Artificial Intelligence and Internet of Things Enabled Intelligent Framework for Active and Healthy Living

Obesity poses several challenges to healthcare and the well-being of individuals.It can be linked to several life-threatening diseases.Surgery is a viable option in some instances to reduce obesity-related risks and enable weight loss.State-of-the-art technologies have the potential for long-term benefits in post-surgery living.In this work,an Internet of Things(IoT)framework is proposed to effectively communicate the daily living data and exercise routine of surgery patients and patients with excessive weight.The proposed IoT framework aims to enable seamless communications from wearable sensors and body networks to the cloud to create an accurate profile of the patients.It also attempts to automate the data analysis and represent the facts about a patient.The IoT framework proposes a co-channel interference avoidance mechanism and the ability to communicate higher activity data with minimal impact on the bandwidth requirements of the system.The proposed IoT framework also benefits from machine learning based activity classification systems,with relatively high accuracy,which allow the communicated data to be translated into meaningful information.

Machine-Learning-Enabled Obesity Level Prediction Through Electronic Health Records

Obesity is a critical health condition that severely affects an individual’s quality of life andwell-being.The occurrence of obesity is strongly associated with extreme health conditions,such as cardiac diseases,diabetes,hypertension,and some types of cancer.Therefore,it is vital to avoid obesity and or reverse its occurrence.Incorporating healthy food habits and an active lifestyle can help to prevent obesity.In this regard,artificial intelligence(AI)can play an important role in estimating health conditions and detecting obesity and its types.This study aims to see obesity levels in adults by implementing AIenabled machine learning on a real-life dataset.This dataset is in the form of electronic health records(EHR)containing data on several aspects of daily living,such as dietary habits,physical conditions,and lifestyle variables for various participants with different health conditions(underweight,normal,overweight,and obesity type I,II and III),expressed in terms of a variety of features or parameters,such as physical condition,food intake,lifestyle and mode of transportation.Three classifiers,i.e.,eXtreme gradient boosting classifier(XGB),support vector machine(SVM),and artificial neural network(ANN),are implemented to detect the status of several conditions,including obesity types.The findings indicate that the proposed XGB-based system outperforms the existing obesity level estimation methods,achieving overall performance rates of 98.5%and 99.6%in the scenarios explored.

Ten-year review of trends in children with type 1 diabetes in England and Wales

This review describes the prevalence,incidence,and demographics of children and young people(CYP)with type 1 diabetes in England and Wales using data from the United Kingdom National Paediatric Diabetes Audit(NPDA)and has almost 100%submission from all paediatric diabetes centres annually.It is a powerful benchmarking tool and is an essential part of a long-term quality improvement programme for CYP with diabetes.Clinical characteristics of this population by age,insulin regimen,complication rates,health inequalities,access to diabetes technology,socioeconomic deprivation and glycaemic outcomes over the past decade is described in the review.The NPDA for England and Wales is commissioned by the United Kingdom Healthcare Quality Improvement Partnership as part of the National Clinical Audit for the United Kingdom National Service Framework for Diabetes.The rising incidence of Type 1 diabetes is evidenced in the past decade.Reduction in national median glycated hemoglobin for CYP with diabetes is observed over the last 10 years and the improvement sustained by various initiatives and quality improvement programmes implemented with universal health coverage.

Astrocytic aquaporin 4 subcellular translocation as a therapeutic target for cytotoxic edema in ischemic stroke

Brain edema is a common feature of several brain diseases(e.g.,stroke,traumatic brain injury,hydrocephalus,brain cancer,and brain infections).Brain edema leads to increased intracranial pressure and worsens outcomes in ischemic stroke patients.Conventional treatments to control brain edema,thus reducing intracranial pressure include different osmotherapeutics,hyperventilation,tromethamine,hypothermia,and barbiturate coma.However,level 1 evidence of efficacy is lacking for these treatments,with some being harmful rather than beneficial(Bardutzky and Schwab,2007).It has been proposed aquaporin 4(AQP4)can be a novel drug target for treating brain edema(Vandebroek and Yasui,2020).

