Urban Traffic Accidents (UTAs) may be seen as discrete events, localized in space and time. UTAs rates all over the world show great disparity, especially between developed and developing countries. Today, the most ne...Urban Traffic Accidents (UTAs) may be seen as discrete events, localized in space and time. UTAs rates all over the world show great disparity, especially between developed and developing countries. Today, the most negative results of urban transportation are UTAs with many side effects such as injuries and loss of lives. UTAs lead to injury, death, disability and pain, loss of productivity, grief, social and mental problems. Proper and deep study and planning can enhance transport and driving safety and reduce number and severity of accidents. Traffic safety crises, death, damage and costs resulting from road UTAs are some of the most important public health and police organization challenges. In particular, UTA’s victims are often people who are aged 15 - 44 years old in Iran, and UTAs are the second cause of death after heart disease in Tehran. UTAs’ statistics in Tehran reveal a serious problem with significant fatality and injury rate. This study aims to identify the spatial pattern of UTAs in the city of Tehran in order to find the causes and consequences as well as the temporal and spatial or spatio-temporal variation of accidents. The relationship between the space and time of daily activities that generate urban daily trips and UTA, is examined in Tehran city for 2010 to 2011. The analysis is based on different primary and secondary data sources, which include locations of accidents and different attributes such as date, reason, kind, etc. Based on the data analysis, the study also attempted to show some light on the major causes, factors and types of accidents in order to identify the problem and suggest appropriate suggestions which reduce UTAs. As this study considered different factors of UTA, urban environment, land use, population, human activities and culture point considered as the most important pillars of this study. In order to understand knowledge, culture and attitudes of drivers towards traffic regulations, questionnaires were distributed to 1500 drivers in the study area to gather data about the drivers’ knowledge, beliefs, attitudes, and behaviors and 1177 of them returned. The results express that culture and knowledge of drivers have direct effects on localizing accidents. Furthermore, the concentration of educational, commercial and cultural activities that make up a large number of urban trips and urban dynamics, road usage, and time are among the main considerations of this study. The relationships between population, land use and dynamic patterns of city which constitute the urban structure, are used to establish a link between UTA and the urban structure of Tehran city. Time is considered as a crucial variable in this study that leads people to different kinds of locations and risk. Land use data and population data are combined with the accidents data using GIS techniques to generate relevant inputs for analysis. Concerning the methodology, cluster analysis techniques are developed to analyze the association between UTA numbers and land use categories and per 1000 residents of Tehran city. The techniques are developed to investigate the temporal variation of UTA over the time periods segmented into different zones. The results show that the suburban zone with industrial land use types and more highways are associated with more fatal and injured accidents. In comparison, the CBD zone is the safest not only in regarding the number of accidents but also in severity of accidents. Traffic limitation boundaries, wide pedestrians walking area and increased police checks, make this area safer despite the higher population density and daily activities. It was observed that the UTA spatial pattern changes dramatically in different zones and hours, especially during RH. Increased accidents but of lower severity happen in Tehran during the RH day when there is traffic congestion on transportation networks or roads and crowding on public transport is at its highest. Normally, this happens twice in a day, first in the morning and second in the afternoon-evening, the times during which the most people commute. It was observed that land use category, urban structure and population density make different rush hours in the city, therefore, different zones have different RHs. Referring to population movement or urban dynamic and urban structure, main roads types in urban and suburban zones become congested in different hours due to a large number of people activities. Thus, these different RHs in different zones result in different spatial patterns of accidents within the city. During Thursdays, the schools and administrative offices follow a half-day schedule and many people engage in recreation such as shopping and other extra activities. This causes a different type’s RHs in Thursdays as it takes some load from the evening RH, and thus makes the morning RH the most intense time of the day. In addition, this study provided an explanation on the relationship between urban structures, creating UTA in Tehran. It was discovered that the locational pattern of the various land uses in the urban area is a reflection of socio-economic and ecological factors. Furthermore, the spatial analysis and temporal analysis of relative accidents risks point out the risky segments for different zones of the city and different land uses depending on the season, month, day and time.展开更多
