龙感湖小流域元素时空分布及湿地拦截功能探讨

众所周知,湖滨湿地是湖泊环境的屏障,它对流域入湖物质具有吸收与拦截作用。通过长江中游龙感湖湖滨湿地和湖泊沉积物中元素含量在时间序列上的对比研究,发现湖滨湿地对入湖主要重金属元素确有明显拦截作用;但对于化学性质活跃,易以溶液态迁移的元素如Fe、Mn等不具备明显的拦截功能。人类活动对湿地的破坏,减弱了湿地对流域入湖物质的拦截功能,加速了湖泊生态环境的恶化。

Temporal and Spatial Distribution of Elements in a Small Catchment, and Buffer Function of Wetland in Longgan Lake, China

Wetland is the conjunction of lake and terrene where human activities are concentrated. From the viewpoints of material transport and cycling in the terrene-lake system, wetland is the buffer where sand and mud, heavy metals, pollutants and nutrients are tarried. In this paper, we provide a case study based on the temporal and spatial distribution of elements in the Wangling River catchment, a small sub-catchment of Longgan Lake in the middle reaches of the Yangtze River. We have found that wetland can buffer major heavy metals such as Cr, Cu, etc. significantly, but has a little buffer function to some active elements such as Fe and Mn, which are always transported as solutions. Human activities not only influence the distribution of elements, but also weaken the buffer function of wetland. Intensive human activities in the Longgan Lake area in the past 70 years have been recorded in stream, wetland and lake sediments, especially the human activity events such as deforesting and reclaiming on a large scale in 1958 and the 1980’s. Human activities caused the increase of sedimentation rates since the 1950’s, as well as the increase of elements’ concentrations. The extensive use of fertilizers and pesticides since the 1960’s have led to the increase of total P concentrations. Increasing SO-2 emission accelerate the process of cation exchange in soil, and enhance the leaching of Mn out of soils. Permanent storing of water causes the soil gleyification that also intensifies the leaching of Mn. These are two major reasons for the obvious increase of manganese concentrations in recent 20 years in Longgan Lake. Intensive human activities since the 1950s’ have intensified the population in this region and thus destroyed the buffer function of wetland.

Application of Sediment Traps in Global Change Research in Mountain Lakes

Representativity of biota in the biosphere also have similar significance in the lithosphere after their death. Recently, taphonomic representation of biota in the lithosphere has been widely used for minimizing the biases in palaeo-environmental reconstructions including global climate change. In September 2001, a sediment trap was installed at the central area of the Loch Coire Fionnaraich (LCFR), a small, oligotrophic mountain loch in northwest Scotland for a taphonomic study of cladoceran zooplankton. The trap was emptied on a seasonal basis, where an average 0.14 g dry material was recovered in each season, January, May and August 2002 respectively. A sediment core was also taken from near the sediment trap location. The top 0.5 cm section, the 'core' was used for a comparative study with the trap sediment samples. The planktonic Cladocera consisted of Bosmina coregoni and appeared to have excellent preservation in the trap assemblages. Moreover, some common littoral Cladocera such as Alonella excisa and Alona guttata appear to be less well preserved in the fossil assemblages. Large littoral taxa such as Eurycercus lamellatus and Alona quadrangularis were rare in the trap but relatively common and well preserved in the sediment-water interface. It is suggested that taphonomic processes play a dominant role on deposition of fossil remains of Cladocera and caution should be taken while inferring the past environmental changes whilst using fossil assemblages recovered from the lake centre as a representation of the entire cladoceran community in the lake.

Optimized Runge-Kutta Methods with Automatic Step Size Control for Compressible Computational Fluid Dynamics

We develop error-control based time integration algorithms for compressible fluid dynam-ics(CFD)applications and show that they are efficient and robust in both the accuracy-limited and stability-limited regime.Focusing on discontinuous spectral element semidis-cretizations,we design new controllers for existing methods and for some new embedded Runge-Kutta pairs.We demonstrate the importance of choosing adequate controller parameters and provide a means to obtain these in practice.We compare a wide range of error-control-based methods,along with the common approach in which step size con-trol is based on the Courant-Friedrichs-Lewy(CFL)number.The optimized methods give improved performance and naturally adopt a step size close to the maximum stable CFL number at loose tolerances,while additionally providing control of the temporal error at tighter tolerances.The numerical examples include challenging industrial CFD applications.

