Analysis of the effect of the 2021 Semeru eruption on water vapor content and atmospheric particles using GNSS and remote sensing

Mount Semeru,an active volcano in East Java,Indonesia,erupted on December 4,2021,following extreme rainfall that caused an avalanche of hot pyroclastic flows and lava.The tropospheric conditions and dominant particle components in the atmosphere can be monitored using Global Navigation Satellite System(GNSS)technology and remote sensing satellites.GNSS signal propagation delay in Precise Point Positioning(PPP)processing can be used to determine Zenith Tropospheric Delay(ZTD)and Precipitable Water Vapor(PWV)variables so that atmospheric conditions can be generated.In addition,by using remote sensing satellite data,it is possible to obtain rainfall data with high temporal resolution as well as the dominant particle and gas content values during eruptions.During the eruption period,the high value of PWV was dominated by the high intensity of precipitation during the rainy season.High rainfall before the eruption caused activity inside the mountain to increase,which occurred in avalanche type eruption.Apart from that,the atmosphere around Semeru was also dominated by SO_(2)content,which spreaded for tens of kilometers.SO_(2)content began to be detected significantly by remote sensing sensors on December 7,2021.In this study,deformation and atmospheric monitoring were also carried out using low-cost GNSS at the Semeru Monitoring Station on September 9-15,2022.The results of the ZTD and ZWD values show the dominance of the wet component,which is directly proportional to rainfall activity in this period.

Performance of GPS and IMU sensor fusion using unscented Kalman filter for precise i-Boat navigation in infinite wide waters

The Unmanned Surface Vehicle(USV)navigation system needs an accurate,firm,and reliable performance to avoid obstacles,as well as carry out automatic movements during missions.The Global Positioning System(GPS)is often used in these systems to provide absolute position information.However,the GPS measurements are affected by external conditions such as atmospheric bias and multipath effects.This leads to the inability of the stand-alone GPS to provide accurate positioning for the USV systems.One of the solutions to correct the errors of this sensor is by conducting GPS and Inertial Measurement Unit(IMU)fusion.The IMU sensor is complementary to the GPS and not affected by external conditions.However,it accumulates noise as time elapses.Therefore,this study aims to determine the fusion of the GPS and IMU sensors for the i-Boat navigation system,which is a USV developed by Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember(ITS)Surabaya.Using the Unscented Kalman filter(UKF),sensor fusion was carried out based on the state equation defined by the dynamic and kinematic mathematical model of ship motion in 6 degrees of freedom.Then the performance of this model was tested through several simulations using different combinations of attitude measurement data.Two scenarios were conducted in the simulations:attitude measurement inclusion and exclusion(Scenarios I and II,respectively).The results showed that the position estimation in Scenario II was better than in Scenario I,with the Root Mean Square Error(RMSE)value of 0.062 m.Further simulations showed that the presence of attitude measurement data caused a decrease in the fusion accuracy.The UKF simulation with eight measurement parameters(Scenarios A,B and C)and seven measurement parameters(Scenarios D,E and F),as well as analytical attitude movement,indicated that yaw data had the largest noise accumulation compared to roll and pitch.

Unscented Kalman filter for a low-cost GNSS/IMU-based mobile mapping application under demanding conditions

For the last two decades,low-cost Global Navigation Satellite System(GNSS)receivers have been used in various applications.These receivers are mini-size,less expensive than geodetic-grade receivers,and in high demand.Irrespective of these outstanding features,low-cost GNSS receivers are potentially poorer hardwares with internal signal processing,resulting in lower quality.They typically come with low-cost GNSS antenna that has lower performance than their counterparts,particularly for multipath mitigation.Therefore,this research evaluated the low-cost GNSS device performance using a high-rate kinematic survey.For this purpose,these receivers were assembled with an Inertial Measurement Unit(IMU)sensor,which actively transmited data on acceleration and orientation rate during the observation.The position and navigation parameter data were obtained from the IMU readings,even without GNSS signals via the U-blox F9R GNSS/IMU device mounted on a vehicle.This research was conducted in an area with demanding conditions,such as an open sky area,an urban environment,and a shopping mall basement,to examine the device’s performance.The data were processed by two approaches:the Single Point Positioning-IMU(SPP/IMU)and the Differential GNSS-IMU(DGNSS/IMU).The Unscented Kalman Filter(UKF)was selected as a filtering algorithm due to its excellent performance in handling nonlinear system models.The result showed that integrating GNSS/IMU in SPP processing mode could increase the accuracy in eastward and northward components up to 68.28%and 66.64%.Integration of DGNSS/IMU increased the accuracy in eastward and northward components to 93.02%and 93.03%compared to the positioning of standalone GNSS.In addition,the positioning accuracy can be improved by reducing the IMU noise using low-pass and high-pass filters.This application could still not gain the expected position accuracy under signal outage conditions.

Production of physic nut hybrid progenies and their parental in various dry land

Hibridization is one of breeding strategy to increase productivity of crop including physic nut (Jatropha curcas Linn.). This study aimed to obtain information productivity per hectare and seed oil content of 11 numbers of physic nut hybrids and their parental in four dry lands. The research was conducted in four dry land: Kalipare-Malang, Oro-oro Pule-Kejayan Pasuruan, Kedung Pengaron-Pasuruan and Jorongan-Leces Probolinggo. The materials used in this research are the eleven result numbers of physic nut hybrids, they are SP38XHS49, SP8XHS49, SP8XSP16, SP8XSP38, SP33XHS49, SM35XHS49, SM35XSP38, IP1AXHS49, IP1AXSP38, IP1PXHS 49, IP1PXSP38, and their parental, they are HS49, SP16, SP38, SP8, SP33, SM35, IP1A, IP1P, IP3P. Observation was done during the plants’ generative phase, on the second harvest. The results showed that SP38XHS49 hybrid on Kedung Pengaron, produces the highest seeds dry weight per hectare (1170 kg/ha) with 62.33 gram of dry weight of 100 seeds and the oil content is 32.56%. The highest average of dry seed productions from all planting sites achieved on the crossing between SP38XHS49 (658.75 kg/hectare) and followed by SP8XHS49 (607.5 kg/hectare). If the comparison of the four locations, the highest average productivity of physic nut achieved on location Jorongan, Leces, Probolinggo. In general, the data proves that the hybrid result from the crossing shows the higher production level compare to their parental. The dry weight of 100 seeds produced ranged from 54.03 grams to 68.29 grams. Of all four planting sites, it shows that the highest 100 seeds dry weight achieved by the crossing between IP1P-XHS49 which is 64.63 grams. The seed oil content ranged from 27.04 to 35.24 percent. The highest average of seed oil content achieved by the crossing between SM35XSP38 (32.035%).