<i>In Vivo</i>Antioxidant Activity of Fucoxanthin on Obese/Diabetes KK-<i>A^y</i>Mice

Dietary intake of 0.1% fucoxanthin significantly reduced lipid hydroperoxide levels of liver and abdominal white adipose tissue (WAT) of obese/diabetes KK-Ay mice. The fucoxanthin supplementation also significantly reduced blood glucose level and hepatic lipid contents of the mice. Oxidative stress is known to be induced in hyperglycemia and high fat conditions. Therefore, in vivo antioxidant activity of fucoxanthin found in the present study could be attributed to its anti-diabetic effect and its decreasing effect on hepatic lipids. On the other hand, little effect of fucoxanthin on lipid hydroperoxide levels was found in normal ICR mice. Although the content of fucoxanthin metabolites in the abdominal WAT of KK-Ay mice was about 50 times higher that in the liver, there was little difference in its In Vivo antioxidant activity between in the liver and in the abdominal WAT. These results suggest that well-known ability of fucoxanthin to scavenge active oxygen species and/or free radicals would not be a main reason to explain its In Vivo antioxidant activity.

Moderating effect of synthesized docosahexaenoic acid-enriched phosphatidylcholine on production of Th1 and Th2 cytokine in lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammation

Objective: To evaluate effects of docosahexaenoic acid-enriched phosphatidylcholine(DHAPC) on cytokine production induced by lipopolysaccharide(LPS). Methods: The culture supernatants of splenocytes exposed to DHA-PC along with LPS were harvested to determine the production of Th 1(IFN-kines. Cytokines were m毭 and IL-2) and Th2 [IL-4, IL-5, IL-6 and IL-12/IL-23(p40)] cytoeasured using ELISA. Results: Co-administration of DHAPC with LPS resulted in significantly lower IL-2 expression compared to that observed with administration of only LPS(P<0.01). Treatment with DHA-PC and LPS significantly increased IL-5 expression(P<0.01). Moreover, co-administration of DHA-PC with LPS significantly decreased IL-6 and IL-12/IL-23(p40) expressions compared to that observed with administration of only LPS(P<0.01). Conclusions: Our results suggest that DHA-PC inhibits pro-inflammatory cytokines [IL-2, IL-6 and IL-12/IL-23(p40)] expression on induction of inflammation.

Effect of extracts from Stachys sieboldii Miq. on cellular reactive oxygen species and glutathione production and genomic DNA oxidation

Objective: To evaluate the antioxidant activity of extracts and fractions from Stachys sieboldii Miq., and to examine its effect on the cellular reactive oxygen species(ROS) and glutathione(GSH) production and genomic DNA oxidation in HT-1080 cells. Methods: The ROS generation induced by H2 O2 was measured by the dichlorofluorescein-diacetate assay. GSH levels were measured using a fluorescent method with mBBr. Genomic DNA oxidative damage was measured with levels of oxidative DNA induced by the reaction of ferritin with H2 O2. Results: The n-hexane, 85% aqueous methanol and n-butanol fractions(0.05 mg/mL concentrations) inhibited H2 O2-induced ROS generation by 63%, 35% and 45%, respectively. GSH levels were significantly increased in both acetone+methylene chloride and methanol extracts(P<0.05). Supplementation of cells with n-hexane significantly increased GSH levels at concentrations of 0.05 mg/mL(P<0.05). Both the acetone+methylene chloride and methanol extracts, as well as all fractions significantly inhibited oxidative DNA damage(P<0.05). Conclusions: These results indicate that cellular oxidation was inhibited by the n-hexane fraction and this fraction may contain valuable active compounds.

Effect of Black Sea bream extracts on cytokine production inlipopolysaccharide-induced inflammation

We investigated the effect of black sea bream extracts on changes in pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines induced by lipopolysaccharide(LPS)in murine splenocytes.The levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines[interleukin(IL)-6,tumor necrosis factor-α(TNF-α),IL-12/IL-23(p40)and IL-17A]and anti-inflammatory cytokines[IL-4,IL-10 and interferon-γ(IFN-γ)]were assessed.Incubation of murine splenocytes with acetone+methylene chloride(A+M)and methanol(MeOH)extracts significantly decreased LPS-induced IL-6,IL-12/IL-23(p40)and IL-17A productions after 6 h incubation(p<0.05).The A+M and MeOH extracts significantly increased LPS-induced IL-4 and IFN-γproductions at 48 and 72 h incubation(p<0.05).Treatment with A+M extract resulted in significantly higher IL-10 production in splenocytes after 72 h(p<0.05).Conclusively,black sea bream extracts were shown to be efficient in falling several pro-inflammatory cytokines while rising anti-inflammatory cytokines.Thus our results suggest that black sea bream extracts selectivity modulate immune events.

Anti-MMP-2 and MMP-9 activity of Salsola komarovii Iljin extract and its solvent fractions

Objective: To investigate matrix metalloproteinases(MMP)-2 and MMP-9 inhibitory effect of Salsola komarovii Iljin, an edible halophyte with health beneficial effects.Methods: Salsola komarovii crude extracts(SKI), and solvent(n-hexane, 85% aq. MeOH, n-BuOH, and H2O) fractionated extracts of SKI were prepared. Gelatin zymography was carried out to observe MMP enzymatic activity. The release of the MMP enzymes was measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Expression of MMPs in m RNA and protein level were investigated by polymerase chain reaction analysis and immunoblotting, respectively.Results: SKI and SKI fractions inhibited active MMP-2 and MMP-9 amount in the treated cell culture medium. Also, SKI suppressed the release of MMP-2 and MMP-9 from stimulated HT1080 human fibrosarcoma cells. Furthermore, SKI suppressed the m RNA and protein expression of MMP-2 and MMP-9. SKI fractions showed parallel effects except for H2O fraction which did not yield any significant MMP inhibitory effect. Among fractions, 85% aq. Me OH was the most active fraction to inhibit both the enzymatic effect and expression of MMP-2 and MMP-9.Conclusions: SKI may contain potential MMP release inhibitory compounds. Salsola komarovii is a promising source of compounds against MMP and could be utilized in the development of antitumor agents.