The ultimate goal of tissue engineering is to design and fabricate functional human tissues that are similar to natural cells and are capable of regeneration.Preparation of cell aggregates is one of the important step...The ultimate goal of tissue engineering is to design and fabricate functional human tissues that are similar to natural cells and are capable of regeneration.Preparation of cell aggregates is one of the important steps in 3D tissue engineering technology,particularly in organ printing.Two simple methods,hanging drop(HD)and conical tube(CT)were utilized to prepare cell aggregates.The size and viability of the aggregates obtained at different initial cell densities and pre-culture duration were compared.The proliferative ability of the cell aggregates and their ability to spread in culture plates were also investigated.In both methods,the optimum average size of the aggregates was less than 500μm.CT aggregates were smaller than HD aggregates.5,000 cells per drop HD aggregates showed a marked ability to attach and spread on the culture surface.The proliferative ability reduced when the initial cell density was increased.Comparing these methods,we found that the HD method having better size controlling ability as well as enhanced ability to maintain higher rates of viability,spreading,and proliferation.In conclusion,smaller HD aggregates might be a suitable choice as building blocks for making bioink particles in bioprinting technique.展开更多
The etiology of inflammatory bowel disease(IBD) is not yet known,but many factors such as defects in the immune system,oxidative stress,microbial content in the gastrointestinal tract,nuclear factor(NF)-κB,nitric oxi...The etiology of inflammatory bowel disease(IBD) is not yet known,but many factors such as defects in the immune system,oxidative stress,microbial content in the gastrointestinal tract,nuclear factor(NF)-κB,nitric oxide(NO),cyclooxygenase-2(Cox-2),and leukotriene B4(LB4) are thought to play a role in its pathogenesis.In traditional Iranian medicine(TIM),several medicinal plants are thought to be effective for the treatment of IBD.In this study,information on all of these remedies were derived from all available old sources such as documents or notes and books and were added to the information derived from modern medical databases covering all in vitro,in vivo and clinical trials.For some of these plants,only one or two mechanisms of action have been found such as in Cassia fistula,Lepidium sativum,and Bunium persicum.However,for some plants various mechanisms of action are known.For example,Commiphora mukul is effective in IBD due to its immunomodulatory,antioxidant,and antibacterial properties and it decreases NF-κB,NO and Cox-2.Another herb,Plantago ovata,has immunomodulatory,antioxidant,anti-inflammatory and wound healing activities and decreases NO and LB4.Considering the mechanisms of action of these plants,the combination of some of them may be useful because of their many mechanisms of action such as Pistacia lentiscus,Bunium persicum,Solanum nigrum,Plantago ovata,Boswellia,Solanum nigrum,Plantago ovata and Commiphora mukul.For some of the herbal products used in TIM such as oleogum resin from Commiphora myrrha,seeds of Ocimum basilicum,seeds of Linum usitatissimum,gum resin of Dracaena cinnabari,seeds of Plantago major,seeds of Lallementia royleana,and seeds of Allium porrum,there is no or not enough studies to confirm their benefits in IBD.It is suggested that an evaluation of the effects of these plants on different aspects of IBD should be performed.展开更多
Several drugs are used in the treatment of irritable bowel syndrome （IBS） but all have side effects and variable efficacy. Considering the role of the gut-brain axis, immune, neural, and endocrine pathways in the pa...Several drugs are used in the treatment of irritable bowel syndrome （IBS） but all have side effects and variable efficacy. Considering the role of the gut-brain axis, immune, neural, and endocrine pathways in the patho- genesis of IBS and possible beneficial effects of benzodiazepines （BZD） in this axis, the present systematic review focuses on the efficacy of BZD receptor modulators in human IBS. For the years 1966 to February 2011, all literature was searched for any articles on the use of BZD receptor modulators and IBS. After thorough evaluation and omission of duplicate data, 10 out of 69 articles were included. BZD receptor modulators can be helpful, especially in the diarrhea-dominant form of IBS, by affecting the inflammatory, neural, and psychologic pathways, however, controversies still exist. Recently, a new BZD receptor modulator, dextofisoparn was synthesized and studied in human subjects, but the studies are limited to phase 11 b clinical trials. None of the existing trials considered the neuroimmunomodulatory effect of BZDs in IBS, but bearing in mind the concentration- dependent effect of BZDs on cytokines and cell proliferation, future studies using pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic approaches are highly recommended.展开更多
Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is a functional gut disorder with high prevalence.Because of various factors involved in its pathophysiology and disappointing results from conventional IBS medications,the treatment of ...Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is a functional gut disorder with high prevalence.Because of various factors involved in its pathophysiology and disappointing results from conventional IBS medications,the treatment of IBS is challenging and use of complementary and alternative medicines especially herbal therapies is increasing.In this paper,electronic databases including PubMed,Scopus,and Cochrane library were searched to obtain any in vitro,in vivo or human studies evaluating single or compound herbal preparations in the management of IBS.One in vitro,3 in vivo and 23 human studies were included and systematically reviewed.The majority of studies are about essential oil of Menta piperita as a single preparation and STW 5 as a compound preparation.Some evaluated herbs such as Curcuma xanthorriza and Fumaria officinalis did not demonstrate any benefits in IBS.However,it seems there are many other herbal preparations such as those proposed in traditional medicine of different countries that could be studied and investigated for their efficacy in management of IBS.展开更多
Background:This study aimed to determine for the fi rst time the age-and gender-specific reference intervals for biomarkers of bone,metabolism,nutrition,and obesity in a nationally representative sample of the Iranian...Background:This study aimed to determine for the fi rst time the age-and gender-specific reference intervals for biomarkers of bone,metabolism,nutrition,and obesity in a nationally representative sample of the Iranian children and adolescents.Methods:We assessed the data of blood samples obtained from healthy Iranian children and adolescents,aged 7 to 19 years.The reference intervals of glucose,lipid profile,liver enzymes,zinc,copper,chromium,magnesium,and 25-hydroxy vitamin D[25(OH)D]were determined according to the Clinical&Laboratory Standards Institute C28-A3 guidelines.The reference intervals were partitioned using the Harris–Boyd method according to age and gender.Results:The study population consisted of 4800 school students(50%boys,mean age of 13.8 years).Twelve chemistry analyses were partitioned by age and gender,displaying the range of results between the 2.5th to 97.5th percentiles.Significant differences existed only between boys and girls at 18 to 19 years of age for low density lipoprotein-cholesterol.25(OH)D had the only reference interval that was similar to all age groups and both sexes.Conclusions:This study presented the first national database of reference intervals for a number of biochemical markers in Iranian children and adolescents.It is the fi rst report of its kind from the Middle East and North Africa.The fi ndings underscore the importance of providing reference intervals in different ethnicities and in various regions.展开更多
Background Dipeptidyl peptidase-lV （DPP-4） inhibitors are now used to improve postprandial glycemic control in type 2 diabetes. However, their effects on hepatic glucose production （HGP） in obesity are not clear. ...Background Dipeptidyl peptidase-lV （DPP-4） inhibitors are now used to improve postprandial glycemic control in type 2 diabetes. However, their effects on hepatic glucose production （HGP） in obesity are not clear. This study was designed to test the hypothesis that gluconeogenesis and HGP can be modulated by DPP-4 inhibitors in obesity. Methods Sprague Dawley male rats were divided into four groups, each on a different diet： general rat chow, n=10 （G）; G＋sitagliptin, n=10; high fat chow （obesity）, n=10 （55% fat calories, HFO）; HFO＋sitagliptin, n=10. After 10 weeks, the rats were fasted overnight and glucose metabolism was determined using 3-3H-glucose and 14C-glycerol as tracers. Results Glycerol rate of appearance （P 〈0.00001）, plasma glycerol （P 〈0.05） and free fatty acid （FFA） （P 〈0.05） concentrations, and HGP （P 〈0.05） were decreased in HFO＋sitagliptin group compared with HFO group, but there was no significant difference between G and G＋sitagliptin groups （P 〉0.05）. Gluconeogenesis in HFO group was five times of that in G rats （P 〈0.01）, but was significantly declined in HFO＋sitagliptin group （P 〈0.0001）. Conclusions Gluconeogenesis and HGP were inhibited by sitagliptin in high fat-induced obese rats due to decreased glycerol availability, which was a result of reduced glycerol release from adipose tissues. The finding suggests that sitagliptin is potentially useful for controlling fasting glucose in obesity, thereby delaying or preventing the development of diabetes.展开更多
