Zika virus(ZIKV)is the causative agent of a viral infection that causes neurological complications in newborns and adults worldwide.Its wide transmission route and alarming spread rates are of great concern to the sci...Zika virus(ZIKV)is the causative agent of a viral infection that causes neurological complications in newborns and adults worldwide.Its wide transmission route and alarming spread rates are of great concern to the scientific community.Numerous trials have been conducted to develop treatment options for ZIKV infection.This review highlights the latest developments in the fields of vaccinology and pharmaceuticals developments for ZIKV infection.A systematic and comprehensive approach was used to gather relevant and up-to-date data so that inferences could be made about the gaps in therapeutic development.The results indicate that several therapeutic interventions are being tested against ZIKV infection,such as DNA vaccines,subunit vaccines,live-attenuated vaccines,virus-vector-based vaccines,inactivated vaccines,virus-like particles,and mRNA-based vaccines.In addition,approved anti-ZIKV drugs that can reduce the global burden are discussed.Although many vaccine candidates for ZIKV are at different stages of development,none of them have received Food and Drug Authority approval for use up to now.The issue of side effects associated with these drugs in vulnerable newborns and pregnant women is a major obstacle in the therapeutic pathway.展开更多
Rationale:Post-COVID symptoms need aggressive evaluation.Patient’s Concern:A 29-year-old male patient who had suffered from COVID-19 eight weeks earlier,presented with an acute onset of breathlessness and right-sided...Rationale:Post-COVID symptoms need aggressive evaluation.Patient’s Concern:A 29-year-old male patient who had suffered from COVID-19 eight weeks earlier,presented with an acute onset of breathlessness and right-sided chest pain due to pneumothorax.Emergency tube thoracostomy was performed.However,it failed to improve hypoxia.Diagnosis:High-resolution computed tomography of the thorax with computed tomography pulmonary angiography revealed pulmonary arterial thrombosis,ground-glass opacities,and bilateral pneumatoceles.Interventions:Hospital admission and treatment with low molecular weight heparin at a dose of 1.5 mg/kg every 24 h.Outcomes:The large pneumatocele showed significant resolution after three months of follow-ups.Lessons:Being increasingly reported after having a SARS-CoV-2 infection,pneumatocele formation,due to post-COVID lung scarring and late vascular thrombotic events,is a peculiar sequela and can present as acute dyspnoea.Long-term preventive anticoagulants after recovery from COVID-19 are necessary.Breathing exercises during recovery should be done with caution.展开更多
Since the failure of traditional therapy, gene therapy using functional DNA sequence and small RNA/DNA molecules(oligonucleotide) has become a promising avenue for cancer treatment. The discovery of RNA molecules has ...Since the failure of traditional therapy, gene therapy using functional DNA sequence and small RNA/DNA molecules(oligonucleotide) has become a promising avenue for cancer treatment. The discovery of RNA molecules has impelled researchers to investigate small regulatory RNA from various natural and artificial sources and determine a cogent target for controlling tumor progression. Small regulatory RNAs are used for therapeutic silencing of oncogenes and aberrant DNA repair response genes.Despite their advantages, therapies based on small RNAs exhibit limitations in terms of stability of therapeutic drugs, precisionbased delivery in tissues, precision-based intercellular and intracellular targeting, and tumor heterogeneity-based responses. In this study, we summarize the potential and drawbacks of small RNAs in nucleic acid therapeutics for cancer.展开更多
The outbreak of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2(SARS-CoV-2) has marked the beginning of a new pandemic named coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19). The World Health Organization has announced it as a heal...The outbreak of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2(SARS-CoV-2) has marked the beginning of a new pandemic named coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19). The World Health Organization has announced it as a health emergency that is of international concern. The disease has been reported to cause respiratory illness, pneumonia and even hinder the immunity of an individual. Individuals with disturbed immune responses have