Gestational diabetes mellitus(GDM)is defined as any degree of glucose or carbohydrate intolerance mainly during pregnancy.About 10%to 15%of pregnancies are affected and complicated by gestational diabetes.Due to hormo...Gestational diabetes mellitus(GDM)is defined as any degree of glucose or carbohydrate intolerance mainly during pregnancy.About 10%to 15%of pregnancies are affected and complicated by gestational diabetes.Due to hormonal changes during pregnancy,the requirement for insulin increases,and thus the usual concentration of insulin previously catered for glycemic control is ineffective.In order to meet the body’s demand,the islet cells secrete a higher amount of insulin.GDM occurs when this higher concentration is also unable to control blood glucose.This increased resistance toward insulin is most noticeable during the third trimester of pregnancy,which gradually normalizes after the termination of pregnancy.Various complications do arise,which affect both the mother and her developing fetus.In the mother,miscarriages,delivery of baby via caesarian section,and other complications may result,whereas the fetus may be affected with congenital abnormalities,neonatal hypoglycemia,and even death.Treatment of GDM includes both non-pharmacological and pharmacological interventions.Pharmacological agents are employed when non-pharmacological interventions fail to achieve the desired target.Glyburide,insulin,and metformin are the commonly used pharmacological agents.展开更多
The association of gut microflora and human health is being increasingly recognized,and the impact of gut microflora on the host is well characterized,including the body’s energy metabolism and immune system maintena...The association of gut microflora and human health is being increasingly recognized,and the impact of gut microflora on the host is well characterized,including the body’s energy metabolism and immune system maintenance.Several human diseases,including metabolic,autoimmune,obesity,hypothyroidism,and intestinal disorders,are closely associated with gut dysbiosis.Inorganic nanoparticles(NPs)are extensively utilized in numerous fields due to their distinctive,attractive physicochemical properties.Estimation of the potential impacts of NPs,with a high number of microorganisms inside the human body(microbiota)and its genomes(microbiome),represents one of the most important aspects of nano-toxicology.This review article aims to provide information on the association of gut microflora alterations to diseases and describe the impacts of various inorganic NPs,including silver,zinc,selenium,titania,silicon,and copper,on gut microflora.Research on the effect of inorganic NPs on gut microflora of animal models and the poultry industry is reviewed.The response of pathogenic Enterobacter species to inorganic NPs has been expounded in detail.This review also highlights the need to focus on the ancillary effects of various inorganic NPs on gut microflora to expedite the suitable advancement of these particles for future use.Finally,the key opportunistic areas for the application of nanotechnology are underlined to manipulate the microbiome of gut dysbiosis,provide an overview,and address potential challenges and our perspective on this evolving field.展开更多
Diabetes is a cosmopolitan medical issue ramifying a large population regardless of ethnicity.Elevated glycemic condition in a patient is explained as diabetes.It can be mainly categorized into Non-Insulin Dependent D...Diabetes is a cosmopolitan medical issue ramifying a large population regardless of ethnicity.Elevated glycemic condition in a patient is explained as diabetes.It can be mainly categorized into Non-Insulin Dependent Diabetes Mellitus(NIDDM)and Insulin Dependent Diabetes Mellitus(IDDM)or Type 1 or Type 2 respectively.Type 1 or IDDM needs insulin therapy exclusively while Type 2 can be controlled via various hypoglycemic agents.Conventional classes contain glitazones,biguanides,sulfonylurea’s and soon,while newly developed drug classes include gliptins or DPP-4 inhibitors,SGLT-2 receptor inhibitors and GLP-1 receptor agonists.The novelty in the anti-hyperglycemic agents have given promising results as compared to the conventional drugs.Insulin cannot be negated as far as its glycemic control is concerned.Furthermore,development of Insulin analogues like detemir,glargine,Lisprohave been shown to control glucose levels in the plasma more efficiently.展开更多
文摘Gestational diabetes mellitus(GDM)is defined as any degree of glucose or carbohydrate intolerance mainly during pregnancy.About 10%to 15%of pregnancies are affected and complicated by gestational diabetes.Due to hormonal changes during pregnancy,the requirement for insulin increases,and thus the usual concentration of insulin previously catered for glycemic control is ineffective.In order to meet the body’s demand,the islet cells secrete a higher amount of insulin.GDM occurs when this higher concentration is also unable to control blood glucose.This increased resistance toward insulin is most noticeable during the third trimester of pregnancy,which gradually normalizes after the termination of pregnancy.Various complications do arise,which affect both the mother and her developing fetus.In the mother,miscarriages,delivery of baby via caesarian section,and other complications may result,whereas the fetus may be affected with congenital abnormalities,neonatal hypoglycemia,and even death.Treatment of GDM includes both non-pharmacological and pharmacological interventions.Pharmacological agents are employed when non-pharmacological interventions fail to achieve the desired target.Glyburide,insulin,and metformin are the commonly used pharmacological agents.
文摘The association of gut microflora and human health is being increasingly recognized,and the impact of gut microflora on the host is well characterized,including the body’s energy metabolism and immune system maintenance.Several human diseases,including metabolic,autoimmune,obesity,hypothyroidism,and intestinal disorders,are closely associated with gut dysbiosis.Inorganic nanoparticles(NPs)are extensively utilized in numerous fields due to their distinctive,attractive physicochemical properties.Estimation of the potential impacts of NPs,with a high number of microorganisms inside the human body(microbiota)and its genomes(microbiome),represents one of the most important aspects of nano-toxicology.This review article aims to provide information on the association of gut microflora alterations to diseases and describe the impacts of various inorganic NPs,including silver,zinc,selenium,titania,silicon,and copper,on gut microflora.Research on the effect of inorganic NPs on gut microflora of animal models and the poultry industry is reviewed.The response of pathogenic Enterobacter species to inorganic NPs has been expounded in detail.This review also highlights the need to focus on the ancillary effects of various inorganic NPs on gut microflora to expedite the suitable advancement of these particles for future use.Finally,the key opportunistic areas for the application of nanotechnology are underlined to manipulate the microbiome of gut dysbiosis,provide an overview,and address potential challenges and our perspective on this evolving field.
文摘Diabetes is a cosmopolitan medical issue ramifying a large population regardless of ethnicity.Elevated glycemic condition in a patient is explained as diabetes.It can be mainly categorized into Non-Insulin Dependent Diabetes Mellitus(NIDDM)and Insulin Dependent Diabetes Mellitus(IDDM)or Type 1 or Type 2 respectively.Type 1 or IDDM needs insulin therapy exclusively while Type 2 can be controlled via various hypoglycemic agents.Conventional classes contain glitazones,biguanides,sulfonylurea’s and soon,while newly developed drug classes include gliptins or DPP-4 inhibitors,SGLT-2 receptor inhibitors and GLP-1 receptor agonists.The novelty in the anti-hyperglycemic agents have given promising results as compared to the conventional drugs.Insulin cannot be negated as far as its glycemic control is concerned.Furthermore,development of Insulin analogues like detemir,glargine,Lisprohave been shown to control glucose levels in the plasma more efficiently.