Identifying pain-related concerns in routine follow-up clinics following oral and oropharyngeal cancer

AIM:To describe clinical characteristics of head and neck cancer(HNC)patients with pain and those wishing to discuss pain concerns during consultation.METHODS:Cross-sectional,questionnaire study using University of Washington Quality of Life,version 4(UWQOL)and the Patients Concerns Inventory(PCI)in disease-free,post-treatment HNC cohort.Significant pain on UW-QOL and indicating"Pain in head and neck"and"Pain elsewhere"on PCI.RESULTS:One hundred and seventy-seven patientscompleted UW-QOL and PCI.The prevalence of selfreported pain issues was 38%(67/177)comprising25%(44/177)with significant problems despite medications and 13%(23/177)with lesser or no problems but wishing to discuss pain.Patients aged under 65years and patients having treatment involving radiotherapy were more likely to have pain issues.Just over half,55%(24/44)of patients with significant pain did not express a need to discuss this.Those with significant pain or others wanting to discuss pain in clinic had greater problems in physical and social-emotional functioning,reported suboptimal QOL,and also had more additional PCI items to discuss in clinic compared to those without significant pain and not wishing to discuss pain.CONCLUSION:Significant HNC-related pain is prevalent in the disease-free,posttreatment cohort.Onward referral to a specialist pain team may be beneficial.The UW-QOL and PCI package is a valuable tool that may routinely screen for significant pain in outpatient clinics.

阿姆斯特丹一个多重匮乏地区在城市复兴过程中涌现出来的问题

欧洲的很多城市政策认识到在处理多重匮乏（Multiply Deprivation）地区的城市复兴问题时,需要统一的、以地区为基础的方法。然而,欧盟各个国家的社会和经济历史条件各异,地方和中央政府结构以及城市组成的成分也不尽相同，实现统一方法的途径可能大相径庭。在英国，对多重匮乏地区进行改造的焦点是对社区的保护，以及让现有居民加入到城市更新的规划和实施过程中（Ginsberg，1999；Social Exclusion Unit，1998；2001）。

Maturity-associated considerations for training load,injury risk,and physical performance in youth soccer:One size does not fit all

Biological maturation can be defined as the timing and tempo of progress to achieving a mature state.The estimation of age of peak height velocity(PHV)or percentage of final estimated adult stature attainment(%EASA)is typically used to inform the training process in young athletes.In youth soccer,maturity-related changes in anthropometric and physical fitness characteristics are diverse among individuals,particularly around PHV.During this time,players are also at an increased risk of sustaining an overuse or growth-related injury.As a result,the implementation of training interventions can be challenging.The purpose of this review was to(1)highlight and discuss many of the methods that can be used to estimate maturation in the applied setting and(2)discuss the implications of manipulating training load around PHV on physical development and injury risk.We have provided key stakeholders with a practical online tool for estimating player maturation status(Supplementary Maturity Estimation Tools).Whilst estimating maturity using predictive equations is useful in guiding the training process,practitioners should be aware of its limitations.To increase the accuracy and usefulness of data,it is also vital that sports scientists implement reliable testing protocols at predetermined time-points.

A quantification of the treadmill 6-min walk test using the My Wellness Key^(TM) accelerometer

Background： Accelerometers have been suggested to provide additional information during the 6-min walk test which may be useful in evaluating changes in functional exercise capacity. The aim of the study was to identify whether the additional information measured by the My Wellness Key^TM（MWK） accelerometer during a treadmill 6-min walk test（t-6MWT） was related to currently used outcome measures.Methods： Fifteen participants（9 males, 6 females） performed a self-paced t-6MWT. Respiratory gas analysis and walking distance were measured whilst wearing the MWK.Results： A significant correlation was established between activity counts and 6-min walk distance（6MWD）（r=-0.847, p 〈 0.001） yet not 6-min walk work（6MWW）（r=-0.337, p=0.220）. Energy expenditure estimated by the MWK was strongly correlated to 6MWW（r=0.938, p 〈 0.001）but not 6MWD（r=0.477, p=0.072）. The MWK significantly underestimated energy expenditure（36.73, CI=33.9-39.7 kcal） compared to gas analysis（54.35, CI=46.2-61.4 kcal） demonstrating poor agreement between the two analyses（Bias=-17.61 kcal, Limits of agreement=-37.4,t2.2 kcal）. Measurement of time spent undertaking light, moderate, and vigorous physical activity was not significantly different（ p 〉 0.05）between the MWK and gas analysis.Conclusion： Estimated energy expenditure provided by the MWK was strongly correlated to 6MWW; however, MWK underestimated energy expenditure as measured by gas analysis. The MWK may provide outcome data that supplement those currently provided by the 6MWD for functional capacity assessment during the t-6MWT.

