The measurement of proprioceptive accuracy:A systematic literature review

Background:Proprioceptive accuracy refers to the individual’s ability to perceive proprioceptive information,that is,the information referring to the actual state of the locomotor system,which originates from mechanoreceptors located in various parts of the locomotor system and from tactile receptors located in the skin.Proprioceptive accuracy appears to be an important aspect in the evaluation of sensorimotor functioning;however,no widely accepted standard assessment exists.In this systematic review,our goal was to identify and categorize different methods that are used to assess different aspects of proprioceptive accuracy.Methods:A literature search was conducted in 5 different databases(PubMed,SPORTDiscus,PsycINFO,ScienceDirect,and SpringerLink).Results:Overall,1139 scientific papers reporting 1346 methods were included in this review.The methods assess 8 different aspects of proprioception:(a)the perception of joint position,(b)movement and movement extent,(c)trajectory,(d)velocity,and the sense of(e)force,(f)muscle tension,(g)weight,and(h)size.They apply various paradigms of psychophysics(i.e.,the method of adjustment,constant stimuli,and limits).Conclusion:As the outcomes of different tasks with respect to various body parts show no associations(i.e.,proprioceptive accuracy is characterized by site-specificity and method-specificity),the appropriate measurement method for the task needs to be chosen based on theoretical considerations and/or ecological validity.

The Relationship between Dimensions of Emerging Adulthood and Behavioral Problems among Chinese Emerging Adults: The Mediating Role of Physical Activity and Self- Control

Emerging adulthood(EA)is a critical stage of life to develop and sustain a healthy lifestyle,which is also a time of vulnerability to poor physical and mental health outcomes.In this study,we conducted a path analysis(N=1326)to examine associations among four dimensions of EA,levels of regular physical activity(PA),self-control,MPA tendency and irrational procrastination.Results found:1)higher levels of PA predicted both MPA tendency(β=−0.08,95%CI:−0.11 to−0.06,p<0.001)and irrational procrastination(β=−0.01,95%CI:−0.17 to−0.008,p<0.01)indirectly via self-control;2)Instability(β=0.13,95%CI:0.08 to 0.18,p<0.01)and Responsibility(β=−0.06,95%CI:−0.10 to−0.08,p=0.03)exerted direct effects on irrational procrastination and Instability also indirectly predicted irrational procrastination via MPA tendency(β=0.03,95%CI:0.02 to 0.05,p<0.01).These findings proved that perceived features of EA are linked to behavioral problems and supported that regular PA plays a crucial role to protect mental health.

Review of the Ochsenius Theory for Salt Generation in the Transylvanian Basin,Romania

This short study aims to highlight contradictions in Ochsenius’s model for the basin-wide salt generation(Kara-Bogas bay desiccation).Without claiming completeness,and through numerous records cited from the specific literature,we attempt to point at crucial incoherencies in the classical evaporitic model.In our presupposition,these might have led our ancestors to conclude that basin-wide salt generation needs theoretically well-based models.This is emphatically true for the Transylvanian Basin,Romania.The selected records are basic for the specific topic.We checked their validity by logical reasoning and by literature references.As for salt generation,the classical Ochsenius model has been upheld for the generation of evaporates even though it has been known that there are records denying the exclusivity of the evaporation model.It has also been proven that deep-sea salt exists,yet terminology is reluctant to follow the new discoveries.If non-evaporitic salt generation exists,it entails that huge salt deposits may exist,which are not remnants of a desiccation process.These cannot be considered as part of the classical theory of evaporation.Former researchers left important but neglected records,which should have updated the model of Ochsenius by now.Well-documented historical observation uncovered some contradictions in the salt generation of the Transylvanian Basin,Romania.Hereby we list 10 important contradictions,which may reveal that the well-known theory of Ochsenius(i.e.drying of Kara Bogaz bay)ought to be challenged for the Transylvanian Basin.

