Effect of Attenuated Highly Pathogenic Pig Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome(HP-PRRS) TJM-F92 Strain Vaccine on Immune Antibody Levels against Classical Swine Fever(CSF) and Foot-and-Mouth Disease(FMD)

Effects of attenuated highly pathogenic pig reproductive and respiratory syndrome（HP-PRRS）TJM-F92 strain vaccine on immune antibody level against classical swine fever（CSF）and foot-and-mouth disease（FMD）were studied from October 8 to November 12 in 2014,in order to optimize vaccination program of CSF,HP-PRRS and FMD and to provide scientific guidance for animal disease control and prevention work.The results showed that attenuated HP-PRRS（TJMF92 strain）vaccine had no significant effect on immune antibody level of hog cholera lapinized virus（HCLV,ST passage cell vaccine）attenuated vaccine and FMD-O inactivated vaccines（OZK/93 strain）,and single or combined use of three vaccines received good immunization effects.

Analysis the Results of Control and Elimination of Coal-Burning-Borne Endemic Fluorosis in Chongqing City

Objective: Discuss the analysis of the results of control and elimination of coal-burning fluorosis in Chongqing, and evaluate the effect of prevention and control. Methods: Dean’s method was used to investigate the fluorosis for the local children whose ages ranged from 8 to 12 years old, the use of improved stoves in residential households, the drying of corn and pepper for human consumption, and the results were evaluated and discussed according to the national standard for the control and elimination of coal-burning fluorosis. Results: The prevalence rate of dental fluorosis borne-disease in children whose ages ranged from 8 to 12 years old was about 11.28% in 661 historically diseased villages in 100 townships and in 13 districts and counties of Chongqing city. The correct utilization rates of improved stoves, qualified improved stoves, and qualified stoves were 100%, 98.82%, and 99.45%, respectively. The correct drying rates of corn and pepper for human consumption were 99.88% and 99.75% respectively. There are 24 uncontrolled villages, 225 controlled villages, and 412 villages in eliminated disease zones in administrative villages. There are 4 villages and counties in uncontrolled, 4 in controlled, and 5 eliminated areas in districts and counties. Conclusion: Fluorosis borne-disease caused by coal-burning in Chongqing has reached the control and elimination targets of the twelfth Five-year plan.

Investigation and Analysis on Current Situation of Coal-Burning Fluorosis Prevalence

Objective: The purpose of the paper is to provide the result from investigation on the current situation of coal-burning fluorosis prevalence in Chongqing City and make an assessment on the prevention and curing measures. Method: The Dean’s Method is applied to investigate on the fluorotic teeth of locally-born children aged between 8 to 12;investigate how modified cooking stoves are utilized by households and how food maize and hot pepper are being dried;and test the urinary fluorine content and pepper fluorine content. Result: The investigations show that, in the 661 villages with illness history from the 100 townships of 13 districts in Chongqing City, 11.28% (7464/ 66,162) of the children aged between 8 and 12 suffer from dental fluorosis;the stoves modified rate, qualified rate of modified stoves, and correct utilization rate of qualified modified stoves are respectively 100%, 98.82%, and 99.45%;and food maize and hot pepper’s drying rates are respectively 99.88% and 99.75%. Conclusion: The result shows that the coal-burning type fluorosis prevalence in the endemic area of Chongqing City has decreased dramatically, the preventive measure is effectively implemented, and a long-term preventive mechanism has preliminarily been established.

