Mechanical and electrochemical characteristics in sea water of 5052-O aluminum alloy for ship

The optimum corrosion protection potentials were examined for 5052-O Al alloy,which is mainly used in ships.Various electrochemical experiments were carried out and the surface morphologies of specimens were observed by scanning electron microscopy（SEM） in order to determine the optimum corrosion protection potential to overcome pitting,corrosion,stress corrosion cracking（SCC）,and hydrogen embrittlement in sea water.An optimum protection potential range of-1.3 V to-0.7 V was determined under the application of an impressed current cathodic protection（ICCP） system.The low current densities were shown in the range of-1.3 V to-0.7 V in the electrochemical experiments and good specimen surface morphologies were observed after potentiostatic experiment.

Effects of solution heat treatment on corrosion resistance of 5083F Al alloy

Aluminum alloys are used as substitutes for fiber reinforced polymer(FRP) in ships and boats.However,ships constructed with 5000-series Al alloy suffer a little corrosion in the marine environment,when they run in high speed,and high flow rate,etc.Therefore,solution heat treatment was carried out to prevent corrosion.The optimal heat treatment involved heating specimens for 120 min at 420 ℃ and then cooling them in water.In addition,the optimal ageing condition involved ageing specimens for 240 min at 180 ℃.The slow strain rate test(SSRT) in a seawater revealed that heat treatment under optimal conditions produced improved elongation,time-to-fracture and amount of dimples compared with the as-received specimen.

Effect of Al coating conditions on laser weldability of Al coated steel sheet

Al coated steel sheets with excellent heat resistance,thermal reflection,and corrosion resistance are widely used in various applications.The laser weldability of the Al coated steel sheet for full penetration welding was reported.The phenomenon caused by intermixed aluminum and behavior of aluminum in the weld were investigated.Al coated steel sheets that have various thickness and coating mass were prepared for laser welding.The effects of parameters such as welding conditions and Al coating conditions were investigated.Al content mixed in the weld after laser welding was evaluated,and then a correlation between the mixed Al and mechanical properties was investigated.The results show that the Al-rich zones which have Fe-Al intermetallic compounds are found in the weld.The intermetallic compounds cause the decreased strength of the weld.

Corrosion and optimum corrosion protection potential of friction stir welded 5083-O Al alloy for leisure ship

Electrochemical tests were undertaken to determine the optimum conditions in seawater for corrosion protection of friction stir-welded 5083-O Al alloy.Polarization trend observations show that the limiting potential that avoids the effects of hydrogen embrittlement is -1.6 V,corresponding to the crossover point between concentration polarization and activation polarization.However,the optimum protection potential is between -1.5 and -0.7 V since the current density at these values is low in the potentiostatic tests.When a galvanic cell is formed in the seawater,the welds exhibit electrochemically stable trends.Welded parts in galvanic tests with various area ratios are stable and have excellent anticorrosion characteristics.

Electrochemical evaluation of zinc and magnesium alloy coatings deposited on electrogalvanized steel by PVD

Zinc alloy coating attracted much attention due to its high anti-corrosive properties.Particularly,zinc alloy coatings containing magnesium was considered a promising metallic alloy due to a remarkable improvement of corrosion resistance.The proper magnesium content for Zn-Mg alloy coatings was studied.The samples were prepared using thermal evaporation method.The influence of Zn-Mg alloy coating on corrosion resistance was evaluated using immersion test,potentiodynamic test,and galvanic test in 3% NaCl solution at room temperature.The results show that the corrosion resistance of Zn-Mg alloy coatings is strongly dependent on magnesium content.Corrosion potential decreases with increasing magnesium content,whereas current density increases up to 15% magnesium content,and passivity region was found only in Zn-Mg coatings.