been found to be quite susceptible to this viral infection. Oral cancer patients are also at high risk in this pandemic situation and might encounter severe detrimental outcomes. Angiotensin receptors, documented in studies as the path of entry of this virus, are highly expressed in the epithelial cells of oral mucosa, making the group of individuals with oral cancers even more vulnerable. Extracellular matrix metalloproteinase inducer is another potential target for SARS-CoV-2. An exhaustion of angiotensin converting enzyme 2 cell receptors leads to protumoral effects, whereas a downregulation of extracellular matrix metalloproteinase inducer leads to antitumoral effects. Thus, it causes a variation of the biological behavior of the tumor. This article focusses on the molecular mechanisms, effects and pathophysiology of COVID-19 in oral squamous cell carcinoma patients. The different molecular changes in oral squamous cell carcinoma in the background of COVID-19 will modify various environmental factors for this pathology and have an effect on the carcinogenesis process. Understanding the behavior of the tumor will help plan advanced treatment strategies for oral squamous cell carcinoma patients in the background of COVID-19.展开更多
BACKGROUND Smoking and chewing tobacco are associated with numerous oral mucosal lesions and conditions,often leading to cancer progression.AIM To investigate the prevalence of precancerous lesions and conditions amon...BACKGROUND Smoking and chewing tobacco are associated with numerous oral mucosal lesions and conditions,often leading to cancer progression.AIM To investigate the prevalence of precancerous lesions and conditions among the Indian population.METHODS Systematic search was conducted for population or community-based observational epidemiological studies in PubMed,EMBASE,Web of Science,IndMED,Google Scholar,reports of the WHO South-East Asia Region,MOHFW India reports,Science Citation Index,WHO Index Medicus of the South-East Asian Region,Reference Citation Analysis(https://www.referencecitationanalysis.com/)and Open Grey from the earliest available up to 31st January 2022.The effect size was calculated for the prevalence of precancerous lesions and conditions.RESULTS One hundred sixty-two estimates from 130 studies yielded 52 high,71 moderate,and seven low-quality studies from 823845.Point estimate based on crosssectional studies for leukoplakia was 4.3%(95%CI:4.0-4.6),oral submucous fibrosis was 2.7%(95%CI:2.5-3.0),palatal lesions in reverse smokers and nicotine palatine were 5.8%(95%CI:4.4-7.2),and Erythroplakia was 1.2%(95%CI:0.7-1.7),and lichen planus was 1.1%(95%CI:0.9-1.2).Amongst hospital-based studies,the pooled prevalence for Leukoplakia was 6.7%(95%CI:6.0-7.3),oral submucous fibrosis was 4.5%(95%CI:4.2-4.9),lichen planus was 7.5%(95%CI:5.3-9.6),and erythroplakia was 2.5%(95%CI:0.4-4.5),and palatal lesions in reverse smokers and nicotine palatini were 11.5%(95%CI:8.0-15.0).CONCLUSION Precancerous lesions and conditions are prevailing problems among the Indian population.It is mainly due to tobacco use,the smokeless form of tobacco.The meta-analysis indicates that hospital-based studies have a higher effect size of 6.7%than community-based studies.Patients who have already developed this condition may be advised to reduce their exposure to the risk factor to prevent the condition from progressing further.展开更多
The Nipah virus(NiV)infection is one of the newly emerging deadly zoonotic diseases which carries a significant weightage of mortality among its victims.Due to the relatively recent history of its emergence and only a...The Nipah virus(NiV)infection is one of the newly emerging deadly zoonotic diseases which carries a significant weightage of mortality among its victims.Due to the relatively recent history of its emergence and only a few known outbreaks,we cannot predict but foresee its potential to create havoc,which can be far more dreadful than the current ongoing COVID-19 pandemic.Here we have tried to depict the fatal potential of the virus and the increased propensity with which it can spread to rest of the world.展开更多
Dear Editor,Caesarean section(CS)is one of the most performed abdominal surgeries performed worldwide.With a growing number of CS,the rate of short-and long-term problems rises,resulting in an increase in hospital sta...Dear Editor,Caesarean section(CS)is one of the most performed abdominal surgeries performed worldwide.With a growing number of CS,the rate of short-and long-term problems rises,resulting in an increase in hospital stay duration.1,2 Intra-abdominal adhesions are fibrous scar tissues that adhere between internal organs or structures that occur throughout the healing process.Post-CS,adhesions occur near the uterus,bladder,and omentum as uterine size precludes contact with the bowel.展开更多
