Utilization of Egyptian Ilmenite Ore for Steel Surface Preparation in Petroleum Field

The construction of gas and oil plants include many items such as steel structures, equipments, piping, tanks and vessels at different conditions such as offshore, onshore, above and underground shall be protected against corrosion by coating. The protective value of a coating system is proportional to the surface preparation;the objectives of the surface preparation are the surface cleanliness and the surface profile of the substrate. The surface preparation is usually achieved by blast cleaning using different types of abrasive. Due to its high hardness and low cost, silica sand has been used extensively for impact abrasion. It is, however, very brittle with most grain disintegrating on impact, causing excessive levels of siliceous dust which is a major health hazard and causes serious environmental pollution. Consequently, it has been banned as impact abrasive material in most countries around the world. Considerable research has been done in the last twenty years to find an impact abrasive material as hard as silica and that respects. So it was important to search for sand substitution among the local abundant minerals in Egypt. Waste product obtained from ilmenite ore extracted from the mine was found to be the most suitable alternative abrasive. This work shows the abrasive types, the occurrence of the ilmenite ore. The chemical properties, physical properties and microscopic examination of the waste were investigated. The obtained result indicates that, the waste product obtained from ilmenite ore can be utilized for abrasion as sand substitution.

Response Surface Modeling of Fuel Rich and Fuel Lean Catalytic Combustion of the Stabilized Confined Turbulent Gaseous Diffusion Flames

The Response Surface Methodology (RSM) has been applied to explore the thermal structure of the experimentally studied catalytic combustion of stabilized confined turbulent gaseous diffusion flames. The Pt/γAl2O3 and Pd/γAl2O3 disc burners were situated in the combustion domain and the experiments were performed under both fuel-rich and fuel-lean conditions at a modified equivalence (fuel/air) ratio (ø) of 0.75 and 0.25 respectively. The thermal structure of these catalytic flames developed over the Pt and Pd disc burners were inspected via measuring the mean temperature profiles in the radial direction at different discrete axial locations along the flames. The RSM considers the effect of the two operating parameters explicitly (r), the radial distance from the center line of the flame, and (x), axial distance along the flame over the disc, on the measured temperature of the flames and finds the predicted maximum temperature and the corresponding process variables. Also the RSM has been employed to elucidate such effects in the three and two dimensions and displays the location of the predicted maximum temperature.

Response Surface Methodology and Artificial Neural Network Methods Comparative Assessment for Fuel Rich and Fuel Lean Catalytic Combustion

Modeling, predictive and generalization capabilities of response surface methodology (RSM) and artificial neural network (ANN) have been performed to assess the thermal structure of the experimentally studied catalytic combustion of stabilized confined turbulent gaseous diffusion flames. The Pt/γAl2O3 and Pd/γAl2O3 disc burners were located in the combustion domain and the experiments were accomplished under both fuel-rich and fuel-lean conditions at a modified equivalence (fuel/air) ratio (ø) of 0.75 and 0.25, respectively. The thermal structure of these catalytic flames developed over the Pt and Pd disc burners was scrutinized via measuring the mean temperature profiles in the radial direction at different discrete axial locations along with the flames. The RSM and ANN methods investigated the effect of the two operating parameters namely (r), the radial distance from the center line of the flame, and (x), axial distance along with the flame over the disc, on the measured temperature of the flames and predicted the corresponding temperatures beside predicting the maximum temperature and the corresponding input process variables. A three-layered Feed Forward Neural Network was developed in conjugation with the hyperbolic tangent sigmoid (tansig) transfer function and an optimized topology of 2:10:1 (input neurons:hidden neurons:output neurons). Also the ANN method has been exploited to illustrate the effects of coded R and X input variables on the response in the three and two dimensions and to locate the predicted maximum temperature. The results indicated the superiority of ANN in the prediction capability as the ranges of & F_Ratio are 0.9181 - 0.9809 & 634.5 - 3528.8 for RSM method compared to 0.9857 - 0.9951 & 7636.4 - 24,028.4 for ANN method beside lower values for error analysis terms.

