Objective:Immunotherapy that blocks inhibitory pathways in T lymphocytes,such as the PD-L1/PD-1 axis,is undergoing evaluation for various solid tumors.Notably,this emerging therapeutic approach is already in clinical ...Objective:Immunotherapy that blocks inhibitory pathways in T lymphocytes,such as the PD-L1/PD-1 axis,is undergoing evaluation for various solid tumors.Notably,this emerging therapeutic approach is already in clinical trials for advanced hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC).展开更多
Genotoxic agents or inflammatory cytokines activate cellular stress responses and trigger programmed cell death. We have identified a signal transduction module, including three nuclear proteins that participate in th...Genotoxic agents or inflammatory cytokines activate cellular stress responses and trigger programmed cell death. We have identified a signal transduction module, including three nuclear proteins that participate in the regulation of cell death induced by chemotherapeutic agents and tumor necrosis factor (TNF). In this nuclear signaling module, retino- blastoma protein (Rb) functions as an inhibitor of apoptotic signal transduction. Inactivation of Rb by phosphorylation or caspase-dependent cleavage/degradation is required for cell death to occur. Rb inhibits the Abl tyrosine kinase. Thus, Rb inactivation is a pre-requisite for Abl activation by DNA damage or TNF. Activation of nuclear Abl and its down- stream effector p73 induces mitochondriadependent cell death. The involvement of these nuclear signal transducers in TNF induced apoptosis, which does not require new gene expression, indicates that nuclear events other than transcrip- tion can contribute to extrinsic apoptotic signal transduction.展开更多
文摘Objective:Immunotherapy that blocks inhibitory pathways in T lymphocytes,such as the PD-L1/PD-1 axis,is undergoing evaluation for various solid tumors.Notably,this emerging therapeutic approach is already in clinical trials for advanced hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC).
文摘Genotoxic agents or inflammatory cytokines activate cellular stress responses and trigger programmed cell death. We have identified a signal transduction module, including three nuclear proteins that participate in the regulation of cell death induced by chemotherapeutic agents and tumor necrosis factor (TNF). In this nuclear signaling module, retino- blastoma protein (Rb) functions as an inhibitor of apoptotic signal transduction. Inactivation of Rb by phosphorylation or caspase-dependent cleavage/degradation is required for cell death to occur. Rb inhibits the Abl tyrosine kinase. Thus, Rb inactivation is a pre-requisite for Abl activation by DNA damage or TNF. Activation of nuclear Abl and its down- stream effector p73 induces mitochondriadependent cell death. The involvement of these nuclear signal transducers in TNF induced apoptosis, which does not require new gene expression, indicates that nuclear events other than transcrip- tion can contribute to extrinsic apoptotic signal transduction.