Prevalence and patterns of drug-resistance mutations among HIV-1 patients infected with CRF07_BC strains in Sichuan province,China

Little information is available on the prevalence of drug-resistance mutations in patients harboring the human immunodeficiency virus type 1(HIV-1) circulating recombinant form(CRF)07_BC variant in Sichuan, China. This study examined 375 plasma samples from patients with HIV-1 who were infected with the CRF07_BC strain, including 104 drug-naive participants and 271 in whom antiretroviral therapy(ART) had failed. Only one participant in the drug-naive group had a drug-resistance mutation(M46L), compared with 31.73% of those in whom ART had failed. Further analysis showed that 19.56% of strains contained mutations conferring resistance to non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors(NNRTIs) alone, 0.74% were resistant to nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors(NRTIs) alone, and 11.44% were dual-resistant to both NRTIs and NNRTIs. The most common mutation in the ART-failure group was M184V(35.88%), K103N(45.01%), Y181C(17.33%), and G190S/A(15.88%). The percentages of HIV-1 strains resistant to lamivudine, emtricitabine, efavirenz, etravirine, and nevirapine were 10.70%, 10.70%, 28.04%, 7.75%, and 26.20%, respectively. To explore site variants possibly related to drug resistance, variations in the ancestor/consensus CRF07_BC sequences from the therapy-naive and ART-failure groups were compared, and seven mutations at six positions were identified as being significantly differently distributed between the two groups(p<0.05). Detailed sequence data will provide information on CRF07_BC genetic characterizations, and improve our understanding of antiretroviral susceptibility and the evolution of drug-resistance mutations. This will be valuable in developing and implementing local public-health approaches for HIV drug-resistance prevention and treatment.

Risk factors for pertussis among children hospitalized for pertussis during 2016-2017, in Guizhou Province of China: a case-control study

Aim:Pertussis is a respiratory tract infection,the vaccine for which was introduced in the Expanded Programme on Immunization(EPI)in Guizhou Province of China(hereafter referred as Guizhou)in the 1980s.This vaccine rapidly decreased incidence rates of pertussis in the province,however,despite the wide high coverage of the diphtheria,tetanus and acellular pertussis(DTaP)combined vaccine,there has been a resurgence of pertussis since 2014.Even with this recent increase in disease transmission,risk factors for pertussis infection have not been evaluated in Guizhou.We aimed to provide information on pertussis risk factors and insight on designing targeted pertussis control policies and measures through this study.Methods:A 1:2 matched retrospective case-control study was conducted between 2016 and 2017,involving infants and children younger than 6 years old and parents of the participants.The enrolled cases included clinical and laboratory confirmed pertussis cases according to the WHO-recommended pertussis definition.Controls were selected from children in the same neighborhood who were not diagnosed with pertussis prior to our investigation and did not exhibit any clinical manifestations of pertussis.Results:The household size[Matched odds ratio(OR_(m)=1.4,95%confidence interval(Cl):1.1-1.7]and household members with antecedent cough(OR_(m)=3.6,95%CI:1.8-7.2)were significantly associated with their child’s pertussis onset.The parents’occupations were significantly associated with their child’s pertussis onset(ORm=9.4,95%CI:1.6-54.8,for mother side;ORm=4.5,95%CI:1.2-16.5,for father side),when they worked in the business and/or service industry.Having family members with a history of cough was an independent risk factor for pertussis[Adjusted odds ratio(AOR)=43.6,95%CI:2.7-694.0].Besides,the parents’demographic characteristics and DTaP doses were not found to be independent factors.Conclusion:Household exposure is an important risk factor for pertussis infection in infants and young children and should therefore be considered as a major factor during formulation of pertussis control policies and measures.

Synthesis of Codon-optimized Human Interleukin-18 Gene by Combination of Chemical and Enzymatic Method

According to the amino acid sequence and codon preference of E. coli, the human interleukin-18（IL-18） gene was optimized to avoid the rare codons. The total length of the synthesized gene is 571 bp; 18 oligonucleotides, DNA fragments were designed and synthesized by the phosphoramidite four-step chemical method. The whole DNA sequence was synthesized by a one-step total gene synthesis method, and then inserted in pUC18 vector. Five positive clones identified by blue-white colony screening were sent to Shanghai Sangon Biological Engineering Technology and Service Co., Ltd. for sequencing. The sequencing result shows that one clone contained the complete correct gene in all the five positive clones.