In general, geospatial data can be divided into two formats, raster and vector formats. A raster consists of a matrix of cells where each cell contains a value representing quantitative information, such as temperatur...In general, geospatial data can be divided into two formats, raster and vector formats. A raster consists of a matrix of cells where each cell contains a value representing quantitative information, such as temperature, vegetation intensity, land use/cover, elevation, etc. A vector data consists of points, lines and polygons representing location or distance or area of landscape features in graphical forms. Many raster data are derived from remote sensing techniques using sophisticated sensors by quantitative approach and many vector data are generated from GIS processes by qualitative approach. Among them, land use/cover data is frequently used in many GIS analyses and spatial modeling processes. However, proper use of quantitative and qualitative geospatial data is important in spatial modeling and decision making. In this article, we discuss common geospatial data formats, their origins and proper use in spatial modelling and decision making processes.展开更多
The analysis of huge data is a complex task that cannot be executed without a proper system. Geographic information systems (GISs) have been used by many transportation agencies and police departments to analyze and m...The analysis of huge data is a complex task that cannot be executed without a proper system. Geographic information systems (GISs) have been used by many transportation agencies and police departments to analyze and manage urban traffic accident (UTA) data and for decision making aimed at decreasing accident rates and increasing safety. The exact location of accidents and environmental characteristics must be analyzed as UTAs occur in specific locations with specific characteristics. ArcGIS software is the best choice for obtaining meaningful information and analysis results from UTAs in an observational time span. GIS technology is a fundamental element for investigating and evaluating the complex spatial relationship among different components and urban traffic accident is one of them. Micro or macro analysis of UTAs through the spatial prospective within the geographical environment and urban structure can make a deep micro understanding of UTAs patterns in addition to assisting in decision making. UTAs can be considered complex events that occur in two aspects which are spatial and temporal or space and time in other word. A GIS can integrate more than two different and unrelated databases. The evaluation among different spatial objects in a geographical environment and associated factors in urban structure which are included but not limited to land use category, road transportation network qualification, population density, etc., is one of the GIS specification. Traffic safety organizations and UTA researchers use GISs as a key technology to support their research and operational needs. In particular, GIS-T is an often-used GIS application used for planning and decision-making in transportation.展开更多
The development of the Global Navigation System and wireless networking technologies have changed the way we live, communicate, share information and even the collection of geospatial data in the field. Along with wir...The development of the Global Navigation System and wireless networking technologies have changed the way we live, communicate, share information and even the collection of geospatial data in the field. Along with wireless networking technologies, the improvement in computational power of handheld devices such as smartphones, tablet PCs, ultra-mobile personal computers (UMPCs) and netbook computers allow field users to connect, store and stream large amounts of geospatial data from the web-server. Nowadays, geospatial data collection is more flexible and timely manner. In this paper we discuss field data collection using a smartphone and web-based GIS system, which collects, integrates, visualizes and analyzes the collected data in real-time. We built a web-GIS system for creating a user account, acquiring coordinates from GPS embedded devices or wireless access points, and providing a user-friendly survey form. The collected data can be visualized and analyzed by performing thematic mapping, labeling, symbolizing, querying and generating a summary report. We tested this system on a university campus management system, in which we collected information on illegal disposal sites and parking events within the university campus.展开更多
Finding accurate methods for estimating and mapping land prices at the macro-scale based on publicly accessible and low-cost spatial data is an essential step in producing a meaningful reference for regional planners....Finding accurate methods for estimating and mapping land prices at the macro-scale based on publicly accessible and low-cost spatial data is an essential step in producing a meaningful reference for regional planners.This asset would assist them in making economically justified decisions in favor of key investors for development projects and post-disaster recovery efforts.Since 2005,the Ministry of Land,Infrastructure,and Transport of Japan has made land price data open to the public in the form of observations at dispersed locations.Although this data is useful,it does not provide complete information at every site for all market participants.Therefore,estimating and mapping land prices based on sound statistical theories is required.This paper presents a comparative study of spatial prediction of land prices in 2015 in Fukushima prefecture based on geostatistical methods and machine learning algorithms.Land use,elevation,and socioeconomic factors,including population density and distance to railway stations,were used for modeling.Results show the superiority of the random forest algorithm.Overall,land prices are distributed unevenly across the prefecture with the most expensive land located in the western region characterized by flat topography and the availability of well-connected and highly dense economic hotspots.展开更多