E-ANA-TUM AND THE RULER OF ARAWA1

1. Introduction In the inscriptions of E-ana-tum, ruler of Lagas, listing his victories over various cities, there is a four-line long passage that describes E-ana-tum’s defeat over the city called Arawa:2 (1)su-nir URU×Aki-ka, ensi2-be2 3, saη-ba mu-DU, aga3-kar2 !(SE3)4 be2-seg10 The translations of this grammatically difficult passage vary greatly;there seems to be no agreement either about its exact meaning or about its grammatical analysis.

The Right Triangle as the Simplex in 2D Euclidean Space, Generalized to n Dimensions

The purpose of the research is to show that the general triangle can be replaced by the right-angled triangle as the 2D simplex, and this concept can be generalized to any higher dimensions. The main results are that such forms do exist in any dimensions;meet the requirements usually placed on an n-dimensional simplex;a hypotenuse and legs can be defined in these shapes;and a formula can be given to calculate the volume of the shape solely from the legs by a direct generalization of the Pythagorean Theorem, without computing the Cayley-Menger determinant.

The Contribution of BMI,Body Image Inflexibility,and Generalized Anxiety to Symptoms of Eating Disorders and Exercise Dependence in Exercisers

1)Background:The common factors which potentially contribute to the development of eating disorders and exercise dependence during early adulthood are still relatively unclear.The present study aimed to examine the role of BMI,body image inflexibility,and generalized anxiety in these two behavioral problems in a sample of college students.2)Methods:In total,878 habitual exercisers(58.1%male with BMI=22.12±2.39;41.9%female with BMI=20.55±2.21)with age of 20.09±1.76 years participated in this study.The main outcomes of interest are exercise dependence symptoms,eating disorders symptoms,body image inflexibility,and symptoms of generalized anxiety(as measured by Exercise Dependence Scale-Revised,Eating Disorder Examination-Questionnaire-Short Form,Body Image Acceptance and Action Questionnaire,and Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7,respectively).Pearson correlation,path analysis,and model fit information were tested.3)Results:After controlling for age,gender,and field of study,lower BMI was linked to more exercise dependence symptoms but this association was not statistically significant,while a greater BMI was significantly associated with a higher risk of developing eating disorders(β=−0.08,p<0.001).Moreover,higher body image inflexibility significantly and positively contributed to severe exercise dependence(β=0.26,p<0.001)as well as abnormal eating attitudes and behaviors(β=0.74,p<0.001).Furthermore,generalized anxiety is a significant contributor to exercise dependence symptoms(β=0.14,p<0.001)but not eating disorders symptoms.4)Conclusion:Based on our finding that body image inflexibility is a common risk factor for the development of exercise dependence and eating disorders,the prevention and treatment of these two disorders should involve the improvement of psychological flexibility.In addition,the individual with a higher BMI is more vulnerable to developing eating disorders,while those who have severer generalized anxiety symptoms should be given more attention when screening for exercise dependence.

Association between Active School Travel and Depressive Symptoms among 51,702 Adolescents in 26 Low- and Middle-Income Countries

Little is known about the role of active school travel(AST)on mental health among adolescents.Thus,this study aimed to explore the AST-depression association among adolescents aged 12–15 years from 26 low-and middle-income countries(LMICs).Data from the Global School-based Student Health Survey were analyzed in 51,702 adolescents[mean(SD)age 13.8(1.0)years;49.3%boys).Both depressive symptoms and AST were assessed by a single question self-reported measure,respectively.Participants who reported having 5 days or above were considered as AST.Multivariable logistic regression analysis(accounting for sampling weights)was performed while controlling for gender,age,physical activity,sedentary behavior,and food insecurity,and a countrywide meta-analysis was undertaken.The prevalence of depressive symptoms and AST were 30.1%and 37.0%,respectively.Compared with those not having AST,adolescents with AST were less likely to have self-reported depressive symptoms(OR=0.88,95%CI:0.85-0.93)regardless of gender.Countrywide meta-analysis demonstrated that having AST versus not having AST was associated with 12%lower odds for depressive symptoms(OR=0.88;95%CI:0.82-0.94)but with a moderate between-country heterogeneity(I^(2)=59.0%).Based on large samples of adolescents from LMICs,it would be expected that AST may play a critical role in preventing adolescent depression worldwide.However,it is necessary to consider more country-specific factors when implementing AST-related mental health interventions.Future studies should adopt the solid study design to confirm or negate our researchfindings.

