Utilization of Egyptian Ilmenite Ore for Steel Surface Preparation in Petroleum Field

The construction of gas and oil plants include many items such as steel structures, equipments, piping, tanks and vessels at different conditions such as offshore, onshore, above and underground shall be protected against corrosion by coating. The protective value of a coating system is proportional to the surface preparation;the objectives of the surface preparation are the surface cleanliness and the surface profile of the substrate. The surface preparation is usually achieved by blast cleaning using different types of abrasive. Due to its high hardness and low cost, silica sand has been used extensively for impact abrasion. It is, however, very brittle with most grain disintegrating on impact, causing excessive levels of siliceous dust which is a major health hazard and causes serious environmental pollution. Consequently, it has been banned as impact abrasive material in most countries around the world. Considerable research has been done in the last twenty years to find an impact abrasive material as hard as silica and that respects. So it was important to search for sand substitution among the local abundant minerals in Egypt. Waste product obtained from ilmenite ore extracted from the mine was found to be the most suitable alternative abrasive. This work shows the abrasive types, the occurrence of the ilmenite ore. The chemical properties, physical properties and microscopic examination of the waste were investigated. The obtained result indicates that, the waste product obtained from ilmenite ore can be utilized for abrasion as sand substitution.

Egyptian heavy vacuum gas oil hydrotreating over Co-Mo/CNT and Co-Mo/γ-Al2O3 catalysts

The catalytic activity of CoMoS /CNT towards the Egyptian heavy vacuum gas oil hydrotreating was studied. The delivered CNT was functionalized with 6 mol /L HNO_3. The CNT were loaded with 12% MoO_3( by weight) and 0.7 Co /Mo atomic ratio with impregnation methods. The γ-Al_2O_3 catalyst was also prepared by impregnation method to compare both catalysts activities.The analysis tools such XRD,Raman spectroscopy,TEM,and BET were used to characterize the catalysts. The autoclave reactor was used to operate the hydrotreating experiments. The hydrotreating reactions were tested at various operating conditions of temperature 325-375 ℃,pressure 2-6 MPa,time 2-6 h,and catalyst /oil ratio( by weight) of 1 ∶75,1 ∶33 and 1 ∶10. The results revealed that the CoMoS /CNT was highly efficient for the hydrotreating more than the CoMoS /γ-Al_2O_3. Also, the hydrodesulfurization( HDS) increased with increasing catalyst /oil ratio. Additionally,results showed that the optimum condition was temperature 350℃,pressure 4 MPa,catalyst /oil ratio of 1 ∶75 for 2 h. Furthermore,even at low CoMoS /CNT catalyst /oil ratio of 1 ∶75,an acceptable HDS of 77.1% was achieved.

Development of Anti-Wear/Antioxidant Additives for High Quality Metalworking Fluid from Waste Petroleum Products

Surfactants are used for formulation metal working fluids. These fluids are applied to the interface between a cutting tool and the metal working piece to provide friction reduction. In the present paper, poly aromatic ammonium sulphonate and polyaromatic benzyl triethanolamsonium ethoxylate with 6 ethylene oxide units were synthesized and blended with coupling agent like dodecyl alcohol and oleic acid to produce cutting fluid and evaluate as antiwear. Values of surface tension of these additives were measured in oil phase and consequently CMC was determined for all additives and their mixtures in oil phase. The efficiency of these additives depends on their chemical structure and the presence of ether oxygen brings about the association of the surfactant with metal surface, hence very good wetting properties. The antiwear characteristic of surfactants increases with increasing polar linkages in the aromatic moieties forming chelated and coordinated layer. This is due to the increase in the number of sites to chemisorption on the metal surface. The films formed are highly condensed ring aromatic layered structures. These films provide lower wear and depend on the type of surfactants concentration and sliding speed. The surface of metal was analyzed by SEM/EDX techniques. These studies have led to much clear evidence of the intimate relationship between the chemical structure of the surfactants and their film forming. More confirmation for suggested mechanism was investigated by measuring the area occupied per molecule of the surfactant in oil phase. The results indicate that the sulphonate group is less efficient than ethoxylate group. At the same time, the micelle of surfactants acts as oil dispersant and improves adsorption of oil on the metal surface.

