Effects of bottom shear stresses on the wave-induced dynamic response in a porous seabed:PORO-WSSI (shear) model

When ocean waves propagate over the sea floor,dynamic wave pressures and bottom shear stresses exert on the surface of seabed.The bottom shear stresses provide a horizontal loading in the wave-seabed interaction system,while dynamic wave pressures provide a vertical loading in the system.However,the bottom shear stresses have been ignored in most previous studies in the past.In this study,the effects of the bottom shear stresses on the dynamic response in a seabed of finite thickness under wave loading will be examined,based on Biot＇s dynamic poro-elastic theory.In the model,an ＂u-p＂ approximation will be adopted instead of quasi-static model that have been used in most previous studies.Numerical results indicate that the bottom shear stresses has certain influences on the wave-induced seabed dynamic response.Furthermore,wave and soil characteristics have considerable influences on the relative difference of seabed response between the previous model（without shear stresses） and the present model（with shear stresses）.As shown in the parametric study,the relative differences between two models could up to 10% of p0,depending on the amplitude of bottom shear stresses.

Experimental study of vortex-induced vibrations of a cylinder near a rigid plane boundary in steady flow

In this study, the vortex-induced vibrations of a cylinder near a rigid plane boundary in a steady flow are studied experimentally. The phenomenon of vortex-induced vibrations of the cylinder near the rigid plane boundary is reproduced in the flume. The vortex shedding frequency and mode are also measured by the methods of hot film velocimeter and hydrogen bubbles. A parametric study is carded out to investigate the influences of reduced velocity, gap-to-diameter ratio, stability parameter and mass ratio on the amplitude and frequency responses of the cylinder. Experimental results indicate： （1） the Strouhal number （St） is around 0.2 for the stationary cylinder near a plane boundary in the sub-criti- cal flow regime; （2） with increasing gap-to-diameter ratio （eo/D）, the amplitude ratio （A/D） gets larger but frequency ratio （f/fn） has a slight variation for the case of larger values of eo/D（eo/D 〉 0.66 in this study）; （3） there is a clear difference of amplitude and frequency responses of the cylin- derbetween the larger gap-to-diameter ratios （e0/D 〉 0.66） and the smaller ones （e0/D 〈 0.3）; （4） the vibration of the cylinder is easier to occur and the range of vibration in terms of Vr number becomes more extensive with decrease of the stability parameter, but the frequency response is affected slightly by the stability parameter; （5） with decreasing mass ratio, the width of the lock-in ranges in terms of Vr and the frequency ratio （f/fn） become larger.

A Field Investigation on the Effects of Background Erosion on the Free Span Development of a Submarine Pipeline

The safety of submarine pipelines is largely influenced by free spans and corrosions. Previous studies on free spans caused by seabed scours are mainly based on the stable environment, where the background seabed scour is in equilibrium and the soil is homogeneous. To study the effects of background erosion on the free span development of subsea pipelines, a submarine pipeline located at the abandoned Yellow River subaqueous delta lobe was investigated with an integrated surveying system which included a Multibeam bathymetric system, a dual-frequency side-scan sonar, a high resolution sub-bottom profiler, and a Magnetic Flux Leakage(MFL) sensor. We found that seabed homogeneity has a great influence on the free span development of the pipeline. More specifically, for homogeneous background scours, the morphology of scour hole below the pipeline is quite similar to that without the background scour, whereas for inhomogeneous background scour, the nature of spanning is mainly dependent on the evolution of seabed morphology near the pipeline. Magnetic Flux Leakage(MFL) detection results also reveal the possible connection between long free spans and accelerated corrosion of the pipeline.

A flume test on erosion mechanism for an abandoned section of the Huanghe(Yellow)River Delta

The erosion mechanisms of abandoned coastal section are understood detailedly by flume experiment, which play an important role to the offshore engineering facilities. A movable-bed physical model has been used to investigate the coastal erosion of an abandoned section of the Huanghe (Yellow) River Delta. The theory of physical scale models is discussed and a method for constructing the representative seabed section is developed. The results indicate that during the period initially after the abandonment of the delta the entire bed experienced rapid erosion because the seabed was steep and prone to liquefaction that resulted from storm wave action. After this initial period, a balance of erosion and accretion was established, and the beach profile equilibrated with a point of balance present on the profile. The experimental results indicate that the volume of deposition was about half that of the erosion. Wave action may also induce significant stratal changes through its interaction with the soft seabed. The major morphological features developed in the model delta section were found to be qualitatively comparable with those observed in the prototype. A distorted modeling law that maintains the similarity of the modeled and prototype equilibrium beach profiles is proposed. Experimental results show that the distorted modeling is able to reproduce the beach-face slope in nature, and the model also successfully reproduced three historical evolutionary stages of erosion.

