboratory conditions. Macroscopic features of colony and microscopic features of conidiophore, phialid and conidium including position of phialids on conidiophore and shape and size of phialids and conidia were studied and recorded 3-5 days after inoculation. Out of 36 tested isolates, using morphological features and molecular data obtained from ITS1, ITS2 and 5.8S regions fourteen species were identified as follow: T. atroviride, T. ghanense, T. spirale, T. erinaceum, T. citrinoviride, T. saturnisporum, T. longibrachiatum, T. hamatum, T. harzianum, T. inhamatum, T. tomentosum, T. virens, T. asperellum, T. koningii. Among the species T. harzianum and T. virens isolates were the most frequent species. In addition of the mentioned species two Tichoderma sp. were collected from walnut rhizospher that they are not fit to any described species so far. Although one of them are T. brevicumpactum introduced informally.

Inositol (1,4,5)-triphosphate Modulates Pollen Tube Polar Growth

In this article, the functions of D-myo-inositol-1,4,5-trisphosphate (Ins [1,4,5] P3) in regulating pollen tube polar growth were investigated by application of caged version of the phosphoinositides. To increase the intracellular Ins（1,4,5）P3 concentration at the apical region of pollen tube, the caged Ins（1,4,5）P3 loaded by osmotic shock was activated by 10 s 360 nm UV flash at this domain （10 μm from the tip）. More than 70% pollen tubes were induced swelling at apex and/or growth axis reorientation, accompanying temporarily growth arrest, by localized increase of Ins（1,4,5）P3 concentration （n=21）. While, pollen tubes without being loaded with caged Ins（1,4,5）P3 had not response to the same dosage UV flash. With FM 1-43 fluorescent staining, it was found that growth perturbation by UV activated caged Ins（1,4,5）P3 had tight link with membrane trafficking at the apical zone of pollen tubes. Upon UV pulse, the apical V-shaped bright area where was full of secretory vesicles spread to a much broader region, which implied that actin filaments at the apical region were remodeled. It was also observed that the FM 1-43 fluorescence intensity at tip remarkably increased than that before UV flash, which demonstrated that more secretory vesicles were accumulated at this region. To estimate the role of Ins（1,4,5）P3 in modulating intracellular calcium concentration and distribution, dextran conjugated fluorescent dye Calcium Green-1 and Rhodamine B were microinjected into pollen tubes together with caged Ins（1,4,5）P3. The results showed that calcium concentration at the subapical region increased upon UV released Ins（1,4,5）P3. Consequently, the tip-focused calcium gradient under the apical dome of pollen tube was disturbed. Simultaneously, the pollen tube bulged at the apical region and its growth rate decreased. As the tip-focused calcium gradient was reestablished, the pollen tube morphology and growth recovered to the normal level. Therefore, Ins（1,4,5）P3 can modulate pollen tube growth rate and direction through mobilizing intracellular calcium and regulating vesicle trafficking during pollen tube finding its way to the ovary.

Bacillus brevis DX01 Labeling by Green Fluorescent Protein Gene and Its Colonization in Rice Seedling Roots

A constitutive expression vector pHY300-F1gfp was constructed to test the function of a promoter F1 subcloned from a rice epiphyte Bacillus brevis strain DX01. The DX01 cells harboring plasmid pHY300-F1gfp were detected to produce bright green fluorescence. Subsequently, the gfp-tagged B. brevis strain was released into the soil and its survival was investigated by PCR and the detection of green fluorescence. The spatial location of in situ gfp-tagged bacterial cells on the root surface of rice seedlings was visualized. All these results indicated that green fluorescent protein is an ideal molecular marker for detection of the activities of promoter F1, and it is also a reliable probe to monitor specific B. brevis bacteria in the environment.

Plant Vascular Biology and Agriculture

The evolution of animal and plant vascular systems played a pivotal role in the advancement from simple to complex organisms, through the provision of a delivery system for the distribution of components essential for both metabolism and growth. Interestingly, although these two vascular systems conform to the same general rules of fluid dynamics （Murray 1926; McCulloh et al. 2003）, the developmental mechanisms adopted by plants and animals, to generate these long-distance transport systems,