Seasonal Effect on Biomarkers of Exposure to Petroleum Hydrocarbons in the Coasts of North Western Suez Gulf,Egypt

Petroleum hydrocarbons of surface water were collected from eight loca-tions of from the coasts of north western Suez Gulf,Egypt.The extracted petroleum hydrocarbons were determined by gas chromatography-flame ionization detector and quantified by integrating the areas of both the resolved and unresolved components.The results confirm that the con-centration is relatively higher than the recommended in the regulations of the Egyptian low of Environment of No.4/1994 of petroleum products.At various locations.The dissolved petroleum hydrocarbons ranged from 5.639 to 74.8 and 1.868 to 65.698 mg/ml for summer and winter sea-sons,respectively.This indicates that chronic oil pollution,in addition to hydrocarbon concentrations,the diagnostic indices used shows that the hydrocarbons in the area were comes from biogenic,petrogenic and anthropogenic sources.FT-IR spectrometric analysis confirms die petro-genic nature of pollutants.

Effect of combining the metals of group VI supported on H-ZSM-5 zeolite as catalysts for non-oxidative conversion of natural gas to petrochemicals

The most prestigious catalyst applied in natural gas （methane） non-oxidative conversion to petrochemicals is 6%Mo/H-ZSM-5. Chromium, molybdenum and tungsten are the group VI metals. Hence, in this work, 6%Mo/H-ZSM-5 was correlated with 3%Cr＋3%Mo/H-ZSM-5 and 3%W＋3%Mo/H-ZSM-5 as catalysts to examine their promoting or inhibiting effects on the various reactions taking place during methane conversion. The catalytic activities of these catalysts were tested in a continuous flow fixed bed reactor at 700℃ and a GHSV of 1500 ml·g^-1·h^-1 Characterization of the catalysts using XRD, TGA and TPD were investigated. XRD and NH3-TPD showed greater interaction between the W-phase and the Bronsted acid sites in the channels of the zeolite than between Cr-phase and the acid sites in the zeolite.

铂和HF掺杂的H-ZSM-5分子筛催化甲苯与甲醇烷基化反应(英文)

Toluene was alkylated with methanol in a flow type reactor at temperatures between 300 and 500 °C using H-ZSM-5 zeolite, 0.2%Pt/H-ZSM-5 and hydrofluorinated 0.2%Pt/H-ZSM-5 with HF concentrations of 1.0%, 2.0%, 3.0%, or 4.0%. Pt primarily enhances toluene conversion, total xylenes production, and p-xylene relative to its thermodynamic equilibrium. As the concentration of HF increases from 1.0% to 3.0%, the catalyst activity increases because of the increase in the number of acid sites and their strength. Additionally, the surface area and Pt dispersion also increases. An advantage of increased HF doping is that the formation of voluminous trimethylbenzene (TMB) byproducts is inhibited. However, at a HF concentration of 4.0%, Al and Si are partially leached and then deposited mostly in the wider catalytic pores. This was determined by evaluating the pore volume distribution and we determined that reactivity inhibition was ob-viously present and was due to diffusion restriction.

Determination of Polarity Terms of Some Nitrogen-Containing Surfactants and Simulated Hydrophobic Tail Models by Gas Chromatography

Some polarity terms of two groups of nitrogen-containing surfactants （six alkanolamides and nine polyoxyethylenated long chain amines） are measured through gas chromatography. The apparent methanol carbon number (CMeOH) and polarity index （IP） values are determined on the investigated surfactants as stationary phases in packed columns. Similarly, CMeOH and IP values are determined on simulated hydrophobic tail （SHT） models. The obtained results reveal that the introduction of SHT approach permits the distinction between the polarities of different surfactants and their head groups. The measured polarity terms are discussed as related to hydrophile-lipophile balance （HLB） number and the hydrophobic group carbon number （RCN）. Some equations relating the measured polarity values and these variable have been developed.