Bioethanol Production from Rice Straw Enzymatically Saccharified by Fungal Isolates, Trichoderma viride F94 and Aspergillus terreus F98

Egypt faces a high population growth rate nowadays, which demands for an increase in agricultural production efficiency. Consequently, agricultural field residues will increase. Rice straw is one of the main agriculture residues in Egypt. So this study was performed on rice straw as a resource for production of bioethanol. Eight microbial isolates, five yeasts and three fungi were isolated from rice straw. Yeast isolates were selected for their ability to utilize different sugars and cellulose. Chipped and grinded rice straw was subjected to different pretreatment methods physically through steam treatment by autoclaving and different doses of gamma γ irradiation (50 and 70 Mrad). Autoclaved pretreated rice straw was further enzymatically treated throughout solid state fermentation process by different fungal isolates;F68, F94 and F98 producing maximum total reducing sugars of 12.62, 13.58, 17.00 g/L, respectively. Bioethanol production by separate microbial hydrolysis and fermentation (SHF) process of rice straw hydrolysate was performed by the two selected fungal isolates;Trichoderma viride F94 and Aspergillus terreus F98 and two yeast isolates (Y26 and Y39). The two yeast isolates have been identified by 18S, RNA as Candida tropicalis Y26 and Saccharomyces cerevisiae Y39. SHF processes by F94 and Y26 produced 45 gallon/ton rice straw while that of F98 and Y39 produced 50 gallon/ton rice straw.

丝网印刷选择离子电极测定药物试剂中的氢溴酸西酞普兰（英文）

以四硼酸钾（KTpClPB）离子载体（电极V）和西酞普兰磷钨酸（cp-pt）离子对混合物（电极X）作为丝网印刷电极的电活性物质、磷酸三甲苯酯（TCP）作为溶剂中介,制备并表征了一种新型丝网印刷离子选择电极.利用此电极测定药剂中的西酞普兰,在4.90x10-7～1.0x10-2（电极V）和1.0x10-6～ 1.0x10-2 mol/L（电极X）浓度范围内呈一近似-Nernstain响应,斜率分别为60.47x0.80和59.93±1.45 mV/decade,检出限分别为0.49和1.0 μmol/L.电极具有响应快、重复性好、稳定性高（电极V：5个月,电极X,4个月）、宽pH值适应范围（电极V：2 ～9,电极X,2～8）以及良好的选择性等特点,可应用于测定尿液和血清中的西酞普兰.

Innovative surfactant of Gemini-type for dissolution mitigation of steel in pickling HCl medium

A new surfactant of Gemini-type,N,N'-((phthylbis(oxy))bis(ethane-2,1-diyl))bis(N,N-dimethyldodecan-1-aminium bromide)is prepped&confirmed.The dissolution suppression impact of the new compound on steel is performed in 1 mol·L^(-1)HCl environment by means of chemical and electrochemical methods.The prepared surfactant is an agreeable dissolution inhibitor for steel.The mitigation efficacy rises with the quantity of the compound.The surfactant belongs to inhibitors of mixed-type.The adsorption of the synthesized compound followed the Langmuir's model.The negative magnitudes of bothΔG_(ads)^(θ) andΔH^(adsθ)indicate that the adsorption process proceeds from its own accord and exothermic.The mechanism of adsorption is elucidated by scanning microscopy.It is established that the transfer resistance(R_(ct))value rose,where the value of the phase element(CPE)reduced with the amount of synthesized inhibitor.According to the experimental data arrived by surface tension measurements,the prepared compound is a powerful active agent at the air/water boundary.