An Engineering Application Tool for Visual Assessment of the Equilibrium Beach

An engineering application tool for prediction of the static equilibrium bay （ Beach Mod） is established to describe two bay shape formulas by use of the programming software ＂MATLAB＂ with a graphic user interface （ GUI）. The tool is user-friendly for engineering students for the design of beach shapes. This tool was tested through application on three types of beaches in Taiwan and Australia. By implementing the concept of Headland Control, the Beach Mod program allows users to draw a structure and create an ＇artificial headland. The results indicate that Beach Mod can efficiently forecast beach changes as well as MEPBAY, a competing software package, while boasting a better user interface.

Comparison of Turbulence Schemes for Prediction of Wave-Induced Near-Bed Sediment Suspension Above A Plane Bed

Based on a wave bottom boundary layer model and a sediment advection-diffusion model, seven turbulence schemes are compared regarding their performances in prediction of near-bed sediment suspension beneath waves above a plane bed. These turbulence algorithm., include six empirical eddy viscosity schemes and one standard two-equation k-e model. In particular, different combinations of typical empirical formulas for the eddy viscosity profile and for the wave friction factor are examined. Numerical results are compared with four laboratory data sets, consisting of one wave boundary layer hydrodynamics experiment and three sediment suspension experiments under linear waves and the Stokes second-order waves. It is shown that predictions of near-bed sediment suspension are very sensitive to the choices of the empirical formulas in turbulence schemes. Simple empirical turbulence schemes are possible to perform equally well as the two-equation k-ε model. Among the empirical schemes, the turbulence scheme, combining the exponential formula for eddy viscosity and Swart formula for wave friction factor, is the most accurate. It maintains the simplicity and yields identically good predictions as the k-ε model does in terms of the wave-averaged sediment concentration.

Biosorption of Heavy Metal by Algae Biomass in Surface Water

Discharging wastewater containing heavy metals of Cu, Pb, Zn and Cd into water bodies can cause toxicity in plants and aquatic animals and some of them will be unable to survive except algae. Wastewater treatment method to remove heavy metal contaminants includes chemical precipitation, ion exchange, membrane, filtration, adsorption using activated carbon. However, these methods are either expensive or have other disadvantages such as high energy consumption and inefficiencies when existing heavy metals are at trace concentration. Biosorption using algae biomass can be an alternative method to eliminate heavy metals. The objective of the project is to investigate the capability of Marine Algae (MA) and Freshwater Algae (FA) bi-omass in adsorbing heavy metals of Cu, Pb, Zn and Cd from water medium using synthetic water and industrial water. MA and FA were obtained from the eastern coast of Pulau Ubin and local fish farm respectively. After being fully washed with deionised water, dried in a furnace for 105°C, they are grinded to pass 1 mm2 of siever. MA and FA were characterised using FTIR to determine their functional groups. An industrial water was collected from industrial discharge from metal fac-tories in northern side of Singapore. Effect of adsorption time, adsorbent concentra-tion, and pH were studied. The result showed that FA and MA had a higher capability in adsorbing a total metal of about 40 ppm level from an industrial water, or 4 times than synthetic water concentration, at the same adsorbent dosage of 50 mg. In con-clusion, the presence of various functional groups, hydroxyl, carboxylic and amine groups, in all MA and FA samples had enabled the algae biomass to adsorb heavy metals of Cu, Pb, Cd and Zn from synthetic and industrial water. Due to their bio-sorptive properties and fast adsorption capability, algae could be a potential method for cleaning up surface water or post-treatment of wastewater and minimise the cost of eutrophication.