Investigation of Miocene Methane Hydrate Generation Potential in the Transylvanian Basin, Romania

In geology we often revise theoretical models;upon finding new evidence,such as the discovery of methane hydrates,the initial model will be challenged immediately.Hereby the authors put forward two postulates:1)There is a third,previously unexplored source of methane in the Transylvanian Basin,based on a new theoretical approach on methane hydrate formation;2)The dissociation of methane hydrates creates a strong chlorinity anomaly.Based on a recent analogy with the Black Sea basin model,we apply our statements to the Transylvanian Basin.Using direct and indirect indicators and the published system tract analysis,we claim that there are substantial grounds to believe that this model of methane hydrate formation applies to the Miocene Transylvanian Basin.Due to the increase of the geothermal gradient as a result of the volcanic activity from the Eastern Carpathians,the clathrates dissociated into methane and freshwater.This process of dilution resulted in a chlorinity anomaly that can be spotted in the formation waters of several gas fields from the Transylvanian Basin.

Hypothesizing That Pediatric Autoimmune Neuropsychiatric Associated Streptococcal (PANDAS) Causes Rapid Onset of Reward Deficiency Syndrome (RDS) Behaviors and May Require Induction of “Dopamine Homeostasis”

Pediatric autoimmune neuropsychiatric disorders associated with group A streptococcal infections (PANDAS) is a concept that is used to characterize a subset of children with neuropsychiatric symptoms, tic disorders, or obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), whose symptoms are exacerbated by group A streptococcal (GAS) infection. PANDAS has been known to cause a sudden onset of reward deficiency syndrome (RDS). RDS includes multiple disorders that are characterized by dopaminergic signaling dysfunction in the brain reward cascade (BRC), which may result in addiction, depression, avoidant behaviors, anxiety, tic disorders, and/or OCD. According to research by Blum et al., the dopamine receptor D2 (DRD2) gene polymorphisms are important prevalent genetic determinants of RDS. The literature demonstrates that infections like Borrelia and Lyme, as well as other infections like group A beta-hemolytic streptococcal (GABHS), can cause an autoimmune reaction and associated antibodies target dopaminergic loci in the mesolimbic region of the brain, which interferes with brain function and potentially causes RDS-like symptoms/behaviors. The treatment of PANDAS remains controversial, especially since there have been limited efficacy studies to date. We propose an innovative potential treatment for PANDAS based on previous clinical trials using a pro-dopamine regulator known as KB220 variants. Our ongoing research suggests that achieving “dopamine homeostasis” by precision-guided DNA testing and pro-dopamine modulation could result in improved therapeutic outcomes.

