Soil Acidification in Response to Acid Deposition in Three Subtropical Forests of Subtropical China

Long-term changes in soil pH, the current status of soil acidification, and the response of bulk soil and soil water pH to experimental nitrogen addition under three subtropical forests were investigated in Dinghushan Biosphere Reserve of subtropical China. The results showed that the mineral soil pH at 0-20 cm depth declined significantly from 4.60-4.75 in 1980s to 3.84-4.02 in 2005. Nitrogen addition resulted in the decrease of pH in both bulk soil and soil water collected at 20-cm depth. The rapid decline of soil pH was attributed to long-term high atmospheric acid deposition (nitrogen and sulphur) therein. The forest at earlier succession stage with originally higher soil pH appeared to be more vulnerable to acid deposition than that at later succession stage with originally low soil pH.

Effect of Simulated N Deposition on Soil Exchangeable Cations in Three Forest Types of Subtropical China

The effects of simulated nitrogen(N)deposition on soil exchangeable cations were studied in three forest types of subtropical China.Four N treatments with three replications were designed for the monsoon evergreen broadleaf forest (mature forest):control(0 kg N ha-1 year-1),low N(50 kg N ha-1 year-1),medium N(100 kg N ha-1 year-1)and high N(150 kg N ha-1 year-1),and only three treatments(i.e.,control,low N,medium N)were established for the pine and mixed forests.Nitrogen had been applied continuously for 26 months before the measurement.The mature forest responded more rapidly and intensively to N additions than the pine and mixed forests,and exhibited some significant negative symptoms,e.g.,soil acidification,Al mobilization and leaching of base cations from soil.The pine and mixed forests responded slowly to N additions and exhibited no significant response of soil cations.Response of soil exchangeable cations to N deposition varied in the forests of subtropical China,depending on soil N status and land-use history.

Dynamics of soil inorganic nitrogen and their responses to nitrogen additions in three subtropical forests, south China

Three forests with different historical land-use, forest age, and species assemblages in subtropical China were selected to evaluate current soil N status and investigate the responses of soil inorganic N dynamics to monthly ammonium nitrate additions. Results showed that the mature monsoon evergreen broadleaved forest that has been protected for more than 400 years exhibited an advanced soil N status than the pine （Pinus massoniana） and pine-broadleaf mixed forests, both originated from the 1930＇s clear-cut and pine plantation. Mature forests had greater extractable inorganic N pool, lower N retention capacity, higher inorganic N leaching, and higher soil C/N ratios. Mineral soil extractable NH4^＋-N and NO3-N concentrations were significantly increased by experimental N additions on several sampling dates, but repeated ANOVA showed that the effect was not significant over the whole year except NH4^＋-N in the mature forest. In contrast, inorganic N （both NH4^＋-N and NO3^--N） in soil 20-cm below the surface was significantly elevated by the N additions. From 42% to 74% of N added was retained by the upper 20 cm soils in the pine and mixed forests, while 0%-70% was retained in the mature forest. Our results suggest that land-use history, forest age and species composition were likely to be some of the important factors that determine differing forest N retention responses to elevated N deposition in the study region.

Response of Nitrogen Leaching to Nitrogen Deposition in Disturbed and Mature Forests of Southern China

Current nitrogen (N) leaching losses and their responses to monthly N additions were investigated under a disturbed pine (Pinus massoniana) forest and a mature monsoon broadleaf forest in southern China. N leaching losses from both disturbed and mature forests were quite high (14.6 and 29.2 kg N ha-1 year-1, respectively), accounting for 57% and 80% of their corresponding atmospheric N inputs. N leaching losses were substantially increased following the first 1.5 years of N applications in both forests. The average increases induced by the addition of 50 and 100 kg N ha-1 year-1 were 36.5 and 24.9 kg N ha-1 year-1, respectively, in the mature forest, accounting for 73.0% and 24.9% of the annual amount of N added, and 14.2 and 16.8 kg N ha-1 year-1 in the disturbed forest, accounting for 28.4% and 16.8% of the added N. Great N leaching and a fast N leaching response to N additions in the mature forest might result from long-term N accumulation and high ambient N deposition load (greater than 30 kg N ha-1 year-1 over the past 15 years), whereas in the disturbed forest, it might result from the human disturbance and high ambient N deposition load. These results suggest that both disturbed and mature forests in the study region may be sensitive to increasing N deposition.

基于深度学习的温度观测数据长时间缺失值插补方法

完整高精度的温度观测数据是农业气象灾害监测、生态系统模拟重要的输入参数.由于野外气象观测条件的限制,气象观测数据缺失现象是常态,数据插补方法是气象数据应用必要处理步骤.本文针对野外小气象观测站站点半小时温度观测数据长时间缺失值问题,结合同一地点较低频次的人工温度观测,构建了新的温度缺失值插补深度学习模型,对缺失的半小时温度观测数据进行高精度插补.本文构建的深度学习模型,采用了基于编码-解码结构的序列-序列深度学习结构(BiLSTM-I),模型编码层采用双向LSTM-I网络,解码层分别采用LSTM解码结构与全连接两种解码结构.试验分析结果表明,本文设计的BiLSTM-I深度学习温度插补方法要优于其他方法,可满足了高精度温度数据插补需要,而且LSTM解码结构的BiLSTM-I模型具有更好的数据插补精度.文章最后还分析了BiLSTM-I深度学习模型的泛化能力,结果表明BiLSTM-I模型具有不同温度缺失窗口长度的插补能力.

长期监测与创新研究阐明森林生态系统功能形成过程与机理

创新是引领学科发展的动力源泉。在中科院、国家科技部、国家自然科学基金委和广东省的长期支持下,中科院华南植物园鼎湖山森林生态系统定位研究站(以下简称"鼎湖山站")以长期监测与创新研究为手段,发现成熟森林土壤持续积累有机碳现象,从宏观到微观的不同尺度阐明森林土壤积累有机碳的机理及其驱动机制,引领森林生态系统碳氮水循环过程及其耦合对环境变化的响应与适应规律的研究,推动生态系统非平衡理论的建立;科学量化了全国森林生态系统碳汇现状与潜力,为国家环境外交提供了重要的科学支撑;提出森林与产水量的全球模式并精确给出了控制产水量气候与流域特征参数的临界值,为"森林与产水量"关系的争论提供了新的阐释;发现常绿阔叶林群落适应气候变化在过去30年向灌丛化方向演替并阐明其受主要环境因子影响的机理。研究成果为森林固碳与水资源效应的科学评估、自然保护区和生态环境建设的国家需求提供了理论支撑。鼎湖山站成为国内外无可替代的野外科技支撑平台和国际著名的森林生态系统科学研究基地,也是中科院和广东地区生态学人才培养基地。