NK2 genes (NKX2 gene cluster in humans) encode for homeodomain-containing transcription factors that are conserved along the phylogeny. According to the most detailed classifications, vertebrate NKX2 genes are classif...NK2 genes (NKX2 gene cluster in humans) encode for homeodomain-containing transcription factors that are conserved along the phylogeny. According to the most detailed classifications, vertebrate NKX2 genes are classified into two distinct families, NK2.1 and NK2.2 . The former is constituted by NKX2-1 and NKX2-4 genes, which are homologous to the Drosophila scro gene;the latter includes NKX2-2 and NKX2-8 genes, which are homologous to the Drosophila vnd gene. Conservation of these genes is not only related to molecular structure and expression, but also to biological functions. In Drosophila and vertebrates, NK2 genes share roles in the development of ventral regions of the central nervous system. In vertebrates, NKX2 genes have a relevant role in the development of several other organs such as the thyroid, lung, and pancreas. Loss-of-function mutations in NKX2-1 and NKX2-2 are the monogenic cause of the brain-lung-thyroid syndrome and neonatal diabetes, respectively. Alterations in NKX2-4 and NKX2-8 genes may play a role in multifactorial diseases, autism spectrum disorder, and neural tube defects, respectively. NKX2-1 , NKX2-2 , and NKX2-8 are expressed in various cancer types as either oncogenes or tumor suppressor genes. Several data indicate that evaluation of their expression in tumors has diagnostic and/or prognostic value.展开更多
Chronic infection of hepatitis B virus(HBV)or/and hepatitis C virus(HCV)is one of major risk factors in the development of the hepatocellular carcinoma.Recent studies had shown the capacity of viral proteins in induci...Chronic infection of hepatitis B virus(HBV)or/and hepatitis C virus(HCV)is one of major risk factors in the development of the hepatocellular carcinoma.Recent studies had shown the capacity of viral proteins in inducing the presence of the population of so-called the cancer stem cells(CSC).The integration of HBV S and X gene in the host genome indicates its direct oncogenicity.In addition,the presence HBV and HCV proteins were shown to modulate intracellular molecular pathways and epigenetic modification.This review summarizes current literature regarding direct oncogenic properties of HBV and HCV in the initiation of CSC both in in vitro and in vivo studies.展开更多
文摘NK2 genes (NKX2 gene cluster in humans) encode for homeodomain-containing transcription factors that are conserved along the phylogeny. According to the most detailed classifications, vertebrate NKX2 genes are classified into two distinct families, NK2.1 and NK2.2 . The former is constituted by NKX2-1 and NKX2-4 genes, which are homologous to the Drosophila scro gene;the latter includes NKX2-2 and NKX2-8 genes, which are homologous to the Drosophila vnd gene. Conservation of these genes is not only related to molecular structure and expression, but also to biological functions. In Drosophila and vertebrates, NK2 genes share roles in the development of ventral regions of the central nervous system. In vertebrates, NKX2 genes have a relevant role in the development of several other organs such as the thyroid, lung, and pancreas. Loss-of-function mutations in NKX2-1 and NKX2-2 are the monogenic cause of the brain-lung-thyroid syndrome and neonatal diabetes, respectively. Alterations in NKX2-4 and NKX2-8 genes may play a role in multifactorial diseases, autism spectrum disorder, and neural tube defects, respectively. NKX2-1 , NKX2-2 , and NKX2-8 are expressed in various cancer types as either oncogenes or tumor suppressor genes. Several data indicate that evaluation of their expression in tumors has diagnostic and/or prognostic value.
基金Sukowati CHC was supported by a Research Grant of Associazione Italiana per la Ricerca sul Cancro(AIRC-#IG19862 to Tell G)and Reyes PAC by Philippine Council for Health Research and Development(PCHRD)and the Hepatology Society of the Philippines(HSP).
文摘Chronic infection of hepatitis B virus(HBV)or/and hepatitis C virus(HCV)is one of major risk factors in the development of the hepatocellular carcinoma.Recent studies had shown the capacity of viral proteins in inducing the presence of the population of so-called the cancer stem cells(CSC).The integration of HBV S and X gene in the host genome indicates its direct oncogenicity.In addition,the presence HBV and HCV proteins were shown to modulate intracellular molecular pathways and epigenetic modification.This review summarizes current literature regarding direct oncogenic properties of HBV and HCV in the initiation of CSC both in in vitro and in vivo studies.