Evaluation of flow regime of turbidity currents entering Dez Reservoir using extended shallow water model

In this study, the performance of the extended shallow water model （ESWM） in evaluation of the flow regime of turbidity currents entering the Dez Reservoir was investigated. The continuity equations for fluid and particles and the Navier-Stokes equations govern the entire flow of turbidity currents. The shallow water equations governing the flow of the depositing phase of turbidity currents are derived from these equations. A case study was conducted on the flow regime of turbidity currents entering the Dez Reservoir in Iran from January 2002 to July 2003. Facing a serious sedimentation problem, the dead storage of the Dez Reservoir will be full in the coming 10 years, and the inflowing water in the hydropower conduit system is now becoming turbid. Based on the values of the dimensionless friction number （ Nf ≤1 ） and dimensionless entrainment number （ NE≤ 1 ） of turbidity currents, and the coefficient of determination between the observed and predicted deposit depths （R2 = 0.86） for the flow regime of negligible friction and negligible entrainment （NFNE）, the flow regime of turbidity currents coming into the Dez Reservoir is considered to be NFNE. The results suggest that the ESWM is an appropriate approach for evaluation of the flow regime of turbidity currents in dam reservoirs where the characteristics of turbidity currents, such as the deposit depth, must be evaluated.

In-situ Monitoring the Setting Behavior of Foamed Concrete Using Ultrasonic Pulse Velocity Method

The applicability of ultrasonic pulse velocity （UPV） method to in-situ monitor setting and hardening process of foamed concrete （FC） was systematically investigated. The UPVs of various FC pastes were automatically and continuously measured by a specially designed ultrasonic monitoring apparatus （UMA）. Ultrasonic tests were performed on FC mixtures with different density （300, 500, 800 and 1 000 kg/m3）, and different fly ash contents （0%, 20%, 40% and 60%）. The influence of curing temperatures （20, 40, 60 and 80~C） was also studied. The experimental results show that three characteristic stages can be clearly identified during the setting process of an arbitrary FC paste： dormant stage, acceleration stage, and deceleration stage. Wet density, fly ash content, and curing temperature have great impact on setting behavior. A stepwise increase of the wet density results in shorter dormant stage and larger final UPV. Hydration reaction rate is obviously promoted with an increase in curing temperature. However, the addition fly ash retards the microstn,lcture formation. To aid in comparing with the ultrasonic results, the consistence spread test and Vicat needle test （VNT） were also conducted. A correlation between ultrasonic and VNT results was also established to evaluate the initial and final setting time of the FC mixtures. Finally, certain ranges of UPV with reasonable widths were suggested for the initial and final setting time, respectively.

Comparative Performance and Computational Approach of Humic Acid Removal by Clay Adsorption

The effective removal of humic acid is an important factor influencing the quality of treated waters. Adsorption is one of major techniques used for the removal of humic acid. This study demonstrated that modified clays could be used as alternatives to activated carbons for adsorbing humic acid. Both Al-Fe modified and Fe modified clays had high affinity to humic acid and then high removal efficiency. Al-modified clay had less removal capacity for adsorbing humic acid. Mathematics formulas were developed to predict the adsorption performance of modified clays for the humic acid removal via the parameters of UV254 absorbance and DOC concentrations. The optimal clay dose could be predicted using the developed model. The F test was used to validate the model developed by examining if it fells into the reject field. The reject field varied according to each F test. The results showed that the model developed was 99% confident and can be used to perform the simulation.

Potential of Magnesium Chloride for Nutrient Rejection in Forward Osmosis

Wastewater may contain high levels of the nutrients: nitrogen and phosphorus. Excessive release of nutrients to the environment can cause severe environmental problem such as eutrophication leading to algal blooms, oxygen deficiency, and fish kills. The forward osmosis (FO) could be a choice of treatment. FO process presents the results of using four kinds of variation in concentration of magnesium chloride (MgCl2) as draw solution and the two kinds of commercial membranes for nutrient rejection in the same cross flow velocity at 0.25 m/s and temperature at 25°C. Nutrients consisting of nitrogen (nitrite, nitrate, and ammonium) and phosphorus (phosphate) in feed solution were successfully rejected with an efficiency of mostly more 95%. The water flux in membrane HTI-NW achieved lower 7.55 - 9.61 L/m2·hr than in membrane HTI-ES that exceeds until 13.58 - 15.10 L/m2·hr. The reverse solute in membrane HTI-NW is seemly constant along all concentration of DS MgCl2 that the chloride diffusion is slightly higher than magnesium. In membrane HTI-ES, the reverse solute of chloride was almost three times than that of magnesium. The concentration of MgCl2 plays a significant role in rejecting nutrients by the Donnan’s potential and the diffusion constant in low and high concentration of DS, respectively.

