Current understanding of the impact of COVID-19 on gastrointestinal disease:Challenges and openings

The novel coronavirus disease-2019(COVID-19)is caused by a positive-sense single-stranded RNA virus which belongs to the Coronaviridae family.In March 2019 the World Health Organization declared that COVID-19 was a pandemic.COVID-19 patients typically have a fever,dry cough,dyspnea,fatigue,and anosmia.Some patients also report gastrointestinal(GI)symptoms,including diarrhea,nausea,vomiting,and abdominal pain,as well as liver enzyme abnormalities.Surprisingly,many studies have found severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2(SARS-CoV-2)viral RNA in rectal swabs and stool specimens of asymptomatic COVID-19 patients.In addition,viral receptor angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 and transmembrane protease serine-type 2,were also found to be highly expressed in gastrointestinal epithelial cells of the intestinal mucosa.Furthermore,SARS-CoV-2 can dynamically infect and replicate in both GI and liver cells.Taken together these results indicate that the GI tract is a potential target of SARS-CoV-2.Therefore,the present review summarizes the vital information available to date on COVID-19 and its impact on GI aspects.

Radiological and clinical spectrum of COVID-19: A major concern for public health

The pandemic of novel coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19)is an infectious disease caused by+ve strand RNA virus(SARS-CoV-2,severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2)that belongs to the corona viridae family.In March,the World Health Organization declared the outbreak of novel coronavirus for the public health emergency.Although SARS-CoV-2 infection presents with respiratory symptoms,it affects other organs such as the kidneys,liver,heart and brain.Early-stage laboratory disease testing shows many false positive or negative outcomes such as less white blood cell count and a low number of lymphocyte count.However,radiological examination and diagnosis are among the main components of the diagnosis and treatment of COVID-19.In particular,for COVID-19,chest computed tomography developed vigorous initial diagnosis and disease progression assessment.However,the accuracy is limited.Although realtime reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction is the gold standard method for the diagnosis of COVID-19,sometimes it may give false-negative results.Due to the consequences of the missing diagnosis.This resulted in a discrepancy between the two means of examination.Conversely,based on currently available evidence,we summarized the possible understanding of the various pathophysiology,radio diagnostic methods in severe COVID-19 patients.As the information on COVID-19 evolves rapidly,this review will provide vital information for scientists and clinicians to consider novel perceptions for the comprehensive knowledge of the diagnostic approaches based on current experience.