Whole Genome Sequencing and Comparisons of Different Chinese Rabies Virus Lineages Including the First Complete Genome of an Arctic-like Strain in China

Objective To learn the rabies genome molecular characteristics and compare the difference of China rabies lineages. Methods The complete genomes of 12 strains from different China rabies lineages were amplified and sequenced, and all the China street strain genomes （total 43）, Arctic and Arctic-like genomes were aligned using ClustalX2, the genome homologies were analyzed using MegAlign software, and the phylogenetic trees were constructed by MEGA 5. Results First Arctic-like rabies genome in China （CO, H1202D） was reported, and we supplemented the rabies genome data of China, ensuring at least one genome was available in each China lineage. The genome size of China V （11908nt） is obviously shorter than other lineages＇ （11923-11925nt） for the difference of N-P non-coding regions. Among different lineages, the genome homologies are almost under 90%. CQH1202D （China IV lineage） has close relationship with strains from South Korea and they share about 95% genome similarities. Conclusion The molecular characteristics of 6 different China rabies lineages were compared and analyzed from genome level, which benefits for continued comprehensive rabies surveillance, rabies prevention and control in China.

Prevalence and Years of Life Lost due to Disability from Dental Caries among Children and Adolescents in Western China,1990-2015

Objective To analyze the prevalence and years lived with disability （YLD） from dental caries among children and adolescents and the time trends over the past two decades in Sichuan province, the largest province in west China. Methods Based on the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015 （GBD2015）, which systematically assessed the epidemiological characteristics of major diseases and their transitions by country and region from 1990 to 2015, we extracted the estimated results for China. We then used the Bayesian meta-regression method to estimate the sex- and age-specific prevalences and YLDs from dental caries among children and adolescents under 15 years old in Sichuan province and compared them with global and national indicators for the same period. Results In 2015, there were almost 6 million cases of dental caries in children and adolescents （aged 〈 15 years） in Sichuan province, accounting for 6% of the total cases in China. For children under 5 years, the prevalence of deciduous caries was 55.9%, and the YLDs value was 10.8 per 100,000, while it was 24.3% and 5.1 per 100,000 respectively among 5- to 14-year-olds; for those aged 5 to 14 years, the prevalence of permanent caries was 21.5%, and the YLDs value was 11.5 per 100,000. From 1990 to 2015, the prevalence of dental caries for children under 5 years increased substantially, by 16.2%, and the YLDs increased by 8.7%. Among those aged 5 to 14 years, the prevalence increased and the YLDs decreased. Conclusion Dental caries remains a huge health burden in Western China. In contrast to the global and national data, the trend has increased rapidly over the past 25 years in this region. This work provides suggestions for the prevention and control for oral health in China with the policy of two-child.

Confinement and Semi-confinement Raising Fattening Technology of Yaks in Agricultural Areas of Tibet

In the study, confinement and semi-confinement raising fattening technology of yaks in agricultural areas of tibet were analyzed. And several suggestions for improving the efficiency of yak raising were put forward. Aiming at providing the reference of healthy raising and sustainable development of yaks in the agricul- tural areas of tibet.

Scientific literature on monosialoganglioside in the Science Citation Index-Expanded A bibliometric analysis of articles from 1942 to 2011 by each decade

BACKGROUND： The monosialoganglioside （GM1） is a popular topic of research but the bibliometric analysis of GM1 over the decades in Science Citation Index-Expanded （SCI-E） remains poorly understood. OBJECTIVE： To identify the global research and to improve the understanding of research trends in the GM1 field from 1942 to 2011. DESIGN： A bibliometric study. DATA RETRIEVAL： We performed a bibliometric analysis based on the SCI-E published by the Institute of Scientific Information. INCLUSIVE CRITERIA： Articles closely related to GM1 were included. Exclusive criteria： （1） Articles related to gangliosidosis, disialo-ganglioside, trisialo-ganglioside or ganglioside GQIb. （2） Document types such as meeting abstracts, reviews, proceedings papers, notes, and letters. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES： （1） Type of publication output; （2） number of author outputs; （3） distribution of output in subject categories; （4） publication distribution of countries; （5） distribution of output in journals, and （6） distribution of citations in each decade. RESULTS： During 1942 to 2011, there were 10 126 papers on GM1 that were added to the SCI. Articles （8 004） were the most frequently used document type comprising 79.0%, followed by meeting abstracts, reviews and proceedings papers. Research on GM1 could be found in the SCI from 1942, it was developed in the 1970s, greatly increased in the 1980s, and reached a peak in the 1990s, and it was slightly decreased in 2000. The distribution of subject categories showed that GM1 research covered both clinical and basic science research. The USA, Japan, and Germany were the three most productive countries, and the publication numbers in the USA were highest in all decades. The Joumal of Biological Chemistry, Journal of Neurochemistry and Biochemistry were core subject journals in GM1 studies in each decade. CONCLUSION： This study highlights the topics in GM1 research that are being published around the world.

