Proximate nutrient composition (crude protein, non-fiber carbohydrates, crude fiber, and ash), fiber fractions (neutral detergent fiber (NDF), acid detergent fiber (ADF), lignin), and both macro (calcium (Ca), phospho...Proximate nutrient composition (crude protein, non-fiber carbohydrates, crude fiber, and ash), fiber fractions (neutral detergent fiber (NDF), acid detergent fiber (ADF), lignin), and both macro (calcium (Ca), phosphorus (P), magnesium (Mg), potassium (K), sodium (Na), and sulfur (S)) and trace (copper (Cu), iron (Fe), manganese (Mn), molybdenum (Mo), and zinc (Zn)) mineral profiles were quantified in mixed pasture samples collected during the wet (n = 8) and dry (n = 15) seasons in north central Uganda. Metabolizable and Net Energy values for dairy production were estimated based on standard calculations, and samples were compared seasonally. Crude fat (p = 0.05) and lignin (p = 0.01) values were lower in the dry compared with the wet season, linked with reduced plant growth. Crude protein (13.0% of dry matter (DM)), fiber fractions, and calculated energy content did not vary seasonally in this data set, and reflected chemical components of a grass-dominated system that appeared energetically limiting for production livestock. Mineral constituents varied more dramatically by season, with Ca, Mg, Cu, and Mn lower (all 0.05) and K higher in the dry season. Sodium was deficient in these pastures, whereas Ca, P, Mg, S, Cu, and Zn concentrations may have been only marginally sufficient, particularly to meet needs for lactation, dependent on season. These limited data suggest that a high-energy mineral supplement may prove beneficial in meeting nutritional and production needs of multiple grazing ruminant species in this region, particularly during dry seasons.展开更多
Gum is a widely available carbohydrate,composed mainly of non-digestible structural carbohydrates.No mammalian enzymes can digest gum;therefore,a mammal ingesting gum must rely on microbial fermentation to access the ...Gum is a widely available carbohydrate,composed mainly of non-digestible structural carbohydrates.No mammalian enzymes can digest gum;therefore,a mammal ingesting gum must rely on microbial fermentation to access the energy it possesses.Gums are relatively nutrient poor.Despite this,some mammals have evolved to exploit this food resource.We aim to review the literature for all mammal species which have been recorded to ingest gum,whether quantified or not,and discuss this in the context of their evolutionary adaptations.We also investigated the recommended captive diets for these species to look at whether gum is recommended.We conducted a literature search on ISI Web of Knowledge to tabulate all mammal species observed ingesting gum and classified them as obligate,facultative or opportunistic feeders.We encountered 94 mammal species that eat gum in the wild(27 obligate feeders,34 facultative feeders and 33 opportunistic feeders).Obligate feeders have entirely evolved to exploit this resource but were found to not be given gum in captivity,which may explain why they are failing to thrive,as opposed to facultative feeders,which have fewer issues.Gum may be necessary for the health of obligate feeders in captivity.Future research should focus on the physiological effects that gum ingestion poses on different digestive systems.展开更多
文摘Proximate nutrient composition (crude protein, non-fiber carbohydrates, crude fiber, and ash), fiber fractions (neutral detergent fiber (NDF), acid detergent fiber (ADF), lignin), and both macro (calcium (Ca), phosphorus (P), magnesium (Mg), potassium (K), sodium (Na), and sulfur (S)) and trace (copper (Cu), iron (Fe), manganese (Mn), molybdenum (Mo), and zinc (Zn)) mineral profiles were quantified in mixed pasture samples collected during the wet (n = 8) and dry (n = 15) seasons in north central Uganda. Metabolizable and Net Energy values for dairy production were estimated based on standard calculations, and samples were compared seasonally. Crude fat (p = 0.05) and lignin (p = 0.01) values were lower in the dry compared with the wet season, linked with reduced plant growth. Crude protein (13.0% of dry matter (DM)), fiber fractions, and calculated energy content did not vary seasonally in this data set, and reflected chemical components of a grass-dominated system that appeared energetically limiting for production livestock. Mineral constituents varied more dramatically by season, with Ca, Mg, Cu, and Mn lower (all 0.05) and K higher in the dry season. Sodium was deficient in these pastures, whereas Ca, P, Mg, S, Cu, and Zn concentrations may have been only marginally sufficient, particularly to meet needs for lactation, dependent on season. These limited data suggest that a high-energy mineral supplement may prove beneficial in meeting nutritional and production needs of multiple grazing ruminant species in this region, particularly during dry seasons.
基金We would like to thank the Longleat Safari and Adventure Park,the Whitley Wildlife Conservation Trust,the Primate Society of Great Britain and the International Primatological Society Captive Care Working party,the Nacey Maggioncalda Foundation,the University’s Federation for Animal Welfare,National Geographic(GEFNE101-13),the People’s Trust for Endangered Species,the Disney Worldwide Conservation Fund,Colombus Zoo,the Phoenix Zoo,the Cleveland Zoo and Zoo Society,the Shaldon Wildlife Trust,the Shepreth Wildlife Park,the Sophie Danforth Foundation,the Conservation International Primate Action Fund,and Mazuri Zoo Feeds for their funding support with various elements of this ongoing research.We are also thankful to Dr J.G.Lee and to 3 anonymous reviewers for improving the quality of the manuscript.
文摘Gum is a widely available carbohydrate,composed mainly of non-digestible structural carbohydrates.No mammalian enzymes can digest gum;therefore,a mammal ingesting gum must rely on microbial fermentation to access the energy it possesses.Gums are relatively nutrient poor.Despite this,some mammals have evolved to exploit this food resource.We aim to review the literature for all mammal species which have been recorded to ingest gum,whether quantified or not,and discuss this in the context of their evolutionary adaptations.We also investigated the recommended captive diets for these species to look at whether gum is recommended.We conducted a literature search on ISI Web of Knowledge to tabulate all mammal species observed ingesting gum and classified them as obligate,facultative or opportunistic feeders.We encountered 94 mammal species that eat gum in the wild(27 obligate feeders,34 facultative feeders and 33 opportunistic feeders).Obligate feeders have entirely evolved to exploit this resource but were found to not be given gum in captivity,which may explain why they are failing to thrive,as opposed to facultative feeders,which have fewer issues.Gum may be necessary for the health of obligate feeders in captivity.Future research should focus on the physiological effects that gum ingestion poses on different digestive systems.