Discrete Vector Calculus and Helmholtz Hodge Decomposition for Classical Finite Difference Summation by Parts Operators

In this article,discrete variants of several results from vector calculus are studied for clas-sical finite difference summation by parts operators in two and three space dimensions.It is shown that existence theorems for scalar/vector potentials of irrotational/solenoidal vector fields cannot hold discretely because of grid oscillations,which are characterised explicitly.This results in a non-vanishing remainder associated with grid oscillations in the discrete Helmholtz Hodge decomposition.Nevertheless,iterative numerical methods based on an interpretation of the Helmholtz Hodge decomposition via orthogonal projections are pro-posed and applied successfully.In numerical experiments,the discrete remainder vanishes and the potentials converge with the same order of accuracy as usual in other first-order partial differential equations.Motivated by the successful application of the Helmholtz Hodge decomposition in theoretical plasma physics,applications to the discrete analysis of magnetohydrodynamic(MHD) wave modes are presented and discussed.

新疆博斯腾湖记录的亚洲内陆干旱区小冰期湿润气候研究

利用中国内陆干旱区最大淡水湖泊博斯腾湖中心的钻孔岩芯,在137Cs,210Pb和AMS14C测年基础上,对湖泊岩芯孢粉组合、碳酸盐含量和粒度等多指标进行了分析.结果发现,近1000年来,内陆干旱区气候变化经历了3个主要阶段,1000～1500AD干旱、1500～1900AD湿润和1900AD以来的再次变干,近千年来在几百年尺度上的气候变化组合以暖干和冷湿为主.在公元1500～1900年的小冰期期间,多种代用指标均出现显著变化,孢粉蒿藜比显著增大,碳酸盐含量明显降低,而粒度明显偏粗,说明博斯腾湖流域降水增加,气候比今湿润,这与近百年来全球变暖条件下内陆干旱区出现的暖干气候形成显著对照.亚洲内陆冰芯、湖泊、河流、树轮、沙漠等记录均记录了西风环流显著影响区较为湿润的小冰期气候,出现明显的冷湿气候组合,博斯腾湖岩芯记录的湿润小冰期气候具有代表性.西风环流影响区湿润小冰期气候可能是全球性普遍降温导致有效湿度增加和因北大西洋涛动负异常而导致的西风影响区降水增加两个因素共同作用的结果.

阿拉善高原中全新世干旱事件的湖泊记录研究

中国国内普遍流行的观点认为,中国中全新世是一个夏季风盛行的温暖湿润时期,称作全新世“最宜期”或“大暖期”.内蒙古西部阿拉善高原的湖泊沉积和湖泊地貌则显示了一种相反的状况,这一区域中全新世气候干旱,黑河的终闾湖泊居延泽、石羊河的终闾湖泊潴野泽和腾格里沙漠东缘的头道湖均经历了湖泊缩小或干涸过程,时代为距今7000-5000日历年.潴野泽高分辨率(50年)的孢粉记录显示,季风边缘区的石羊河流域,特别是祁连山地的植被发生显著衰退,降水减少.中全新世的干旱事件存在于现代夏季风边缘区的较大范围,包括阿拉善高原、鄂尔多斯高原、内蒙古高原中东部,甚至黄土高原南部,指示了东亚夏季风在全新世期间的一次大衰退.中全新世东亚夏季风衰退期间气候寒冷,这在青藏高原及其周边山地尤为明显.