Determination of Breeding Target and Marginal Benefit Calculation of New Type of Shuxuan Beef Cattle

[Objectives]To make targeted breeding of new type of Shuxuan beef cattle,study and determine the breeding target traits of new type of Shuxuan beef cattle.[Methods]The difference method was used to calculate the marginal benefit of each target trait,and the economic weight of the corresponding breeding target trait was obtained.[Results]The marginal benefits of weaning weight,fattening daily gain,18-month weight,carcass quality,dressing percentage,pure meat percentage,age at first calving,calving interval and stay group time were 35.86,13.76,13.05,421.96,375.55,22.58,-4.45,-27.53,and 1555.24,respectively.The relative economic weight ratio of growth traits,carcass traits,and reproductive traits was close to 4∶1∶5.Through marginal benefit analysis,the economic benefits obtained by improving carcass quality,dressing percentage and stay group time were significantly higher than other traits.[Conclusions]It is expected to provide a theoretic basis for establishing the target trait selection indicators for the new type of Shuxuan beef cattle.

Effects of Yiqi Gu Ben Decoction combined with DC chemotherapy on serum tumor markers, inflammatory factors and immune function in patients with locally advanced non-small cell lung cancer

Objective: To investigate the effects of Yiqi Gu decoction combined with DC chemotherapy on serum tumor markers, inflammatory factors and immune function in patients with locally advanced non-small cell lung cancer. Methods: A total of 95 patients with locally advanced non-small cell lung cancer were selected as the research objects, according to the random data table they were divided into control group (n=48) and observation group (n=47), patients in the control group were given DC chemotherapy, On the basis of this treatment, the patients in the observation group were given Yiqi Gu decoction treatment, Comparison of the levels of serum tumor markers [antigen (CEA) and carbohydrate antigen 19-9 (CA19-9)], inflammatory factor [C reactive protein (CRP) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α)] and immune function (CD3+, CD4+, CD8+, CD4+/CD8+)Results: Before treatment, there were no significant difference in the levels of CEA, CA19-9, CRP, TNF-α, CD3+, CD4+, CD8+, CD4+/CD8+ between the two groups;After treatment, the CEA, CA19-9, CRP, TNF-α, CD8+ levels of two groups were significantly lower than those in the same group before treatment, and the decreased range in observation group was significantly higher than the control group, moreover the levels after treatment were obviously lower than control group;After treatment, the levels of CD3+, CD4+, CD4+/CD8+ in the observation group were (64.72±5.25)% , (39.51±5.14)% and (1.35±0.27), which were significantly higher than the same group before treatment, and significantly higher than the control group [(58.57±5.09)%, (31.34±5.06)%, (1.14±0.33)], differences were statistically significant. Conclusion: DC chemotherapy combined with Yiqi Guben Decoction in the treatment of locally advanced non-small cell lung cancer, can effectively reduce the serum tumor marker levels, decrease inflammatory stress, improve immune function, has an important clinical value.