Electrochemical characteristics of Al-Mg and Al-Mg-Si alloy in sea water

Among Al alloys,particularly 5000 series Al Mg and 6000 series Al Mg Si often used as marine materials have excellent corrosion resistance,low melting point,and thereby showing recycling availability when compared to other metals.Variety experiments were conducted to select the most suitable material for marine environments.All electrochemical experiments were conducted in natural seawater.The corrosion test was performed in many methods such as anodic/cathodic polarization and Tafel analysis using multi-channel potentio/galvanostat WMPG 1000.As results,anodic and cathodic polarization behaviors indicate the characteristics of passive state and concentration polarization by reduction reaction in dissolved oxygen,which shows excellent electrochemical behaviors.Tafel analysis results show no significant difference but 5052-O alloy of various alloy materials indicates the lowest corrosion current density.Therefore,5052-O Al alloy presents most anti-corrosion material in marine environment.

Electrochemical characteristics of stainless steel using impressed current cathodic protection in seawater

Stainless steels such as STS 304,316 and 630 are frequently used as shaft materials in small fiber reinforced polymer(FRP) fishing boats.If the shaft material is exposed to a severely corrosive environment such as seawater,it should be protected using appropriate methods.The impressed current cathodic protection was used to inhibit corrosion in shaft materials.In anodic polarization,passivity was remarkably more evident in STS 316 stainless steel than in STS 304 and STS 630.The pitting potentials of STS 304,316,and 630 stainless steels were 0.30,0.323,and 0.260 V,respectively.The concentration polarization due to oxygen reduction and activation polarization due to hydrogen generation were evident in the cathodic polarization trends of all three stainless steeds.STS 316 had the lowest current densities in all potential ranges,and STS 630 had the highest.Tafel analysis showed that STS 316 was the most noble in the three.In addition,the corrosion current density was the lowest for STS 316.

Corrosion characteristics of steel in seawater containing various chloride concentrations generated by electrochemical method

The electro-clean system (ECS), a ballast water management system that eliminates harmful aquatic organisms in ship ballast water via electrochemically produced chloride, was developed. The current density for potentiostatic experiments subjected to seawater with an applied potential (-0.1 V) at various TRC concentrations (2×10-6, 6×10-6, 10×10-6, and 15×10-6) have similar results. The current density at -0.1 V has the highest value compared with that at -0.7 V and -0.4 V. For all concentrations, the current density increases with increasing applied potential.

Surface characteristics of chemical conversion coating for Mg-Al alloy

The chemical conversion coating was formed on Mg alloy for low cost and harmlessness in environment by using the colloidal silica as the main component.The film formed at 298 K was thick,which was thought to be the combination of Si and O.In salt spray test,the ratio of black rust on the specimen that did not conducted chemical conversion treatment was five times or more than those of the chemical conversion treated specimen.The film of chemical conversion coating produced by alkali treatment process was thinner than the specimen produced in basic chemical conversion treatment solution.

Experimental assessment of two-phase bubble pump for solar water heating

The research goal is to develop a new solar water heater system(SWHS) that uses a solar bubble pump instead of an electric pump.The pump is powered by the steam produced from an evacuated tube collector.Therefore,heat could be transferred downward from the collector to a hot water storage tank.The designed system consists of two sets of heat-pipe evacuated tube collectors,a solar bubble pump installed at an upper level and a water storage tank with a heat exchanger at a lower level.Discharge heads of 1 and 5 m were tested.The bubble pump could operate at the collector temperature of about 90-100 ℃ and vapor gage pressure of 80-90 kPa.It is found that water circulation within the SWHS depends on the incident solar intensity and system discharge head.Experimental investigations are conducted to obtain the system thermal efficiencies from the hourly,daily and long-term performance tests.The thermal performance of the proposed system is compared with conventional solar water heaters.The results show that the proposed system achieves system characteristic efficiency of 10% higher than that of the conventional systems using electric pump if taking the consumption of electric power into account.And the former is a zero carbon system.