Inverse Gas Chromatographic Study of the Oxidation Stability of Lubricating Base Oils via Solubility Parameter Calculations

The Flory-Huggins interaction parameter(χ1,2∞) and solubility parameter(δ2) and its hydrogen bonding sensing component(δh) were determined using inverse gas chromatography(IGC).These parameters were successfully used in the probes of chemical changes that occur during the oxidation of naphthenic and paraffinic base oils in a GC column.Changes in χ1,2∞ values reflect the different types of intermolecular interactions(dispersive,polar,hydrogen bonding) of the given lubricating base oil during oxidation.The obtained results showed that δh component of solubility parameter is the most important parameter for probing the oxidative-chemical changes during the oxidation of given lubricating oils.

Inverse Gas Chromatography Used to Study Lubricating Oil Oxidation Mechanism via Changes in Kovats and Flory-Huggins Retention Parameters

Inverse gas chromatographic technique(IGC) was attempted as a new approach to follow the chem-ical changes that occur during lubricating base oil oxidation.Three groups of the oxidized base oils were pre-pared at different oxygen flow rates,periods and temperatures according to IP48method.The corrected reten-tion volumes(VR) were calculated for a series of selected test solutes possessing different functional groups onthe oxidized base oils used as stationary phases.Kovats retention index(I),Flory-Huggins interaction parame-ter(κ1∞,2),and partial molar free energy of solution(ΔGL∞),were calculated for the given test solutes fromtheirVR.The relationships between theIvalues and the oxidation variables were plotted and discussed.Theobtained results were confirmed by potentiometric titration.The study reveals that the magnitudes of variationofI,κ1∞,2orΔG∞Lretention parameters depend on the oxidation degree of the base oil.Large differences be-tween theIvalues permit discrimination between the different oxidation steps.Key words: inverse gas chromatography(IGC);oxidation;lubricating base oil;Kovats retention

Effect of Pd or Ir on the catalytic performance of Mo/H-ZSM-5 during the non-oxidative conversion of natural gas to petrochemicals

Natural gas conversion to petrochemicals, principally, benzene, naphthalene, toluene, as well as ethylene under non-oxidative conditions was examined in a fixed bed flow reactor at 700 ℃ and gaseous hourly space velocity （GHSV） of 1500 ml·g ^-1·h^-1 at time-on-stream ranging from 5 rain to 4 h using catalysts containing 6.0%Mo/H-ZSM-5 promoted with Pd or Ir metal. The catalysts were characterized by XRD, TPD, and TGA. The addition of Pd or Ir to 6%Mo/H-ZSM-5 catalyst promoted ethylene production but inhibited the cyclization reaction to aromatics owing to the strong interaction between these noble metals and the framework Al species, which were attached to the acid sites during the impregnation process. Coke deposition on the catalysts was found to decrease upon addition of 0.5wt% of Pd or Ir to 6%Mo/H-ZSM-5 catalyst owing to the hydrogenating activity of these metals.

Dimethylether production on zeolite catalysts activated by Cl^-,F^- and / or ultrasonication

The chlorinated and fluorinated zeolite catalysts were prepared by the impregnation of zeolites( H-ZSM-5,H-MOR or H-Y) using two halogen precursors( ammonium chloride and ammonium fluoride) in this study. The influence of ultrasonic irradiation was evaluated for optimizing both halogen precursors for production of dimethylether( DME) via methanol dehydration in a fixed bed reactor. The catalysts were characterized by SEM,XRD,BET and NH3-TPD. The reaction conditions were temperatures from 100 to 300 ℃ and a WHSV = 15. 9 h-1. All halogenated catalysts showhigher catalytic activities at all reaction temperatures studied. However, the halogenated zeolite catalysts prepared under ultrasonic irradiation showhigher performance for DME formation. The chlorinated zeolite catalysts show higher activity and selectivity for DME production than the respective fluorinated versions.

Relationships of Surfactant Head Group Weight Fraction and Some Polarity Terms by Gas Chromatography

Polarity, partition coefficient （K）, methanol carbon number of surfactant ((CMeOH)S), and methanol carbon number of surfactant head group ((CMeOH)HG) are measured on six alkanolamides and five polyoxyethylenated long chain amines as stationary phases. From the measured methanol carbon numbers, polarity indices, （IP）S and （IP）HG, are calculated. The determined polarity terms are plotted against the head group weight fraction ( fHG ) of the investigated surfactants and several equations have been developed. The study reveals that the molecular structural gap between alkanolamides and polyoxyethylenated long chain amines diminished when HLB numbers of these surfactant classes are plotted against fHG values. Consequently, a general equation relating HLB and fHG is obtained.