Removal of Methylene Blue Using Chemically Modified Sugarcane Bagasse

Methylene Blue (MB) has been found to be one of the most common dyes used in the industries. Adsorption process using Activated Carbon (AC) has been proven to be able to remove MB effectively but the treatment cost using the adsorbent is considered expensive due to its high energy cost. Sugarcane Bagasse (SGB) is an agricultural by-product and abundantly available material in many developing countries. FTIR and XRD were used to confirm the existence of ligno-cellulose content of SGB after experiencing various chemical treatments. SGB had 5 - 40 folds higher MB removal capability than commercial activated carbon, depending on the pH of water medium and the type of SGB. SGB showed a much better performance in adsorbing MB in alkaline environment than in acidic environment. Langmuir adsorption isotherm model was able to estimate the removal capacity of non-chemical treated SGB (NSGB) and CaCl2 treated SGB (CSGB) at 84.7458 mg/g and 35.2113 mg/g respectively. An extremely higher MB removal capacity was found for BSGB due to the complexity of the surface site after chemical treatment. NaOH treated SGB (BSGB) with low lignin residue content was the most favourable adsorbent for MB adsorption.

Development of a validation technique for road surface profile applicable to point cloud data

In recent years,various information and communication technology(ICT)devices measuring three-dimensional(3D)point cloud data have been developed and widely used for the application of pavement surface investigation.However,ICT devices have generally been developed not only for measuring road surface profiles but for various geo-reference point clouds.In this background,the validation of surface profiles acquired with ICT devices fulfils an important role in proving the reliability of measurement result composed by point clouds.This study proposes a wavelet transform agreement(WTA)which involves a normalization factor of profile amplitude for further improvement in the wavelet-based coherence technique.The WTA analysis allows evaluating similarity/dissimilarity of two profiles considering both the location and wavelength simultaneously.For this purpose,a terrestrial laser scanner(TLS),a mobile mapping system(MMS),and an unmanned aerial vehicle(UAV)are employed to prove the advantage of WTA in practical applications.As a result,the advantages of WTA analysis are clearly recognized in the optimization for the measurement interval of TLS,the multi-line measurement of MMS for ride quality improvement of a pavement,and the efficient operation of UAV in terms of the flight altitude.This paper also shows the identification of aging development for surface roughness over time in terms of locations and wavelengths.These findings help not only to guarantee the accuracy of profile measurements but to realize the sophisticated way of using 3D point clouds acquired with ICT devices.The outcomes of this study contribute to the increase of productivity for pavement works with improving the quality of surface profile measurement.

现代黄河三角洲潮滩原状沉积物冲刷试验

在海岸防护工程决策中，沉积物的抗冲能力成为需要考虑的重要因素之一。以2004年4月在黄河三角洲北部海岸高潮滩取得的一个30m沉积物柱状样为例，在测定沉积物的结构、颗粒组成、密度、含水率等基础上，进行了分层沉积物的冲刷试验。结果表明，沉积物临界起动切应力与含水率、中值粒径成一定的负相关关系，与粘士含量呈显著正相关关系，同一类型沉积物的临界起动切应力与密度成一定的正相关关系。同时，近表层沉积物抗冲性最差，9．1～13．5m深度存在抗冲性较强的沉积层。沉积物的颗粒组成、结构、密度、含水率等决定了冲刷率与剪应力的变化关系。

非饱和砂质海床在复合防波堤下固结的数值研究

本文以Biot动态方程(u-p公式)为控制方程,采用有限元方法和Generalized Newmark-β时间积分方法,在SWAN-DYNE的基础上发展了用于分析海床基础固结和动态响应分析的计算程序PORO-WSSI 2D。利用太沙基一维固结理论验证了POR-WSSI 2D中固结模块的有效性。利用该计算程序,深入研究了大型海床基础在大型复合式防波堤和静水压力作用下的固结过程以及最终的固结状态。计算结果表明计算程序PORO-WSSI 2D能够有效地分析评价海床基础在海洋结构物作用下的固结过程以及预测海床基础的剪切破坏行为。所确定的最终固结状态还可以为后续研究海床基础在波浪、地震等动力荷载作用下的动态液化和剪切破坏提供可靠的初始条件。

Bubble entrainment, spray and splashing at hydraulic jumps

The sudden transition from a high-velocity, supercritical open channel flow into a slow-moving sub-critical flow is a hydraulic jump. Such a flow is characterised by a sudden rise of the free-surface, with some strong energy dissipation and air entrainment, waves and spray. New two-phase flow measurements were performed in the developing flow region using a large-size facility operating at large Reynolds numbers. The experimental results demonstrated the complexity of the flow with a developing mixing layer in which entrained bubbles are advected in a high shear stress flow. The relationship between bubble count rates and void fractions was non-unique in the shear zone, supporting earlier observations of some form of double diffusion process between momentum and air bubbles. In the upper region, the flow consisted primarily of water drops and packets sur-rounded by air. Visually significant pray and splashing were significant above the jump roller. The present study is the first com-prehensive study detailing the two-phase flow properties of both the bubbly and spray regions of hydraulic jumps, a first step towards understanding the interactions between bubble entrainment and droplet ejection processes.