Background: Pharmacological factors used to induce insulin resistance (IR) inin vitro models may not mimic the fullin vivo features of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). This study aimed to examine the ability of diabet...Background: Pharmacological factors used to induce insulin resistance (IR) inin vitro models may not mimic the fullin vivo features of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). This study aimed to examine the ability of diabetic serum (DS) to induce IR and investigate whether adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cell conditioned medium (ADMSC-CM) reverses DS-induced IR.Methods: DS was obtained from newly diagnosed T2DM patients. IR was induced in differentiated 3T3-L1 cells by employing dexamethasone, tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), palmitate and DS. Glucose uptake (2-[N-[7-nitrobenz-2-oxa-1,3-diazol-4-yl] amino]-2-deoxyglucose(2-NBDG) uptake assay), intracellular levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS), and superoxide radicals (O2-) (fluorescence microscopy and fluorometry) were analyzed in control and experimental samples. mRNA expression of key genes involved in glucose transport and inflammation were analyzed by using reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Pro-inflammatory cytokines and phospho-insulin receptor substrate (IRS) (Ser-307) protein expression were analyzed by fluorescence activated cell sorter analysis. Statistical significance was determined by using one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey’s multiple comparison tests.Results: ADMSC-CM significantly increased the DS-mediated decrease in 2-NBDG uptake (11.01 ± 0.50vs. 7.20 ± 0.30,P < 0.01) and reduced DS-driven ROS (fluorescence count, 6.35 ± 0.46vs. 9.80 ± 0.10,P < 0.01) and O2- (fluorescence count, 3.00 ± 0.10vs. 4.60 ± 0.09,P < 0.01) production. Further, the ADMSC-CM restored DS-induced down regulation GLUT4 (1.52- fold,P < 0.05) as well as the up-regulation of PPARγ (0.35-fold,P < 0.01), and IKKβ (0.37-fold,P < 0.01) mRNA, and phospho-IRS (Ser-307) protein expression compared to the baseline (median fluorescence intensity, 88,192 ± 2720vs. 65,450 ± 3111,P < 0.01). DS induced IR, similar to the traditionally used pharmacological factors, namely dexamethasone, TNF-α, and palmitate, which can be attributed to the significantly higher pro-inflammatory cytokines levels (TNF-α (2.28 ± 0.03 pg/mLvs. 2.38 ± 0.03 pg/mL,P < 0.01), interleukin 6 (IL)-6 (1.94 ± 0.02 pg/mLvs. 2.17 ± 0.04 pg/mL,P < 0.01), IL-17 (2.16 ± 0.02 pg/mLvs. 2.22 ± 0.002 pg/mL,P < 0.05), and interferon gamma (IFN-γ) (2.07 ± 0.02 pg/mLvs. 2.15 ± 0.04 pg/mL,P < 0.05)) in DS.Conclusions: DS can be explored as a novel inducer of IR inin vitro studies with further standardization, substituting the conventionally used pharmacological factors. Our findings also affirm the validity of ADMSC-CM as a prospective insulin sensitizer for T2DM therapy.展开更多
基金This work is supported by the United Arab Emirates University UPAR(Grant No.G3458).
文摘Zika virus(ZIKV)is the causative agent of a viral infection that causes neurological complications in newborns and adults worldwide.Its wide transmission route and alarming spread rates are of great concern to the scientific community.Numerous trials have been conducted to develop treatment options for ZIKV infection.This review highlights the latest developments in the fields of vaccinology and pharmaceuticals developments for ZIKV infection.A systematic and comprehensive approach was used to gather relevant and up-to-date data so that inferences could be made about the gaps in therapeutic development.The results indicate that several therapeutic interventions are being tested against ZIKV infection,such as DNA vaccines,subunit vaccines,live-attenuated vaccines,virus-vector-based vaccines,inactivated vaccines,virus-like particles,and mRNA-based vaccines.In addition,approved anti-ZIKV drugs that can reduce the global burden are discussed.Although many vaccine candidates for ZIKV are at different stages of development,none of them have received Food and Drug Authority approval for use up to now.The issue of side effects associated with these drugs in vulnerable newborns and pregnant women is a major obstacle in the therapeutic pathway.