文摘Urban Traffic Accidents (UTAs) may be seen as discrete events, localized in space and time. UTAs rates all over the world show great disparity, especially between developed and developing countries. Today, the most negative results of urban transportation are UTAs with many side effects such as injuries and loss of lives. UTAs lead to injury, death, disability and pain, loss of productivity, grief, social and mental problems. Proper and deep study and planning can enhance transport and driving safety and reduce number and severity of accidents. Traffic safety crises, death, damage and costs resulting from road UTAs are some of the most important public health and police organization challenges. In particular, UTA’s victims are often people who are aged 15 - 44 years old in Iran, and UTAs are the second cause of death after heart disease in Tehran. UTAs’ statistics in Tehran reveal a serious problem with significant fatality and injury rate. This study aims to identify the spatial pattern of UTAs in the city of Tehran in order to find the causes and consequences as well as the temporal and spatial or spatio-temporal variation of accidents. The relationship between the space and time of daily activities that generate urban daily trips and UTA, is examined in Tehran city for 2010 to 2011. The analysis is based on different primary and secondary data sources, which include locations of accidents and different attributes such as date, reason, kind, etc. Based on the data analysis, the study also attempted to show some light on the major causes, factors and types of accidents in order to identify the problem and suggest appropriate suggestions which reduce UTAs. As this study considered different factors of UTA, urban environment, land use, population, human activities and culture point considered as the most important pillars of this study. In order to understand knowledge, culture and attitudes of drivers towards traffic regulations, questionnaires were distributed to 1500 drivers in the study area to gather data about the drivers’ knowledge, beliefs, attitudes, and behaviors and 1177 of them returned. The results express that culture and knowledge of drivers have direct effects on localizing accidents. Furthermore, the concentration of educational, commercial and cultural activities that make up a large number of urban trips and urban dynamics, road usage, and time are among the main considerations of this study. The relationships between population, land use and dynamic patterns of city which constitute the urban structure, are used to establish a link between UTA and the urban structure of Tehran city. Time is considered as a crucial variable in this study that leads people to different kinds of locations and risk. Land use data and population data are combined with the accidents data using GIS techniques to generate relevant inputs for analysis. Concerning the methodology, cluster analysis techniques are developed to analyze the association between UTA numbers and land use categories and per 1000 residents of Tehran city. The techniques are developed to investigate the temporal variation of UTA over the time periods segmented into different zones. The results show that the suburban zone with industrial land use types and more highways are associated with more fatal and injured accidents. In comparison, the CBD zone is the safest not only in regarding the number of accidents but also in severity of accidents. Traffic limitation boundaries, wide pedestrians walking area and increased police checks, make this area safer despite the higher population density and daily activities. It was observed that the UTA spatial pattern changes dramatically in different zones and hours, especially during RH. Increased accidents but of lower severity happen in Tehran during the RH day when there is traffic congestion on transportation networks or roads and crowding on public transport is at its highest. Normally, this happens twice in a day, first in the morning and second in the afternoon-evening, the times during which the most people commute. It was observed that land use category, urban structure and population density make different rush hours in the city, therefore, different zones have different RHs. Referring to population movement or urban dynamic and urban structure, main roads types in urban and suburban zones become congested in different hours due to a large number of people activities. Thus, these different RHs in different zones result in different spatial patterns of accidents within the city. During Thursdays, the schools and administrative offices follow a half-day schedule and many people engage in recreation such as shopping and other extra activities. This causes a different type’s RHs in Thursdays as it takes some load from the evening RH, and thus makes the morning RH the most intense time of the day. In addition, this study provided an explanation on the relationship between urban structures, creating UTA in Tehran. It was discovered that the locational pattern of the various land uses in the urban area is a reflection of socio-economic and ecological factors. Furthermore, the spatial analysis and temporal analysis of relative accidents risks point out the risky segments for different zones of the city and different land uses depending on the season, month, day and time.