Comparative Appraisal of Response Surface Methodology and Artificial Neural Network Method for Stabilized Turbulent Confined Jet Diffusion Flames Using Bluff-Body Burners

The present study was conducted to present the comparative modeling, predictive and generalization abilities of response surface methodology (RSM) and artificial neural network (ANN) for the thermal structure of stabilized confined jet diffusion flames in the presence of different geometries of bluff-body burners. Two stabilizer disc burners tapered at 30° and 60° and another frustum cone of 60°/30° inclination angle were employed all having the same diameter of 80 (mm) acting as flame holders. The measured radial mean temperature profiles of the developed stabilized flames at different normalized axial distances (x/dj) were considered as the model example of the physical process. The RSM and ANN methods analyze the effect of the two operating parameters namely (r), the radial distance from the center line of the flame, and (x/dj) on the measured temperature of the flames, to find the predicted maximum temperature and the corresponding process variables. A three-layered Feed Forward Neural Network in conjugation with the hyperbolic tangent sigmoid (tansig) as transfer function and the optimized topology of 2:10:1 (input neurons: hidden neurons: output neurons) was developed. Also the ANN method has been employed to illustrate such effects in the three and two dimensions and shows the location of the predicted maximum temperature. The results indicated the superiority of ANN in the prediction capability as the ranges of R2 and F Ratio are 0.868 - 0.947 and 231.7 - 864.1 for RSM method compared to 0.964 - 0.987 and 2878.8 7580.7 for ANN method beside lower values for error analysis terms.

Investigating the Effect of Various Nanomaterials on the Wettability of Sandstone Reservoir

Wettability is the ability of a fluid to stick to a solid surface in the presence of other immiscible fluids. Wettability alteration is crucial as it affects the amount of oil recovered from a given reservoir. The majority of enhanced oil recovery mechanisms purposefully alter the wettability of the reservoir rock from oil-wet to water-wet;to increase the amount of oil recovered from it. This study investigates the effect of various nanomaterials on the wettability, and particularly the brine phase contact angle, of a sand stone reservoir. The nanomaterials used are Magnesium/Aluminum Layered Double Hydroxide, Silica/Zirconia, and a combination of 80.0% Magnesium/Aluminum Layered Double Hydroxide (Mg/Al-LDH) and 20.0% Silica/Zirconia (Zi/Zr). The results suggest that a concentration of 4.0 g/L of Magnesium/Aluminum Layered Double Hydroxide (Mg/Al-LDH) decreases the brine phase contact angle, in the presence of oil, from 66° to 60° in 0.033 minute as opposed to Silica/Zirconia which increases the brine phase contact angle to 68° in the same time interval. The combination of both nanoparticles results in a decrease of 1.0° in the brine phase contact angle indicating that Silica/Zirconia (Zi/Zr) lowers the efficiency of Magnesium/Aluminum Layered Double Hydroxide’s adsorption to the sandstone surface.

Review on the Estimating the Effective Way for Managing the Produced Water: Case Study

Water manufactured is the primary waste source in the oil and gas industry. Because of the rising amount of waste worldwide, the environmental effect of wastewater has become a primary environmental concern in recent years. The vast amounts involved have resulted in considerable costs to the industry for handling produced water. This research explains the wide variety of choices for water management. This research’s first phase was water minimization techniques, consisting of three different applications made in three different wells (Well 1, Well 2 and Well 3) and water recycling and reuse by two techniques. In Well 1, Mechanical shut-off technique was applied using through tubing bridge plug and 5 m cement dumped above it to isolate the watered out zone;as per water oil ration plot the water cut is decreased from 100% to 4% and the production is increased from 0 to 400 bcpd. In Well 2, Chemical shut-off technique using a polymer called Brightwater has been used to block channeling through high permeability intervals after PLT log detected it, and the result was brilliant, the water cut decreased from 60% to 25%, also the oil production increase from 500 to 3000 bopd. In Well 3, downhole separator installed in it using workover (unfortunately, this technique is not applied in middle east till the moment so this application is taken from an oil field in Canada)and the result was perfect, the water cut decreased from 70% to 28%, also the oil production increase from 44 to 100 bopd. This study tried to clarify and compare the most widely used water management techniques using one of the Western Desert (W.D.) (enhanced for oil recovery, constructed wetland).