Electrochemical characteristics of HVOF spray coated layer with WC-27NiCr and WC-10Co4Cr for Al bronze

Among the environmentally friendly marine energies,tidal current power plants require low cost because they do not need to construct a large dam.Tidal power is particularly reliable energy source because the power generation capacity is predictable regardless of weather or season.Composite materials or stainless steel have been used as materials of blades for current power plant.However,their strength and welding performance generated many problems in field application.Copper alloys with excellent cavitation resistance and corrosion resistance were applied as blade materials to improve the durability of copper alloys.They were coated with WC-27NiCr and WC-10Co4Cr using the high velocity oxy-fuel (HVOF) method.The metal spray coating technology has the advantage in terms of the selection of materials for cost effectiveness and environmental effects of corrosion because the properties of the coat layer can be controlled intentionally.Coating with WC-27NiCr and WC-10Co4Cr by HVOF,WC-27NiCr shows better corrosion resistance overall.The reason for this seems to be that corrosion resistance improves and a stable passive film forms due to the effects of Ni and Cr.

Effects of F-Si sealer on electrochemical characteristics of 15%Al-85%Zn alloy thermal spray coating

Most hulls of the ships are protected with paintings, sacrificial anode, and impressed current cathodic protection methods against corrosion problems. However, these conventional methods are not very effective because the rudder of ships stern are exposed to very severe corrosive environment such as tides, speeds of ships, cavitations and erosion corrosion. The environmental factors such as cavitation and corrosion will cause damage for materials with the shock wave by the creation and destruction of bubble. To solve these problems, the cavitation and electrochemical experiments are executed for thermal spray coating with Al-Zn alloy wire material. Thereafter, and sealed specimens with F-Si sealer on Al-Zn alloy coated specimen are executed to improve electrochemical and anti-cavitation characteristics in sea water. The application of fluorine silicon sealing after spray coating of 15%Al-85%Zn seems to be appropriate not only in static environment but also in dynamic environment.

Cavitation and electrochemical characteristics of thermal spray coating with sealing material

Steel applied in ocean environment is exposed to corrosion and cavitation and is subject to increasing damages. To prevent this, anti-corrosion thermal spray coating technique is widely used. The low-temperature thermal spray coating was performed with 85%Al-14.5%Zn-0.5%Zr for ship materials and various sealing materials were applied to improve its durability, and the electrochemical behavior and cavitation characteristics were observed. The results show that the sealing improves all the properties of the materials. Hybrid ceramic and fluoro-silicon sealing materials show good electrochemical characteristics, and the fluoro-silieon sealing material shows the best anti-cavitation characteristics.

Heat transfer characteristics of nanofluid through circular tube

Nano fluid is considered to be a class of high efficient heat transfer fluid created by dispersing some special solid nanoparticles (normally less than 100 nm) in traditional heat transfer fluid. The present experiment was conducted aiming at investigating the forced heat transfer characteristics of aqueous copper (Cu) nanofluid at varying concentration of Cu nano-particles in different flow regimes (300<Re≤16 000). The forced convective heat transfer enhancement is available both in the laminar and turbulent flow with increasing the concentration. Especially, the enhancement rate increases dramatically in laminar flow regime, for instance, the heat transfer coefficient of Cu/water nanofluid increases by two times at around Re=2 000 compared with that of base fluid water, and averagely increases by 62% at 1% volume fraction. However, the heat transfer coefficient of Cu/water decreases sharply in the transition flow regime. Furthermore, it has the trend that the heat transfer coefficient displays worse with increasing the concentration.

Effects of flow velocity on electrochemical behavior of seachest 5083-H116 Al alloy for ship

Electrochemical behavior of 5083-H116 Al alloy with flow velocity of seachest material for Al ship was evaluated.To examine the electrochemical characteristics of flow velocity and its effects on the performance of the alloy,experiments were conducted at four flow velocity variables using static state with an agitator.An ultrasonic vibration generator using piezoelectric effect was used in cavitation test according to the requirements of in ASTM-G32.The results show that the corrosion current density and damage were increased by applying the flow velocity compared to static state.Therefore,it is determined that the case of applying flow velocity is weaker to the corrosion.

