Dengue is a vector-borne disease caused by the dengue virus(DENV)of family Flaviviridae.Dengue fever is common in both developed and developing countries.Globally,approximately 400 million cases of dengue fever are re...Dengue is a vector-borne disease caused by the dengue virus(DENV)of family Flaviviridae.Dengue fever is common in both developed and developing countries.Globally,approximately 400 million cases of dengue fever are reported annually,resulting in approximately 22000 fatalities.Dengue cases in India have progressively increased in the last decade.In recent years,substantial progress has been made in understanding various aspects of dengue,including its pathogenesis,diagnosis,prevention strategies,immunological responses,and the role of vectors in its transmission.The transmission of a positive RNA virus occurs through Aedes mosquitoes,specifically Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus.This virus is associated with a wide spectrum of symptoms,ranging from mild undifferentiated fever to severe hemorrhagic fever and shock,posing a potential threat to human health.There are 4 types of antigenically distinct dengue serotypes(DENV-1 to DENV-4)and among them,DENV-2 is more lethal and extremely severe.To overcome the severity of dengue,Dengvaxia is administered to children 9 to 16 years old with evidence of previous dengue infection.The diagnosis of dengue is carried out by ELISA-based non-structural protein(NS1)and immunoglobulin tests.However,there are no specific biomarkers to identify severe disease progression.Climatic factors and temperature play an important role in complex interaction among host,vector,and virus to manifest the severity of dengue.There is a need for the refinement of climate-based disease forecasting models in India to effectively control the spread of dengue.The mosquito repellent should be used periodically to kill or repel the Aedes mosquito to prevent the spread of dengue in humans.展开更多
India reports the highest number of malaria cases in Southeast Asia,of which Plasmodium falciparum contribute more than half of the cases every year.North eastern states of India contribute only 3.96%of country’s pop...India reports the highest number of malaria cases in Southeast Asia,of which Plasmodium falciparum contribute more than half of the cases every year.North eastern states of India contribute only 3.96%of country’s population but account for】10%of total reported malaria cases.11%of Plasmodium falciparum cases and 20%of malaria related deaths annually.In India,chloroquine resistance was reported for the first time from northeast region and since then chloroquine treatment failure is being reported from many parts of the region.Increased chloroquine treatment failure has led to change of the drug policy to artemisinin combination therapy as first line of malaria treatment in the region.However,replacing chloroquine to artemisinin combination therapy has not shown significant difference in the overall malaria incidence in the region,The present review addresses the current malaria situation of northeastern region of India in the light of antimalarials drug resistance.展开更多
Over the past decade, a dramatic rise in bedbug resurgence has become one of the top potential public health hazards. This study was conducted to determine prevalence, knowledge and self-reported containment practices...Over the past decade, a dramatic rise in bedbug resurgence has become one of the top potential public health hazards. This study was conducted to determine prevalence, knowledge and self-reported containment practices about bedbugs in the resource-limited setting of Ethiopia. A community based, cross-sectional survey was conducted between January and May 2014. Selected 260 respondents were interviewed by the administration of a pre-tested questionnaire on knowledge and practices about bedbug infestation in the resource-limited setting of Ethiopia. Overall, 91.6% (238/260) of the residents had ample awareness on bedbug infestation. The majority of them (97.2%) extremely bothered about infestations because of bad odors (83.8%), insomnia (79.8%), biting (66.9%), and skin rashes (56.9%). A high prevalence of infestation (72.7%) was observed. Bedrooms and main hall/salon were identified as potential high-risk areas. Chi-square exhibited a strong association between sanitary status and housing conditions (χ2 = 40.91;df = 4;P = 0.0001). Besides, there was a strong association between respondents’ monthly income (χ2 = 42.1;df = 6;P = 0.0001) and educational status (χ2 = 26.01;df = 5;P = 0.0001) with the presence or absence of bedbug infestation. Though the majority of respondents had adequate knowledge, they suffer with deprived practices attributable to deficient resources as well as negligence/ignorance. This study emphasizes the following key interventions: 1) community-based awareness campaigns, 2) implementation of sustainable preventive/containment strategies, 3) educational interventions to ensure translation of knowledge into practices, and 4) the implementation of appropriate poverty alleviation programs to enhance the local-residents living-standard in the future.展开更多
The frequent cases of dengue incidences are leading cause of illness and death in urban areas and Aedes albopictus (Skuse) is a primary vector for Dengue transmission in India. Synthesis of leaf mediated silver nanopa...The frequent cases of dengue incidences are leading cause of illness and death in urban areas and Aedes albopictus (Skuse) is a primary vector for Dengue transmission in India. Synthesis of leaf mediated silver nanoparticles especially with Pongamia pinnata is a potential substitute for the existing organophosphorus insecticides like Tenophos, malathion and fenthion etc., for mosquito control programme. The nanoparticles were characterized by UV-visible absorption spectrum, X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) and Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM). Analysis of TEM showed that the synthesized silver nanoparticles are in spherical shape with average size of 20 nm. Further the XRD analysis confirms the nano-crystalline phase of silver with face centred cubic (FCC) crystal structure. GC-MS analysis elucidated the presence of two active ingredients, such as 9-Octadecenoic acid (Z) and n-hexadecanoic acid, which are the prominent substances considered as larvicide. Larvae were exposed to varying concentrations of plant extracts and synthesized silver nanoparticles for 24 hours. From the results, it is found that plant extracts showed moderate larvicidal effects but, the synthesized silver nanoparticles had found to be toxic to larvae at LC50 (0.25 ppm) and LC90 (1 ppm).展开更多