沸石催化甘蔗渣裂解制备多壁碳纳米管

通过催化热解农业废弃物甘蔗渣(SCB),采用两步工艺生产具有显著应用价值的碳纳米管(CNTs)。主要研究沸石催化剂(HZSM-5、HMOR和HY)、热解温度(450−700℃)和SCB/ZSM-5的比例(3−12)对SCB催化热解的影响,确定最佳工艺参数。随后,将第一步产生富含碳的热解产物用于第二步由Co-Mo/MgO催化生长CNTs。通过简单的两步工艺催化热解SCB生产CNTs。SCB的催化热解在半间歇式反应器(外径=4 cm,长度=90 cm)中进行,CNTs的生长在水平反应器(外径=2.5 cm,长度=100 cm)中进行。两个反应器通过玻璃管(直径0.6 cm,长度12 cm)连接并将热解产物从反应器I转移到反应器II。在半间歇式反应器中放入经过预处理的SCB和沸石催化剂,并以20℃/min加热到反应所需温度。随后,将0.5 g Co-Mo/MgO加入到水平反应器中作为CNTs的生长催化剂。在一个典型的实验中,将2 g沸石催化剂、24 g SCB放入半间歇式反应器,研究了不同种类沸石催化剂在500℃温度条件下对SCB热解的影响。接着,使用HZSM-5研究了不同温度(450−700℃)对SCB热解的影响。最后,研究了不同SCB/ZSM-5投料比例(SCB/ZSM-5=3、6、9、12)对SCB热解的影响。此外,水平反应器中的CNTs生长温度恒定为700℃。通过XRD、TPR和TPD进行催化剂表征。XRD谱图证实了催化剂存在MgO和Co_(3)O_(4),以及以小尺寸颗粒形式存在的CoMoO4和MgMoO4。使用XRD数据根据Scherrer方程计算45%Co-5%Mo/MgO催化剂的平均晶粒尺寸为25.8 nm。TPR分析表明,Co-Mo/MgO催化剂是由未反应的Co_(3)O_(4)以及混合氧化物组成。使用XRD数据,计算得到HZSM-5、HMOR和HY的平均晶粒尺寸分别为43、41和51 nm。NH3-TPD分析表明沸石催化剂存在大量的酸性位点。催化热解SCB结果表明,由HY和HZSM-5催化剂在500℃得到的挥发性产品(生物油和气体)的总收率值分别为34.4%和32.8%,而使用HMOR产生的这些挥发性产品的收率值最低(28.8%)。用HZSM-5催化热解SCB获得了最高的炭产量(23.1%)。然而,使用HMOR和HY热解催化剂产生的炭产量值较低,分别为15.8%和9.8%。使用TEM表征通过两步法生产的碳纳米管,并且测量了CNTs的外径。数据显示,用HZSM-5进行SCB热解产生了直径分布范围较宽的CNTs(10−56 nm),而用HMOR和HY热解催化剂则分别获得了直径较窄的CNTs(13−44 nm,12−28 nm)。拉曼光谱分析表明,使用HZSM-5作为SCB热解的催化剂可以生产最优的CNTs。研究了不同热解温度对CNTs产量的影响。结果显示,将热解温度从450℃提高到500℃,炭产率值从6.7%达到最佳值23.1%,接着增加温度至700℃,炭产量下降至16.7%。随后对不同温度下催化热解形成的炭产品进行TEM表征,结果显示,随着温度的升高炭产品中CNTs的比例下降,CNTs的直径范围变窄。拉曼光谱分析结果表明,在500和700℃形成的CNMs具有最少的缺陷。研究了投料比例对炭产品产量的影响,结果表明,SCB/ZSM-5的比例从3提高到12,生物油和气体的总产量从36.4%下降到32.8%,而生物炭的产量分别从63.6%增加到67.2%。根据催化剂的质量计算得到炭产量的最佳值是使用SCB/ZSM-5比例为6。使用TEM表征不同投料比例生产的炭产品,分析表征结果可得SCB/ZSM-5的比例为6,是形成具有良好质量的致密CNTs的最佳选择。并且不同投料比例的拉曼光谱显示,SCB/ZSM-5比例为6可以生产最优的CNTs。沸石类型(HZSM-5、HMOR和HY)、热解温度(450−700℃)和SCB/ZSM-5比例(3−12)影响CNTs和热解产物(气体、生物油和生物炭)的产量。实验结果表明,获得最高CNTs产量的条件为:热解温度为500℃、SCB/ZSM-5比例为6;获得最高生物油和气体总产量(40%)的条件为:热解温度为700℃、SCB/ZSM-5比例为12。TEM分析表明,使用HZSM-5催化剂在热解温度450℃只生成竹节状碳纳米管(BCNTs),而CNTs和碳纳米洋葱(CNO)是在较高温度热解温度(500−700℃)下产生的。使用SCB/ZSM-5的比例为6时,生成CNTs的直径分布范围最大(7−76 nm)。拉曼光谱分析表明,使用SCB/ZSM-5的比例为6时,形成的CNTs最优。该研究显示,在半间歇式反应器中催化热解SCB是生产CNTs的有效技术,通过对工艺和反应器的优化可以达到更好的效果。