文摘Rationale:Post-COVID symptoms need aggressive evaluation.Patient’s Concern:A 29-year-old male patient who had suffered from COVID-19 eight weeks earlier,presented with an acute onset of breathlessness and right-sided chest pain due to pneumothorax.Emergency tube thoracostomy was performed.However,it failed to improve hypoxia.Diagnosis:High-resolution computed tomography of the thorax with computed tomography pulmonary angiography revealed pulmonary arterial thrombosis,ground-glass opacities,and bilateral pneumatoceles.Interventions:Hospital admission and treatment with low molecular weight heparin at a dose of 1.5 mg/kg every 24 h.Outcomes:The large pneumatocele showed significant resolution after three months of follow-ups.Lessons:Being increasingly reported after having a SARS-CoV-2 infection,pneumatocele formation,due to post-COVID lung scarring and late vascular thrombotic events,is a peculiar sequela and can present as acute dyspnoea.Long-term preventive anticoagulants after recovery from COVID-19 are necessary.Breathing exercises during recovery should be done with caution.
基金Grant No.DST-SERB,Government of India,New Delhi,India(SERB/LS-1028/2013)Dr.D.Y Patil,Vidyapeeth,Pune,India(Grant No.DPU/05/01/2016).
文摘Since the failure of traditional therapy, gene therapy using functional DNA sequence and small RNA/DNA molecules(oligonucleotide) has become a promising avenue for cancer treatment. The discovery of RNA molecules has impelled researchers to investigate small regulatory RNA from various natural and artificial sources and determine a cogent target for controlling tumor progression. Small regulatory RNAs are used for therapeutic silencing of oncogenes and aberrant DNA repair response genes.Despite their advantages, therapies based on small RNAs exhibit limitations in terms of stability of therapeutic drugs, precisionbased delivery in tissues, precision-based intercellular and intracellular targeting, and tumor heterogeneity-based responses. In this study, we summarize the potential and drawbacks of small RNAs in nucleic acid therapeutics for cancer.
文摘The outbreak of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2(SARS-CoV-2) has marked the beginning of a new pandemic named coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19). The World Health Organization has announced it as a health emergency that is of international concern. The disease has been reported to cause respiratory illness, pneumonia and even hinder the immunity of an individual. Individuals with disturbed immune responses have been found to be quite susceptible to this viral infection. Oral cancer patients are also at high risk in this pandemic situation and might encounter severe detrimental outcomes. Angiotensin receptors, documented in studies as the path of entry of this virus, are highly expressed in the epithelial cells of oral mucosa, making the group of individuals with oral cancers even more vulnerable. Extracellular matrix metalloproteinase inducer is another potential target for SARS-CoV-2. An exhaustion of angiotensin converting enzyme 2 cell receptors leads to protumoral effects, whereas a downregulation of extracellular matrix metalloproteinase inducer leads to antitumoral effects. Thus, it causes a variation of the biological behavior of the tumor. This article focusses on the molecular mechanisms, effects and pathophysiology of COVID-19 in oral squamous cell carcinoma patients. The different molecular changes in oral squamous cell carcinoma in the background of COVID-19 will modify various environmental factors for this pathology and have an effect on the carcinogenesis process. Understanding the behavior of the tumor will help plan advanced treatment strategies for oral squamous cell carcinoma patients in the background of COVID-19.
文摘BACKGROUND Smoking and chewing tobacco are associated with numerous oral mucosal lesions and conditions,often leading to cancer progression.AIM To investigate the prevalence of precancerous lesions and conditions among the Indian population.METHODS Systematic search was conducted for population or community-based observational epidemiological studies in PubMed,EMBASE,Web of Science,IndMED,Google Scholar,reports of the WHO South-East Asia Region,MOHFW India reports,Science Citation Index,WHO Index Medicus of the South-East Asian Region,Reference Citation Analysis(https://www.referencecitationanalysis.com/)and Open Grey from the earliest available up to 31st January 2022.The effect size was calculated for the prevalence of precancerous lesions and conditions.RESULTS One hundred sixty-two estimates from 130 studies yielded 52 high,71 moderate,and seven low-quality studies from 823845.Point estimate based on crosssectional studies for leukoplakia was 4.3%(95%CI:4.0-4.6),oral submucous fibrosis was 2.7%(95%CI:2.5-3.0),palatal lesions in reverse smokers and nicotine palatine were 5.8%(95%CI:4.4-7.2),and Erythroplakia was 1.2%(95%CI:0.7-1.7),and lichen planus was 1.1%(95%CI:0.9-1.2).Amongst hospital-based studies,the pooled prevalence for Leukoplakia was 6.7%(95%CI:6.0-7.3),oral submucous fibrosis was 4.5%(95%CI:4.2-4.9),lichen planus was 7.5%(95%CI:5.3-9.6),and erythroplakia was 2.5%(95%CI:0.4-4.5),and palatal lesions in reverse smokers and nicotine palatini were 11.5%(95%CI:8.0-15.0).CONCLUSION Precancerous lesions and conditions are prevailing problems among the Indian population.It is mainly due to tobacco use,the smokeless form of tobacco.The meta-analysis indicates that hospital-based studies have a higher effect size of 6.7%than community-based studies.Patients who have already developed this condition may be advised to reduce their exposure to the risk factor to prevent the condition from progressing further.