An Improved Barcoded Oligonucleotide Primers-based Next-generation Sequencing Approach for Direct Identification of Viral Pathogens in Clinical Specimens

Objective To provide a feasible and cost-effective next-generation sequencing （NGS） method for accurate identification of viral pathogens in clinical specimens, because enormous limitations impede the clinical use of common NGS, such as high cost, complicated procedures, tremendous data analysis, and high background noise in clinical samples. Methods Viruses from cell culture materials or clinical specimens were identified following an improved NGS procedure： reduction of background noise by sample preprocessing, viral enrichment by barcoded oligonucleotide （random hexamer or non-ribosomal hexanucleotide） primer-based amplification, fragmentation-free library construction and sequencing of one-tube mixtures, as well as rapid data analysis using an in-house pipeline. Results NGS data demonstrated that both barcoded primer sets were useful to simultaneously capture multiple viral pathogens in cell culture materials or clinical specimens and verified that hexanucleotide primers captured as many viral sequences as hexamers did. Moreover, direct testing of clinical specimens using this improved hexanucleotide primer-based NGS approach provided further detailed genotypes of enteroviruses causing hand, foot, and mouth disease （HFMD） and identified other potential viruses or differentiated misdiagnosis events. Conclusion The improved barcoded oligonucleotide primer-based NGS approach is simplified, time saving, cost effective, and appropriate for direct identification of viral pathogens in clinical practice.

Efficacy of the combination of modern medicine and traditional Chinese medicine in pulmonary fibrosis arising as a sequelae in convalescent COVID-19 patients: a randomized multicenter trial

Background:The coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19)caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2(SARS-CoV-2)has led to a significant number of mortalities worldwide.COVID-19 poses a serious threat to human life.The clinical manifestations of COVID-19 are diverse and severe and 20%of infected patients are reported to be in a critical condition.A loss in lung function and pulmonary fibrosis are the main manifestations of patients with the severe form of the disease.The lung function is affected,even after recovery,thereby greatly affecting the psychology and well-being of patients,and significantly reducing their quality of life.

Blocking Effects of Spleen Vaccine on Vertical Transmission of Classical Swine Fever Virus in Sows

[ Objective] To investigate the blocking effects of spleen vaccine on vertical transmission of classical swine fever virus （CSFV） in sows. [ Method] Sows infected by CSFV were selected from three large-scale pig farms and they were randomly divided into group Ⅰ, group Ⅱ and control group. The sows in the group Ⅰ were vaccinated with CSF spleen vaccine at a 1.5 times normal dose per pig; those in the group Ⅱ were vaccinated with CSF spleen vaccine at a 2.0 times normal dose per pig; and those in the control group were vaccinated with cell vaccine at a 4.0 times normal- dose per pig. The CSF antigens of piglets were detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay （ELISA）. [ Result] The antigen positive rate of piglets in the experimental group （18.5%） was significantly lower than that in the control group （48.1% ）. No significant difference was found be- tween the group Ⅰ and the group Ⅱ. [ Condmion] CSF spleen vaccine has good blocking effects on vertical transmission of CSFV in sows.

Establishment of Pyrosequencing Technology for Detecting Viral Hemorrhagic Septicemia Virus (VHSV)

[Objective] The paper was to establish pyrosequencing methods for detecting viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus （VHSV）. [ Method ] One pair of PCR primers and one pyrosequencing primer of VHSV were designed. The pyrosequencing reaction system and conditions were optimized and the pyrosequencing method for detecting VHSV was established. [ Result] This method was only able to specifically detect the objective viruses in the eight fish viruses, and the method had the advantage of high sensitivity. The minimum detectable limit of nucleic acid was 82 copies/μL. The method was verified by detecting VHSV in 1 924 batches of samples collected from domestic and imported fishes. The detection results were consistent with that of traditional RT-PCR, and the specificity and sensitivity of the method could meet the detection requirement for aquatic animal diseases. [ Conclusion] The study provides a new detection method for monitoring and prevention and control of aquatic animal virus diseases.