Methods for a blind analysis of isobar data collected by the STAR collaboration

In 2018,the STAR collaboration collected data from^(96)_(44)Ru+^(96)_(44)Ru and^(96)_(40)Zr+^(96)_(40)Zr at√^(S)NN=200 Ge V to search for the presence of the chiral magnetic effect in collisions of nuclei.The isobar collision species alternated frequently between 9644 Ru+^(96)_(44)Ru and^(96)_(40)Zr+^(96)_(40)Zr.In order to conduct blind analyses of studies related to the chiral magnetic effect in these isobar data,STAR developed a three-step blind analysis procedure.Analysts are initially provided a"reference sample"of data,comprised of a mix of events from the two species,the order of which respects time-dependent changes in run conditions.After tuning analysis codes and performing time-dependent quality assurance on the reference sample,analysts are provided a species-blind sample suitable for calculating efficiencies and corrections for individual≈30-min data-taking runs.For this sample,species-specific information is disguised,but individual output files contain data from a single isobar species.Only run-by-run corrections and code alteration subsequent to these corrections are allowed at this stage.Following these modifications,the"frozen"code is passed over the fully un-blind data,completing the blind analysis.As a check of the feasibility of the blind analysis procedure,analysts completed a"mock data challenge,"analyzing data from Au+Au collisions at√^(S)NN=27 Ge V,collected in 2018.The Au+Au data were prepared in the same manner intended for the isobar blind data.The details of the blind analysis procedure and results from the mock data challenge are presented.

A self-employed taxpayer experimental study on trust,power,and tax compliance in eleven countries

The slippery slope framework explains tax compliance along two main dimensions,trust in authorities and power of authorities,which influence taxpayers’compliance attitudes.Through frequentist and Bayesian analyses,we investigated the framework’s assumptions on a sample of 2786 self-employed taxpayers from eleven post-communist and non-post-communist countries doing business in five economic branches.After using scenarios that experimentally manipulated trust and power,our results confirmed the framework’s assumptions regarding the attitudes of the self-employed taxpayers;trust and power fostered intended tax compliance and diminished tax evasion,trust boosted voluntary tax compliance,whereas power increased enforced tax compliance.Additionally,self-employed taxpayers from post-communist countries reported higher intended tax compliance and lower tax evasion than those from non-post-communist countries.Our results offer tax authorities insights into how trust and power may contribute to obtaining and maintaining high tax compliance levels amid global economic challenges,downturns,and increasing tax compliance costs.

Managing type 2 diabetes:targeting a microbial enzyme as a novel treatment option

In a recent Science article,Wang and colleagues showed that the dipeptidyl peptidase 4(DPP4)enzyme produced by the gut microbiota can interfere with the effect of host glucagon-like peptide-1(GLP-1)involved in stimulating insulin secretion,and the specific inhibitor of microbial DPP4(mDPP4),combined with clinical inhibitors of host DPP4 isoenzymes,further promotes blood glucose homeostasis.1 These results point out why certain patients respond inadequately to an antidiabetic medication.

Incorporating physiological knowledge into correlative species distribution models minimizes bias introduced by the choice of calibration area

Correlative species distribution models(SDMs)are important tools to estimate species’geographic distribution across space and time,but their reliability heavily relies on the availability and quality of occurrence data.Estimations can be biased when occurrences do not fully represent the environmental requirement of a species.We tested to what extent species’physiological knowledge might influence SDM estimations.Focusing on the Japanese sea cucumber Apostichopus japonicus within the coastal ocean of East Asia,we compiled a comprehensive dataset of occurrence records.We then explored the importance of incorporating physiological knowledge into SDMs by calibrating two types of correlative SDMs:a naïve model that solely depends on environmental correlates,and a physiologically informed model that further incorporates physiological information as priors.We further tested the models’sensitivity to calibration area choices by fitting them with different buffered areas around known presences.Compared with naïve models,the physiologically informed models successfully captured the negative influence of high temperature on A.japonicus and were less sensitive to the choice of calibration area.The naïve models resulted in more optimistic prediction of the changes of potential distributions under climate change(i.e.,larger range expansion and less contraction)than the physiologically informed models.Our findings highlight benefits from incorporating physiological information into correlative SDMs,namely mitigating the uncertainties associated with the choice of calibration area.Given these promising features,we encourage future SDM studies to consider species physi-ological information where available.