文摘In general, geospatial data can be divided into two formats, raster and vector formats. A raster consists of a matrix of cells where each cell contains a value representing quantitative information, such as temperature, vegetation intensity, land use/cover, elevation, etc. A vector data consists of points, lines and polygons representing location or distance or area of landscape features in graphical forms. Many raster data are derived from remote sensing techniques using sophisticated sensors by quantitative approach and many vector data are generated from GIS processes by qualitative approach. Among them, land use/cover data is frequently used in many GIS analyses and spatial modeling processes. However, proper use of quantitative and qualitative geospatial data is important in spatial modeling and decision making. In this article, we discuss common geospatial data formats, their origins and proper use in spatial modelling and decision making processes.
文摘The analysis of huge data is a complex task that cannot be executed without a proper system. Geographic information systems (GISs) have been used by many transportation agencies and police departments to analyze and manage urban traffic accident (UTA) data and for decision making aimed at decreasing accident rates and increasing safety. The exact location of accidents and environmental characteristics must be analyzed as UTAs occur in specific locations with specific characteristics. ArcGIS software is the best choice for obtaining meaningful information and analysis results from UTAs in an observational time span. GIS technology is a fundamental element for investigating and evaluating the complex spatial relationship among different components and urban traffic accident is one of them. Micro or macro analysis of UTAs through the spatial prospective within the geographical environment and urban structure can make a deep micro understanding of UTAs patterns in addition to assisting in decision making. UTAs can be considered complex events that occur in two aspects which are spatial and temporal or space and time in other word. A GIS can integrate more than two different and unrelated databases. The evaluation among different spatial objects in a geographical environment and associated factors in urban structure which are included but not limited to land use category, road transportation network qualification, population density, etc., is one of the GIS specification. Traffic safety organizations and UTA researchers use GISs as a key technology to support their research and operational needs. In particular, GIS-T is an often-used GIS application used for planning and decision-making in transportation.
文摘The development of the Global Navigation System and wireless networking technologies have changed the way we live, communicate, share information and even the collection of geospatial data in the field. Along with wireless networking technologies, the improvement in computational power of handheld devices such as smartphones, tablet PCs, ultra-mobile personal computers (UMPCs) and netbook computers allow field users to connect, store and stream large amounts of geospatial data from the web-server. Nowadays, geospatial data collection is more flexible and timely manner. In this paper we discuss field data collection using a smartphone and web-based GIS system, which collects, integrates, visualizes and analyzes the collected data in real-time. We built a web-GIS system for creating a user account, acquiring coordinates from GPS embedded devices or wireless access points, and providing a user-friendly survey form. The collected data can be visualized and analyzed by performing thematic mapping, labeling, symbolizing, querying and generating a summary report. We tested this system on a university campus management system, in which we collected information on illegal disposal sites and parking events within the university campus.
文摘Finding accurate methods for estimating and mapping land prices at the macro-scale based on publicly accessible and low-cost spatial data is an essential step in producing a meaningful reference for regional planners.This asset would assist them in making economically justified decisions in favor of key investors for development projects and post-disaster recovery efforts.Since 2005,the Ministry of Land,Infrastructure,and Transport of Japan has made land price data open to the public in the form of observations at dispersed locations.Although this data is useful,it does not provide complete information at every site for all market participants.Therefore,estimating and mapping land prices based on sound statistical theories is required.This paper presents a comparative study of spatial prediction of land prices in 2015 in Fukushima prefecture based on geostatistical methods and machine learning algorithms.Land use,elevation,and socioeconomic factors,including population density and distance to railway stations,were used for modeling.Results show the superiority of the random forest algorithm.Overall,land prices are distributed unevenly across the prefecture with the most expensive land located in the western region characterized by flat topography and the availability of well-connected and highly dense economic hotspots.