Response Surface Modeling of Fuel Rich and Fuel Lean Catalytic Combustion of the Stabilized Confined Turbulent Gaseous Diffusion Flames

The Response Surface Methodology (RSM) has been applied to explore the thermal structure of the experimentally studied catalytic combustion of stabilized confined turbulent gaseous diffusion flames. The Pt/γAl2O3 and Pd/γAl2O3 disc burners were situated in the combustion domain and the experiments were performed under both fuel-rich and fuel-lean conditions at a modified equivalence (fuel/air) ratio (ø) of 0.75 and 0.25 respectively. The thermal structure of these catalytic flames developed over the Pt and Pd disc burners were inspected via measuring the mean temperature profiles in the radial direction at different discrete axial locations along the flames. The RSM considers the effect of the two operating parameters explicitly (r), the radial distance from the center line of the flame, and (x), axial distance along the flame over the disc, on the measured temperature of the flames and finds the predicted maximum temperature and the corresponding process variables. Also the RSM has been employed to elucidate such effects in the three and two dimensions and displays the location of the predicted maximum temperature.

Mineralogical and Physical Characteristics of White Sandstone of Abu Rodeiyim Quarry(Sinai),and its Possible Industrial Utilization

Mineralogical, geochemical, and textural analyses of the white sandstones （Abu Thora Fm.） of Carboniferous in the Abu Rodeiyim region show that they are fluviomarine, well-sorted, highpurity, and high-grade silica SiO2 （average 99.56%）. The results indicate that by simple treatment, the white sandstones can reach a high degree of purity, suitable for different industrial purposes （e.g. manufacture of silicon photovoltaic, crystal, and TV screens, art, and domestic and optical glass）.

PtRe/H-ZSM-5的氢卤化对环己烯转化的影响(英文)

Extended use of supported Pt catalysts causes thermal migration of Pt particles to form large agglomerates,thus decreasing the catalytic activity.The combination of Pt with Re protects Pt against migration.In addition,Cl injection into the reactor assists Pt particles redispersion to prolong catalyst life.In this work,a PtRe/H-ZSM-5 catalyst was treated with either HCl or HF to investigate their role in activating or deactivating the catalyst.The conversion exceeded 90% in the whole temperature range with the PtRe/H-ZSM-5(HCl) catalyst,and its activity for the direct isomerization of cyclohexene to methylcyclopentenes(MCPEs) was the lowest but the activity for the hydrogenation of the MCPEs to methylcyclopentane was the highest.The reactivities of MCPEs and cyclohexadienes on the catalysts were similar because both are dehydrogenation reactions.Benzene production was significantly higher on the hydrochlorinated catalyst than on the other catalysts,and its hydrocracking activity was the lowest,which is a good characteristic for processing catalysts where cracking is undesired.