文摘The Nipah virus(NiV)infection is one of the newly emerging deadly zoonotic diseases which carries a significant weightage of mortality among its victims.Due to the relatively recent history of its emergence and only a few known outbreaks,we cannot predict but foresee its potential to create havoc,which can be far more dreadful than the current ongoing COVID-19 pandemic.Here we have tried to depict the fatal potential of the virus and the increased propensity with which it can spread to rest of the world.
文摘Dear Editor,Caesarean section(CS)is one of the most performed abdominal surgeries performed worldwide.With a growing number of CS,the rate of short-and long-term problems rises,resulting in an increase in hospital stay duration.1,2 Intra-abdominal adhesions are fibrous scar tissues that adhere between internal organs or structures that occur throughout the healing process.Post-CS,adhesions occur near the uterus,bladder,and omentum as uterine size precludes contact with the bowel.
文摘Background: Pharmacological factors used to induce insulin resistance (IR) inin vitro models may not mimic the fullin vivo features of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). This study aimed to examine the ability of diabetic serum (DS) to induce IR and investigate whether adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cell conditioned medium (ADMSC-CM) reverses DS-induced IR.Methods: DS was obtained from newly diagnosed T2DM patients. IR was induced in differentiated 3T3-L1 cells by employing dexamethasone, tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), palmitate and DS. Glucose uptake (2-[N-[7-nitrobenz-2-oxa-1,3-diazol-4-yl] amino]-2-deoxyglucose(2-NBDG) uptake assay), intracellular levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS), and superoxide radicals (O2-) (fluorescence microscopy and fluorometry) were analyzed in control and experimental samples. mRNA expression of key genes involved in glucose transport and inflammation were analyzed by using reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Pro-inflammatory cytokines and phospho-insulin receptor substrate (IRS) (Ser-307) protein expression were analyzed by fluorescence activated cell sorter analysis. Statistical significance was determined by using one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey’s multiple comparison tests.Results: ADMSC-CM significantly increased the DS-mediated decrease in 2-NBDG uptake (11.01 ± 0.50vs. 7.20 ± 0.30,P < 0.01) and reduced DS-driven ROS (fluorescence count, 6.35 ± 0.46vs. 9.80 ± 0.10,P < 0.01) and O2- (fluorescence count, 3.00 ± 0.10vs. 4.60 ± 0.09,P < 0.01) production. Further, the ADMSC-CM restored DS-induced down regulation GLUT4 (1.52- fold,P < 0.05) as well as the up-regulation of PPARγ (0.35-fold,P < 0.01), and IKKβ (0.37-fold,P < 0.01) mRNA, and phospho-IRS (Ser-307) protein expression compared to the baseline (median fluorescence intensity, 88,192 ± 2720vs. 65,450 ± 3111,P < 0.01). DS induced IR, similar to the traditionally used pharmacological factors, namely dexamethasone, TNF-α, and palmitate, which can be attributed to the significantly higher pro-inflammatory cytokines levels (TNF-α (2.28 ± 0.03 pg/mLvs. 2.38 ± 0.03 pg/mL,P < 0.01), interleukin 6 (IL)-6 (1.94 ± 0.02 pg/mLvs. 2.17 ± 0.04 pg/mL,P < 0.01), IL-17 (2.16 ± 0.02 pg/mLvs. 2.22 ± 0.002 pg/mL,P < 0.05), and interferon gamma (IFN-γ) (2.07 ± 0.02 pg/mLvs. 2.15 ± 0.04 pg/mL,P < 0.05)) in DS.Conclusions: DS can be explored as a novel inducer of IR inin vitro studies with further standardization, substituting the conventionally used pharmacological factors. Our findings also affirm the validity of ADMSC-CM as a prospective insulin sensitizer for T2DM therapy.