The demands of the extra-time period of soccer:A systematic review

Background:Soccer match-play is typically contested over 90 min;however,in some cup and tournament scenarios,when matches are tied,they proceed to an additional 30 min,which is termed "extra-time^(ET).This systematic review sought to appraise the literature available on 120-min of soccer-specific exercise,with a view to identifying practical recommendations and future research opportunities.Methods:The review was conducted according to the PRISMA guidelines.Independent researchers performed a systematic search of PubMed,CINAHL,and PsycINFO in May 2019,with the following keywords entered in various combinations:"soccer","football","extra-time","extra time","extratime","120 minutes","120 min","additional 30 minutes",and "additional 30 min".Results:The search yielded an initial 73 articles.Following the screening process,11 articles were accepted for analyses.Articles were subsequently organized into the following 5 categories:movement demands of ET,performance responses to ET,physiological and neuromuscular response during ET,nutritional interventions,and recovery and ET.The results highlighted that during competitive match-play,players cover5%-12% less distance relative to match duration(i.e.,meters per minute) during ET compared to the preceding 90 min.Reductions in technical performance(i.e.,shot speed,number of passes and dribbles) were also observed during ET.Additionally,carbohydrate provision may attenuate and improve dribbling performance during ET.Moreover,objective and subjective measures of recovery may be further compromised following ET when compared to 90 min.Conclusion:Additional investigations are warranted to further substantiate these findings and identify interventions to improve performance during ET.

Fit “n” Cool Kids: Effects of Peer-Modeling and Goal Setting on Physical Activity

Background: Decreasing the risk of overweight and obesity from an early age is imperative and efforts should focus on fostering children’s physical activity (PA). Within school-based interventions, there is insufficient evidence on the effectiveness of the use of character peer-modeling and goal setting to increase physical activity. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to examine the impact of a school-based intervention on PA and enjoyment of PA in grades 3 - 5 elementary school age children at two urban elementary schools. Methods: Participants were 95 students of 8 - 10 years old;activity monitors were used to assess physical activity. Daily physical activity and enjoyment was recorded at baseline, intervention, and at a 6-school-week follow-up. Results: PA significantly increased in the intervention school averaging 5549 steps at baseline, 5889 steps during the intervention, and 6515 during follow-up (p Conclusion: The Fit “n” Cool Kids intervention presents the potential of peer-modeling and goal setting for increasing PA at school. Continued interventions in schools may positively influence children’s healthy living patterns.

A Prospective Survey Comparing Patients’ Experience of a Nurse-Led Clinic and Consultant-Led Clinic for Surveillance of Patients with Dilatation of the Intrathoracic Aorta

Background: Increasing workload in consultant-led clinics often means patients to wait a long time for clinic appointments. To address this, there is an increasing trend in developing nurse-led clinics across many specialities in the National Health Service. This study aims to assess whether the implementation of a nurse-led clinic in thoracic aortic surgery will optimise the utilisation of health care services and improve overall patient satisfaction. Methods: 80 follow-up patients were asked to complete a questionnaire following their appointment in an aortic clinic, which was led either by a consultant (n = 40) or an aortic specialist nurse (n = 40). All patients seen by a nurse in the clinic were assessed by a consultant surgeon prior to the clinic for suitability. No new patients were seen by a nurse. Any patient with an aortic dimension of 5 cm or greater was seen by the consultant. If there were any complicated clinical features, the patient was seen in the consultant-led clinic. Patients were asked questions about their time spent with the respective health care professionals across 12 categories (punctuality, preparedness, understanding of concerns, clarity of speech, listening, respect, explaining, letting you talk, putting you at ease, emotional support, advice and advice for next follow-up). Patients rated each category using an ordinal scale from 0 - 10. Results: Patient scores were greater in nurse-led clinics compared to consultant-led clinics across a number of categories although only punctuality reached significance (mean 9.2 vs. 6.8, p 0.05). Conclusion: Patients were highly satisfied with the nurse-led clinic across all categories, with greater satisfaction for punctuality. These findings suggest that a nurse-led clinic can be implemented for the management of carefully selected thoracic aortic surgery patient without reduction in patient satisfaction.

Green hydrogen production from photovoltaic power station as a road map to climate change mitigation

The increasing recognition of hydrogen as a critical element in the global net-zero transition and its clear role in decarbonizing challenging sectors coincide with the growing urgency to address climate change.Africa's favourable renewable-energy capacity,ranging from 28%to 36%for solar,has been reported by the global solar irradiance index.However,the majority of hydrogen production today relies on fossil fuels(96%),with only a small fraction(4%)being produced through water electrolysis.Even though there have been many studies on climate change mitigation with a focus on Africa,a green hydrogen production from a photovoltaic power station approach has not been reported.Also,literature with a focus on Nigeria is lacking.This study focuses on the African green hydrogen production industry,utilizing Nigeria as a case study to explore the feasibility of generating clean hydrogen vectors from a percentage of photovoltaic power output in various regions of the country through stand-alone solar grid electrification projects.Analyses of the usage and effectiveness of the produced hydrogen fuel in each region are carried out,with the highest region having an annual output of 12247278 kg of green hydrogen and 8573094 kg of ammonia and the lowest region having an output of 511245 kg of green hydrogen and 357871 kg of ammonia,and the expected production from the proposed usage of 50%of the power generation output of the installed 1.6-MWp and 80-kWp solar power minigrids in the regions is calculated.The analyses were repeated for the other considered regions in the country.The results showcased the enormous advantages of the electrolytic production of hydrogen and how the greener economy project can play a major role in mitigating climate change effects and overreliance on fossil fuels as the driver of the economy in many African countries.