Sex-dependent increase of movement activity in the freshwater isopod Asellus aquaticus following adaptation to a predator-free cave habitat

Populations experiencing negligible predation pressure are expected to evolve higher behavioral activity.However,when sexes have different expected benefits from high activity,the adaptive shift is expected to be sex-specific.Here,we compared movement activity of one cave(lack of predation)and three adjacent surface(high and diverse predation)populations of Asellus aquaticus,a freshwater isopod known for its independent colonization of several caves across Europe.We predicted 1)higher activity in cave than in surface populations,with 2)the difference being more pronounced in males as they are known for active mate searching behavior,while females are not.Activity was assessed both in the presence and absence of light.Our results supported both predictions:movement activity was higher in the cave than in the surface populations,particularly in males.Relaxed predation pressure in the cave-adapted population is most likely the main selective factor behind increased behavioral activity,but we also showed that the extent of increase is sex-specific.

Forecast of cosmological constraints with type Ia supernovae from the Chinese Space Station Telescope

The 2-m aperture Chinese Space Station Telescope(CSST),which observes at wavelengths ranging from 255 to 1000 nm,is expected to start science operations in 2024.An ultra-deep field observation program covering approximately 10 deg2is proposed with supernovae(SNe) and other transients as one of its primary science drivers.This paper presents the simulated detection results of type Ⅰa supernovae(SNe Ⅰa) and explores the impact of new datasets on the determinations of cosmological parameters.The simulated observations are conducted with an exposure time of 150 s and cadences of 10,20,and 30 d.The survey mode covering a total of 80 observations but with a random cadence in the range of 4 to 14 d is also explored.Our simulation results indicate that the CSST can detect up to ~1800 SNe la at z <1.3.The simulated SNe la are then used to constrain the cosmological parameters.The constraint on can be improved by 37.5% using the 10-d cadence sample in comparison with the Pantheon sample.A deeper measurement simulation with a 300 s exposure time together with the Pantheon sample improves the current constraints on Ωmby 58.3% and ω by 47.7%.Taking future lager sets of nearby SN Ⅰa sample form ground-based surveys(i.e.,N~3400) into consideration,the constraints on ω can be improved by 59.1%.The CSST ultra-deep field observation program is expected to discover large amounts of SNe la over a broad redshift span and enhance our understanding of the nature of dark energy.

Observer design for induction motor： an approach based on the mean value theorem

在这份报纸，为一台正式就职马达的观察员设计被调查了。这份报纸的怪癖是为高度联合的系统的一个 mono-Luenberger 观察员的合成。为了为正式就职转变非线性的错误动力学，交通进线性参量的变化(LPV ) 系统，与扇区非线性转变相结合的微分吝啬的值定理被使用了。稳定性条件基于 Lyapunov 功能导致一套线性矩阵不平等的解决之可能性。建议观察员保证全球指数的集中到零个评价错误。最后，模拟结果被给显示出观察员设计的表演。

Earth observation and geospatial big data management and engagement of stakeholders in Hungary to support the SDGs

To support the monitoring and reporting processes during imple-mentation of the Sustainable Development Goals,well-developed,commonly recognized Earth observations and geospatial data,methods,innovations,committed professionals,and strong sus-tainability policies are necessary.This article informs the readers on the Earth observation and geoinformation developments and innovations,and on the engagement of profession,academy and governance to support implementation of the Sustainable Development Goals in Hungary.Description,analyses and critical assessments are given on the elements selected from Hungarian sustainable-oriented Earth observation and geospatial novelties:(a)Working Group for Sustainable Development mission and national sustainabilitypolicy,(b)international partnerships,domestic activities and achievements,(c)status of the professional education,(d)spatial databases and services to support implementation of the sustain-able development,(e)a case study on the internationally recog-nized soil geoinformation system,(f)national Earth Observation Information System and perspectives of its applications for mon-itoring the sustainability.The article conclusion strongly advises the Hungarian realization of(a)institutionalization of the Earth observation and geospatial tools and capacity for sustainable development,(b)their use in integration with statistical data,(c)establishment of national spatial information infrastructure and(d)development and spreading of the use of big data.