Improvement of hydrogen embrittlement and stress corrosion cracking by annealing for Al-4.4Mg-0.6Mn alloy

With no annealing treatment, cathodic polarization trends in 5083F A1 alloy revealed concentration polarization and activation polarization. However, the annealed specimens have lower current densities at corrosion protection potential compared to the non-annealed specimen. The results of SSRTs conducted in seawater at the applied potential range of-l.8 V to -0.5 V indicated that the maximum tensile strength, elongation, and time-to-fracture had high values at applied potentials of -0.7 to -1.4 V. The maximum tensile strength, elongation, and time-to-f？acture decreased when the potential values were beyond this range in either anodic or cathodic direction. In general, the increased shear lip caused by annealing treatment indicates elongation. Time-to-fracture would likely increase with elongation. Potentials between -0.5 V to -0.6 V were found to be in the region of stress corrosion cracking. The corrosion protection zone was determined to be -0.7 V to -J,4 V because these potential ranges produced good mechanical properties. Potential less than -1.4 V produced a fractured surface with a mixture of dimples （ductile fractures） and a quasi-cleavage pattern resulting from the effects of hydrogen gas.

Effects of thickness of Al thermal spray coating for STS 304

Thermal spray coating presents a sacrificial-anode cathodic protection method since differences between the potentials of materials are employed.If a base metal is exposed to seawater,due to defect in the thermal spray coating,the metal is protected by the sacrificial anodic characteristics of the coating layer because micro-cells formed by the base metal and the thermal spray coating act as cathodes and anodes,respectively.The coating thickness has little effect on the surface morphology of the coating.However,the electrochemical properties with the increasing of coating thickness present good results.

Effects of precipitation strengthening heat treatment for Al-Mg alloy

The corrosions resulting from defects in painting layers frequently occur in Al alloys, so the application of corrosion preventing systems is also very important. Optimum conditions in terms of electrochemistry in relation to solution treatment, quenching and artificial aging treatment were established in order to optimize precipitation strengthening conditions intended to enhance the strength of Al alloys. Slow strain rate tests （SSRT） at various applied potentials were conducted in potential range from -1.8 to 0.5 V. The results show that the maximum tensile strengths, elongations and time-to-fracture are shown to be high values. After precipitation strengthening heat treatment, a tendency appear that time-to-fracture increases as elongation increases. In the potential range from -1.3 V to -0.7 V, the specimens show excellent mechanical properties, and thus this range is considered to be a corrosion prevention range.

Comparison of electrochemical properties of atmospheric pressure plasma coatings for Al_2O_3-3TiO_2 and CoNiCrAlY in sea water

To improve the durability of underwater rotating products,the corrosion characteristics in harsh marine environment were evaluated through various electrochemical experiments on the Al2O3-3TiO2 and CoNiCrAlY coating layers by atmospheric pressure plasma spray coating process.By evaluating the corrosion resistance of these materials,their applicability to environmentally friendly power generation equipment such as blades of tidal current turbines was examined.According to the Tafel analysis for micro-areas including the coating layer,the coating/metal interlayer and the base metal,the Al2O3-3TiO2 coating layer and the CoNiCrAlY coating layer show markedly lower corrosion current density than the base metal.The corrosion current density of the CoNiCrAlY coating layer (9.75316×10-8A/cm2) is about 1.6 times more than that of the Al2O3-3TiO2 coating layer (6.13139×10-8A/cm2).

Mechanical characteristics of fused cast basalt tube encased in steel pipe for protecting steel surface

Because of the various excellent characteristics of cast basalt materials,such as,anti-corrosion,anti-wearing,good hardness,high chemical stability,of which steel may not possess,the steel-basalt composite pipes are used in severe environments for compensating the defects of steel.The limit of bending moment with which steel-basalt composite pipe may safely endure was calculated and the limit curvature of the composite pipe in the safe range was presented.The application temperature of steel-basalt pipe was examined due to a different coefficient among basalt,mortar and mild steel.