Humid Little Ice Age in arid central Asia documented by Bosten Lake, Xinjiang, China

Short sediment cores retrieved from Bosten Lake, the largest inland freshwater lake in China, were used to explore humidity and precipitation variations in arid central Asia during the past millennium. The chronology of the cores was established using 137Cs, 210Pb and AMS 14C dating re- sults. Multi-proxy high-resolution analysis, including pollen ratios of Artemisia and Chenopodiaceae (A/C), carbonate content and grain size, indicates that the climate during the past millennium can be divided into three stages: a dry climate between 1000―1500 AD, a humid climate during the Little Ice Age (LIA) (c. 1500―1900 AD), and a warm dry period after 1900 AD. On centennial timescales, the climate change in northwestern China during the past 1000 years is characterized by oscillations between warm-dry and cold-humid climate conditions. All the proxies changed significantly and indi- cate increased precipitation during the LIA, including increased pollen A/C ratios and pollen concen- trations, decreased carbonate content and increased grain size. The humid period during the LIA re- corded by the Bosten Lake sediments is representative of arid central Asia and is supported by nu- merous records from other sites. During the LIA, the water runoff into the Keriya River and Tarim River in the Tarim Basin increased, while the ice accumulation in the Guliya ice core increased. Additionally, the lake levels of the Aral and Caspian Sea also rose, while tree-ring analysis indicates that precipita- tion increased. We hypothesize that both the lower temperature within China and the negative anomalies of North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) during this period may have contributed to the humid climate within this area during LIA.

A carbon- and oxygen-isotope record of recent environ- mental change from Qinghai Lake, NE Tibetan Plateau

A c. 300-year oxygen and carbon isotope record derived from fine-grained and ostracod carbonate from Qinghai Lake testifies to dramatic interannual tointerdecadal limnological change. Fine-grained carbonates, which are mainly authigenic, are likely to have formed in the epilimnion of the lake and their isotopic composition reflects the summer temperature and, more importantly, the isotopic composition of the near-surface waters, which is mainly a function of evaporative concentration. Ostracod shells are secreted in the benthos of the lake, and their isotopic composition reflects summer bottom-water conditions, together with fractionation effects, which may differ between species. Differences betweencontemporaneous values from authigenic carbonates and ostracod shells may provide an indication of stratification within the lake and variations in effective precipitation over the northeast part of the Tibetan Plateau over the past 300 years. A period of moderate evaporative concentration, from about 300 to 100 yr BP, was interrupted by a marked wet phase from ～100 to 40 yr BP, which was in turnfollowed by a return to drier conditions in the most recent part of the record.The increase in ? 18O values in the latter part of the record accords well withinstrumental records of lake-level lowering and salinity increase since about 1955 AD.

Phosphatidylinositol 4-kinase β mutations cause nonsyndromic sensorineural deafness and inner ear malformation

Congenital hearing loss is a common disorder worldwide.Heterogeneous gene variation accounts for approximately 20-25%of such patients.We investigated a five-generation Chinese family with autosomaldominant nonsyndromic sensorineural hearing loss(SNHL).No wave was detected in the pure-tone audiometry,and the auditory brainstem response was absent in all patients.Computed tomography of the patients,as well as of two sporadic SNHL cases,showed bilateral inner ear anomaly,cochlear maldevelopment,absence of the osseous spiral lamina,and an enlarged vestibular aqueduct.Such findings were absent in nonaffected persons.We used linkage analysis and exome sequencing and uncovered a heterozygous missense mutation in the PI4 KB gene(p.Gln121 Arg)encoding phosphatidylinositol 4-kinaseβ(PI4 KB)from the patients in this family.In addition,3 missense PI4 KB(p.Val434 Gly,p.Glu667 Lys,and p.Met739 Arg)mutations were identified in five patients with nonsyndromic SNHL from 57 sporadic cases.No such mutations were present within 600 Chinese controls,the 1000 genome project,gnom AD,or similar databases.Depleting pi4 kb m RNA expression in zebrafish caused inner ear abnormalities and audiosensory impairment,mimicking the patient phenotypes.Moreover,overexpression of 4 human missense PI4 KB mutant m RNAs in zebrafish embryos resulted in impaired hearing function,suggesting dominant-negative effects.Taken together,our results reveal that PI4 KB mutations can cause SNHL and inner ear malformation.PI4 KB should be included in neonatal deafness screening.