Assessing the efficacy of health countermeasures on arrival time of infectious diseases

Public health measures to control the international spread of infectious diseases include strengthening quarantines and sealing borders.Although these measures are effective in delaying the importation of infectious diseases,they also have a significant economic impact by stopping the flow of people and goods.The arrival time of infectious diseases is often used to assess quarantine effectiveness.Although the arrival time is highly dependent on the number of infected cases in the endemic country,direct comparisons have not yet been made.Therefore,this study derives an explicit relationship between the number of infected cases and arrival time.Transmission behavior is stochastic,and deterministic models are not always realistic.In this study,random differential equations,which are differential equations with stochastic processes,were used to describe the dynamics of infection in an endemic country.Furthermore,the flow of travelers from the endemic country was described in terms of survival time,and the arrival time in each country was calculated.A scenario in which PCR kits were distributed between endemic and diseasefree countries was also considered,and the impact of different distribution rates on arrival time was evaluated.The simulation results showed that increasing the distribution of PCR kits in the endemic country was more effective in delaying arrival times than using PCR kits in quarantine in disease-free countries.It was also found that increasing the proportion of identified infected persons in the endemic country,leading to isolation,was more important and effective in delaying arrival times than increasing the number of PCR tests.

Decreased incidence followed by comeback of pediatric infections during the COVID‑19 pandemic in Japan

During the coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19)pandemic,the Japanese government implemented several infection control measures,such as states of emergency(SoE)and school closures,and encouraged universal masking and hand hygiene.Initial activity restrictions and improved hygiene were found to be associated with declines in the incidence of infuenza during the 2019–2020 winter season[1].Prior studies have found that the incidence of seven pediatric infections,such as pharyngoconjunctivitis and varicella,decreased during and after the school closures in Japan[2].As activity restrictions continue to be lifted,there is growing concern that pediatric infections may suddenly return given that the pool of susceptible children increased during the pandemic[3].In this study,we use national infectious disease sentinel data from January 2012 to October 2021 to assess changes in the reported number of pediatric infections in Japan during the COVID-19 pandemic.We hypothesize that the reporting of many infectious diseases decreased during the early stages of the pandemic but ultimately returned to normal when activity restrictions were lifted.

Health Status and Food Intake Frequency of Elderly Residents During COVID-19 Community Closure—Jiangxia District,Wuhan City,China,2020

What is already known about this topic?Elderly persons are vulnerable to infectious diseases,and nutritional status and health conditions were important to evaluate for disease prevention and ability to recover for the elderly during the coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19)pandemic.What is added by this report?In our study,a rapid assessment questionnaire was used to investigate the change of household life and dietary intake of the elderly(aged 60 years or more)during community closure.Food consumption frequency of aquatic food products,soybeans,and fresh fruits declined dramatically with reductions of 70.9%,70.9%,and 53.0%,respectively,and 49.6%of the elderly lived with chronic non-communicable diseases but had little knowledge of nutrition and health.What are the implications for public health practice?Community closure measures in Wuhan City have played a key role in cutting off the transmission route of COVID-19 and protecting vulnerable groups.As a high-risk population,the elderly should be advised to maintain and strengthen a balanced diet with proper nutrition through increasing intake of aquatic food products,soybeans,fruits,and vegetables,reducing total caloric intake,and decreasing oil and salt consumption.These measures will be significant for the elderly to reduce the risk of chronic disease complications and COVID-19 infection and to decrease the chance of critical illness.

MODELING PRIMARY AND SECONDARY DRUG RESISTANCES UNDER CHINA^S ＂FOUR-FREE-ONE-CARE POLICY＂

We propose a mathematical model to evaluate the effect of China＇s ＂Four-Free-One-Care Policy＂ in MSM population in Beijing. We divided the drug resistant H[V patients into two sub-populations： primary drug resistance and secondary drug resistance. Uncertainty and sensitivity analysis based on Latin Hypercube Sampling （LHS） were used for these thresholds of our model. We find that drug-resistant HIV will spread fast in MSM population under China＇s current treatment policy. Especially＇, primary-resistant strain is very likely to dominate the HIV positive MSM individuals after 10 years. The conclusions hint that, China＇s outlook on HIV infections is not optimistic if sufficient kinds free second-line drugs in China cannot be put into use in the near future.