Designing single-atom catalysts toward improved alkaline hydrogen evolution reaction

Electrochemical water splitting powered by renewables-generated electricity represents a promising approach for green hydrogen production.However,the sluggish kinetics for the hydrogen evolution reaction(HER)under an alkaline medium causes a massive amount of energy losses,hindering large-scale production.Exploring efficient and low-cost catalyst candidates for large-scale H_(2) generation becomes a crucial demand.Single-atom catalysts(SACs)demonstrate great promise for enabling efficient alkaline HER catalysis at maximum atom utilization efficiency.In this review,we provide a comprehensive overview of the recent progress in SACs for the HER application in alkaline environments.The fundamentals of alkaline HER are first introduced,followed by a justification of the need to develop SACs.The rational design of the SACs including the inherent element property,coordination environment,SAC morphology,and SAC mass loading are highlighted.To facilitate the development of SACs for alkaline HER,we further propose the remaining challenges and perspectives in this research field.

Study of the Adsorption Efficiency of an Eco-Friendly Carbohydrate Polymer for Contaminated Aqueous Solution by Organophosphorus Pesticide

The removal of pesticide (ethoprophos) from aqueous solution using a natural biosorbent such as chitosan (CH) prepared from a biopolymer waste obtained from marine industry was studied. The Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X-ray diffraction spectroscopy (XRD) were used to study the structure of the adsorbent. The biosorption studies were carried out under various parameters, such as biosorbent dose, initial pesticide concentration and contact time. The experimental results show that the removal percentage of ethoprophos increased from 85.693% to 89.234%, as adsorbent dose (CH) increased from 0.02 to 0.1 g/100ml. The equilibrium uptake was increased with an increase in the initial pesticide concentration in solution. Biosorption kinetic data were fitted well with the pseudo-second order kinetic model. The experimental isotherms data were analyzed using Freundlich, Langmuir, Temkin and Dubinin-Radushkevich (D-R) isotherm equations. The best fit was obtained by Freundlich isotherm with high correlation coefficients. That the value of energy calculated from the D-R isotherm was 5.56 KJ/mol suggests the adsorption of ethoprophos on Chitosan is physical. All the results indicating CH was chosen as low-cost biosorbent could be applied for the removal of organophosphorous pesticide from aqueous solutions.

Mycogenic Silver Nanoparticles From Endophytic Trichoderma atroviride with Antimicrobial Activity

There is an increasing interest in developing nanoparticles with diverse biologic activities.To this end,we prepared 10 to 15 nm silver nanoparticles(AgNP)from native isolates of Trichoderma atroviride.Within this study,endophytic fungi hosted four medicinal plants in Saint Katherine Protectorate,South Sinai,Egypt have been isolated by surface sterilization technique on four isolation media.Ten species,based on their frequency of occurrence,out of twenty recovered taxa were tested for their capability to synthesize extracellular AgNPs.Trichoderma atroviride hosted Chiliadenus montanus was found to be the best candidate for the production of mycogenic AgNPs among all examined species.The mycosynthesized AgNPs were compared with chemically synthesized and characterized using Ultraviolet-visible(UV-vis)spectroscopy,Raman spectroscopy,X-ray diffraction(XRD)and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy(HRTEM)techniques.The HRTEM result showed the distribution of spherical AgNPs ranging from 10 to 15 nm.Trichoderma atroviride isolate was subjected to sequencing for confirmation of phenotypic identification.The internal transcribed spacer(ITS)1-5.8 s-ITS2 rDNA sequences obtained were compared with those deposited in the GenBank Database and registered with accession number MH283876 in the NCBI Database.Antibacterial,anticandidal and antifungal effects of chemically and mycosynthesized AgNPs were examined at various concentrations in vitro against six pathogenic bacteria and 4 pathogenic fungi by agar well diffusion technique.Standard antibiotics;Gentamicin,Amoxicillin,Clotrimazole,and Nystatin at 5μg/disk were taken as positive controls,while 5%DMSO was used as the negative control.Our data revealed that the application of mycogenic AgNPs at a concentration of 100 ppm resulted in maximum inhibition of pathogenic bacteria and fungi.These data suggest that AgNPs from native isolates of Trichoderma atroviride(MH283876)offer a source of rapid synthesis of eco-friendly,economical biomaterials that show antimicrobial activities.