英语中的否定:基于语料库的研究

本文在分析书面语和口语语料库基础上探讨英语中的否定。书面语采用百万词次的FLOB语料库,口语采用英国国家语料库(BNC)中四百万词的对话语料。文章首先介绍英语中的否定形式,讨论否定与非肯定形式、否定与部分倒装等关系,并在此基础上进一步探讨否定范围与否定焦点问题。

Measuring Resilience in the Assumed City

The malleable nature of both the idea of a city and the idea of resilience raises an important question—why measure?Resilience is assumed to be located in the physical infrastructure of specific places or as a quality of the people located there.For disasters,we are often trying to conceptualize,measure,or render legible resilience in physical structures.But what is it that we are trying to measure,and is the idea of a city reflected in these measurements?If cities are organized around something other than resilience,is resilience their natural by-product?What is necessitating the need for increased—and measured—resilience?Using interpretive policy analysis,we explored five well known disaster resilience frameworks(UNDRR's Making Cities Resilient Campaign,UN-Habitat's City Resilience Profiling Programme,The World Bank and GFDRR's Resilient Cities Program,Arup and The Rockefeller Foundation's City Resilience Index,and The Rockefeller Foundation's 100 Resilient Cities)to identify the working definition of‘‘city''and of‘‘resilience.''We conclude that if the demand for cities to become more resilient is an acknowledgment of the risk produced by globalized urbanization,then the call itself is an indictment of the current state of our cities.

Nutrition in Soccer:A Brief Review of the Issues and Solutions

This review examines the issues surrounding soccer nutrition,including the nature of the game,training,and how nutrition can play a significant role in improving player performance and recovery.In soccer match-play,a total distance covered of up to 13 km is characterised by an acyclical and intermittent activity profile.The aerobic system is highly taxed,with average heart rates of~85%of maximal values,and the finite muscle glycogen stores represent a key aspect of the interface between training,performance and nutritional support.Diets with high CHO content can optimise muscle glycogen,reduce net glycogen depletion,delay the onset of fatigue,and improve soccer performance.It is more common,however,for players to consume an excessive amount of protein in their daily diet perpetuating the popular belief that additional protein increases strength and enhances performance.More comprehensive recommendations suggest that soccer players should consume a high CHO diet from nutrient-rich complex CHO food sources that ranges from a minimum of 7 to 10 g/kg BM and up to 12 g/kg BM on match or heavy training days.Unfortunately,players often have a low energy intake,which can lead to nega-tive energy balance,especially at times of schedule congestion.In many cases,soccer players often consume diets that are not very different from those of the general public.Therefore,despite a clear understanding of the physiological demands of soccer,and the association between nutritional preparation and performance,the dietary habits of soccer players are often characterised by a lack of education and mis-informed sporting traditions.This review discusses the potential barriers and various nutritional phases that need to be considered for training,pre,on the day of,and post-match to enable players and coaches to be more aware of the need to achieve more optimal macronutrient nutrition.

Anthropometric Characteristics of Elite Male Taekwondo Players Based on Weight Categories

Purpose The aim of this study was to investigate the anthropometric characteristics of elite taekwondo players based on weight categories,and to determine if the length of the lower extremities might influence player’s success-level.A total of 59 elite male taekwondo players(22.02±3.07 years)participated in this study.Methods All anthropometric assessments were performed according to the standards and methodology of the International Society for Advancement of Kinanthropometry.The 18 anthropometrical variables were measured for each athlete and compared between 7 different weight categories.The players were also divided into two groups(national and international)and the ratios of sitting-height to stature were compared.Results There were significant differences(P<0.05)between weight divisions in stature,body mass index,percentage of body fat,endomorphy,and mesomorphy,which were greater(P<0.05)in heavy weight groups than light weight groups,and ectomorphy,which was greater(P<0.05)in very light weight groups compared with the other weights.There was no significant difference in lean mass index(P>0.05)between weight groups.Sitting height/stature ratio was significantly dif-ferent(P<0.05)between the two groups,where the international group had longer lower extremities than the national group.Conclusion The findings of this study provide a valuable framework to support talent identification programmes and the development of specialised preparatory strategies for different weight divisions with the sport.