Wave-current-induced soil response in marine sediments

This letter presents a new analytical approximation for wave （current）-induced dynamic soil response in marine sediments. In the model, the third-order approximation for wave-current interactions is employed for the flow model, while Biot＇s dynamic poro-elastic model is used to simulate the porous flow in a seabed. The newly analytical solution is validated with the field observations. Based on the solution, effects of currents and wave-nonlinearity on soil response are examined and a parametric study will be carried out to examine the influence of currents on the liquefaction potential. C 2013 The Chinese Society of Theoretical and Applied Mechanics. [doi： 10.1063/2.1301202]

A Lattice Boltzmann Model for Two-Dimensional Magnetohydrodynamics

A lattice Boltzmann model （LBM） has been developed for simulating magnetohydrodynamics （MHD） along the line of Dellar [J. Comput. Phys. 179 （2002）95]. In this model the magnetic field is presented by a vector valued magnetic distribution function which obeys a vector Boltzmann equation. The truncated error of the equilibrium distribution in the present model is up to order O（u^4） in velocity u rather than the usual 0（u^3）. For verification, the model is applied to solve the shock tube problem and the main features of the flow predicted by the model are found to compare well with the corresponding results obtained with high-order semi-discrete schemes [J. Comput. Phys. 201 （2004） 261]. The numerical experiments have also shown that the present LBM model with the equilibrium distribution truncated at O（u^4） performs much better in terms of numerical stability than those truncated at O（u^3）.

Lead Adsorption onto Various Solid Surfaces

Adsorption is becoming an important method in water and wastewater treatment technology at low concentrations. Pb2+ adsorption at low concentration onto various solid surfaces using either nano metal oxide of MnO2, or granulated activated carbon (GAC) or agricultural by-products such as tea leaves and coffee residue are considered promising. In this adsorption study the measurements were conducted by equilibrating Lead solutions at different concentrations range 19 - 291 μmol·L-1 with various adsorbent suspensions in the concentration range 0.388 - 8.738 g·L-1. Comparing all the adsorption capacities calculated using Langmuir equation Pb2+ adsorption by MnO2 shows the highest adsorption capacity with the estimated Γm = 528.0 μmol·g–1 at a fixed equilibrium constant K = 0.0119 L·μmoL-1. In addition, the Pb2+ adsorption by coffee residue is subject to a particle concentration effect in which the adsorption density decreases as the concentration of solid adsorbent Cs is increased. The Pb2+ adsorption by tea leaves, MnO2 and GAC shows less dependency to the concentration of solid adsorbent Cs, especially at lower metal ion concentrations. In the particular case of Pb2+ adsorption on MnO2 there appears to be no dependence on Cs.

Consolidation and dynamics of 3D unsaturated porous seabed under rigid caisson breakwater loaded by hydrostatic pressure and wave

In this study,based on the dynamic Biot's theory "u-p" approximation,a 3D finite element method(FEM) numerical soil model is developed,in which the Generalized Newmark-β method is adopted to determine the time integration.The developed 3D FEM soil model is a part of the coupled model PORO-WSSI 3D for 3D wave-seabed-marine structures interaction problem,and is validated by the analytical solution proposed by Wang(2000) for a laterally infinite seabed loaded by a uniform force.By adopting the developed 3D soil model,the consolidation of seabed under a caisson breakwater and hydrostatic pressure is investigated.The numerical results show that the caisson breakwater built on seabed has very significant effect on the stresses/displacements fields in the seabed foundation after the transient deformation and primary consolidation are completed.The parametric study indicates that the Young's modulus E of seabed is the most important parameter to affect the settlement of breakwater,and the displacement fields in seabed foundation.Taking the consolidation status as the initial condition,the interaction between ocean wave,caisson breakwater and seabed foundation is briefly investigated.The 3D ocean wave is determined by solving the Navier-Stokes equations with finite volume method(FVM).The numerical results indicate that there is intensive interaction between