Improvement of Asphalt Properties Using Polymethyl Methacrylate

Increasing traffic loading and volumes on roads have led to the use of polymer modified binders to improve the performance of bitumen in terms of strength, durability, and resistance to rutting. This research studies the effect of adding poly methyl methacrylate (PMMA) with different molecular weights on asphalt properties. PMMA polymer was prepared via solution polymerization of MMA using dibenzoyl peroxide (DBPO) as initiator. By controlling the time of reaction, two different molecular weights were obtained: PMMA1 and PMMA2 with Mw 21.000 and 30.000, respectively. The morphological studies of polymer modified binder were discussed. Physical properties of PMMA modified asphalt including penetration value, softening point, and kinematic viscosity at 135°C and 150°C were examined. The aging properties of polymer modified asphalts were examined using thin film oven test (TFOT). A hot storage stability test was carried out for polymer modified binder. Indirect tensile strength (ITS) test and durability performance of modified asphalts were evaluated using Marshall Test. Resilient modulus (RM) test was evaluated using Universal Testing Machine. Results showed that the inclusion of PMMA polymer in asphalt binder has significantly improved its properties. The achieved improvement was found to be dependent on polymer molecular weight. Moreover, the results explained that the compatibility between PMMA and asphalt binder is improved upon further aging especially with low molecular weight polymer (PMMA).

Strain engineering in electrocatalysis:Strategies,characterization,and insights

Strain engineering,as a cutting-edge method for modulating the electronic structure of catalysts,plays a crucial role in regulating the interaction between the catalytic surface and the adsorbed molecules.The electrocatalytic performance is influenced by the electronic structure,which can be achieved by introducing the external forces or stresses to adjust interatomic spacing between surface atoms.The challenges in strain engineering research lie in accurately understanding the mechanical impact of strain on performance.This paper first introduces the basic strategy for generating the strain,summarizes the different strain generation forms and their advantages and disadvantages.The progress in researching the characterization means for the lattice strains and their applications in the field of electrocatalysis is also emphasized.Finally,the challenges of strain engineering are introduced,and an outlook on the future research directions is provided.

Using nanotechnology to prevent fines migration while production

Formation damage due to fines migration is a major reason for well productivity decline for oil and gas wells.Formation fines are small enough to pass through pore throats causing pore plugging and permeability decline.Different factors affect fines migration such as flow rate,salinity,pH value,reservoir temperature and oil polarity,as well as changes in chemical environment induced by Enhanced Oil Recovery(EOR)agents.This paper focuses on the effect of flow rates on fines detachment from the grain surfaces,which causing permeability reduction.As the fluid inside the reservoir moves towards the wellbore,the fluid velocity increases,when the fluid reaches the critical flow rate these fines can be picked up into the fluid.These fines captured by thinner pore throats causing pore plugging and permeability reduction.Different concentrations of nanoparticles were used to fix these fines on their sources and prevent their mobilization at high flow rates.The unique technique used in this study is changing the potential surfaces between fines and grain surfaces to prevent fines movement above the critical flow rate.SiO_(2)and MgO NPs used in this study can be adsorbed on the pore surfaces and reduce the repulsion forces between fines and pore surfaces.SiO_(2) and MgO nanoparticles at different concentrations(0.25,0.50 and 0.75 g/L)were used on treating the Abu-Rawash sandstone reservoir using Formation Damage System Cell FDS-350.The experimental studies showed that using MgO NPs would prevent fines detachment from the pore surfaces and decrease the reduction of permeability at high flow rates more than SiO_(2) NPs.The optimum concentration of MgO NPs was at 0.5 g/L as the permeability remediation at this concentration reaches to 64.83%.