文摘Dengue is a vector-borne disease caused by the dengue virus(DENV)of family Flaviviridae.Dengue fever is common in both developed and developing countries.Globally,approximately 400 million cases of dengue fever are reported annually,resulting in approximately 22000 fatalities.Dengue cases in India have progressively increased in the last decade.In recent years,substantial progress has been made in understanding various aspects of dengue,including its pathogenesis,diagnosis,prevention strategies,immunological responses,and the role of vectors in its transmission.The transmission of a positive RNA virus occurs through Aedes mosquitoes,specifically Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus.This virus is associated with a wide spectrum of symptoms,ranging from mild undifferentiated fever to severe hemorrhagic fever and shock,posing a potential threat to human health.There are 4 types of antigenically distinct dengue serotypes(DENV-1 to DENV-4)and among them,DENV-2 is more lethal and extremely severe.To overcome the severity of dengue,Dengvaxia is administered to children 9 to 16 years old with evidence of previous dengue infection.The diagnosis of dengue is carried out by ELISA-based non-structural protein(NS1)and immunoglobulin tests.However,there are no specific biomarkers to identify severe disease progression.Climatic factors and temperature play an important role in complex interaction among host,vector,and virus to manifest the severity of dengue.There is a need for the refinement of climate-based disease forecasting models in India to effectively control the spread of dengue.The mosquito repellent should be used periodically to kill or repel the Aedes mosquito to prevent the spread of dengue in humans.
文摘India reports the highest number of malaria cases in Southeast Asia,of which Plasmodium falciparum contribute more than half of the cases every year.North eastern states of India contribute only 3.96%of country’s population but account for】10%of total reported malaria cases.11%of Plasmodium falciparum cases and 20%of malaria related deaths annually.In India,chloroquine resistance was reported for the first time from northeast region and since then chloroquine treatment failure is being reported from many parts of the region.Increased chloroquine treatment failure has led to change of the drug policy to artemisinin combination therapy as first line of malaria treatment in the region.However,replacing chloroquine to artemisinin combination therapy has not shown significant difference in the overall malaria incidence in the region,The present review addresses the current malaria situation of northeastern region of India in the light of antimalarials drug resistance.
文摘Over the past decade, a dramatic rise in bedbug resurgence has become one of the top potential public health hazards. This study was conducted to determine prevalence, knowledge and self-reported containment practices about bedbugs in the resource-limited setting of Ethiopia. A community based, cross-sectional survey was conducted between January and May 2014. Selected 260 respondents were interviewed by the administration of a pre-tested questionnaire on knowledge and practices about bedbug infestation in the resource-limited setting of Ethiopia. Overall, 91.6% (238/260) of the residents had ample awareness on bedbug infestation. The majority of them (97.2%) extremely bothered about infestations because of bad odors (83.8%), insomnia (79.8%), biting (66.9%), and skin rashes (56.9%). A high prevalence of infestation (72.7%) was observed. Bedrooms and main hall/salon were identified as potential high-risk areas. Chi-square exhibited a strong association between sanitary status and housing conditions (χ2 = 40.91;df = 4;P = 0.0001). Besides, there was a strong association between respondents’ monthly income (χ2 = 42.1;df = 6;P = 0.0001) and educational status (χ2 = 26.01;df = 5;P = 0.0001) with the presence or absence of bedbug infestation. Though the majority of respondents had adequate knowledge, they suffer with deprived practices attributable to deficient resources as well as negligence/ignorance. This study emphasizes the following key interventions: 1) community-based awareness campaigns, 2) implementation of sustainable preventive/containment strategies, 3) educational interventions to ensure translation of knowledge into practices, and 4) the implementation of appropriate poverty alleviation programs to enhance the local-residents living-standard in the future.
文摘The frequent cases of dengue incidences are leading cause of illness and death in urban areas and Aedes albopictus (Skuse) is a primary vector for Dengue transmission in India. Synthesis of leaf mediated silver nanoparticles especially with Pongamia pinnata is a potential substitute for the existing organophosphorus insecticides like Tenophos, malathion and fenthion etc., for mosquito control programme. The nanoparticles were characterized by UV-visible absorption spectrum, X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) and Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM). Analysis of TEM showed that the synthesized silver nanoparticles are in spherical shape with average size of 20 nm. Further the XRD analysis confirms the nano-crystalline phase of silver with face centred cubic (FCC) crystal structure. GC-MS analysis elucidated the presence of two active ingredients, such as 9-Octadecenoic acid (Z) and n-hexadecanoic acid, which are the prominent substances considered as larvicide. Larvae were exposed to varying concentrations of plant extracts and synthesized silver nanoparticles for 24 hours. From the results, it is found that plant extracts showed moderate larvicidal effects but, the synthesized silver nanoparticles had found to be toxic to larvae at LC50 (0.25 ppm) and LC90 (1 ppm).