Background Lymphocyte function and homeostasis is associated with immune defence to infection.Apoptosis of lymphocytes might be a considerably important component which has an impact on immunity to infections in peopl...Background Lymphocyte function and homeostasis is associated with immune defence to infection.Apoptosis of lymphocytes might be a considerably important component which has an impact on immunity to infections in people with hyperglycemia.The aim of this study was to explore the mitochondrial apoptosis pathway of lymphocyte in diabetic patients.Methods Sixty patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and fifty healthy volunteers were included in this study.Annexin V and propidiumiodide （Pl） were joined in the isolated lymphocytes and the rate of lymphocyte apoptosis was calculated with flow cytometry.Observation of the lymphocytes was done using transmission electron microscopy; mitochondria had been extracted and then mitochondrial membrane potential （MMP） was detected to assess mitochondrial function; the mRNA level of Bcl-2,cytochrome c （Cyt-C）,caspase-9 and caspase-3 were analyzed by real-time reverse transcriptionpolymerase chain reaction （RT-PCR）.Results Apoptosis rate of lymphocyte was significantly higher in diabetic group than that in normal control group （P ＜0.05）.Transmission electron microscopy showed lymphocyte shrinkage and breakage,chromatin condensation and less mitochondria; a fall in MMP levels was also evident; Bcl-2 concentration was reduced and the expressions of caspase-9,caspase-3 and Cyt-C were elevated （P ＜0.05） in diabetic patients.Conclusions The rate of lymphocyte apoptosis was significantly higher in type 2 diabetic patients than that in normal population.Mitochondrial apoptosis pathway may play a very important role in decreasing function of lymphocyte in diabetes.展开更多
基金funded by a grant provided from Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center,Tehran University of Medical Sciences.
文摘The ultimate goal of tissue engineering is to design and fabricate functional human tissues that are similar to natural cells and are capable of regeneration.Preparation of cell aggregates is one of the important steps in 3D tissue engineering technology,particularly in organ printing.Two simple methods,hanging drop(HD)and conical tube(CT)were utilized to prepare cell aggregates.The size and viability of the aggregates obtained at different initial cell densities and pre-culture duration were compared.The proliferative ability of the cell aggregates and their ability to spread in culture plates were also investigated.In both methods,the optimum average size of the aggregates was less than 500μm.CT aggregates were smaller than HD aggregates.5,000 cells per drop HD aggregates showed a marked ability to attach and spread on the culture surface.The proliferative ability reduced when the initial cell density was increased.Comparing these methods,we found that the HD method having better size controlling ability as well as enhanced ability to maintain higher rates of viability,spreading,and proliferation.In conclusion,smaller HD aggregates might be a suitable choice as building blocks for making bioink particles in bioprinting technique.
文摘The etiology of inflammatory bowel disease(IBD) is not yet known,but many factors such as defects in the immune system,oxidative stress,microbial content in the gastrointestinal tract,nuclear factor(NF)-κB,nitric oxide(NO),cyclooxygenase-2(Cox-2),and leukotriene B4(LB4) are thought to play a role in its pathogenesis.In traditional Iranian medicine(TIM),several medicinal plants are thought to be effective for the treatment of IBD.In this study,information on all of these remedies were derived from all available old sources such as documents or notes and books and were added to the information derived from modern medical databases covering all in vitro,in vivo and clinical trials.For some of these plants,only one or two mechanisms of action have been found such as in Cassia fistula,Lepidium sativum,and Bunium persicum.However,for some plants various mechanisms of action are known.For example,Commiphora mukul is effective in IBD due to its immunomodulatory,antioxidant,and antibacterial properties and it decreases NF-κB,NO and Cox-2.Another herb,Plantago ovata,has immunomodulatory,antioxidant,anti-inflammatory and wound healing activities and decreases NO and LB4.Considering the mechanisms of action of these plants,the combination of some of them may be useful because of their many mechanisms of action such as Pistacia lentiscus,Bunium persicum,Solanum nigrum,Plantago ovata,Boswellia,Solanum nigrum,Plantago ovata and Commiphora mukul.For some of the herbal products used in TIM such as oleogum resin from Commiphora myrrha,seeds of Ocimum basilicum,seeds of Linum usitatissimum,gum resin of Dracaena cinnabari,seeds of Plantago major,seeds of Lallementia royleana,and seeds of Allium porrum,there is no or not enough studies to confirm their benefits in IBD.It is suggested that an evaluation of the effects of these plants on different aspects of IBD should be performed.
文摘Several drugs are used in the treatment of irritable bowel syndrome （IBS） but all have side effects and variable efficacy. Considering the role of the gut-brain axis, immune, neural, and endocrine pathways in the patho- genesis of IBS and possible beneficial effects of benzodiazepines （BZD） in this axis, the present systematic review focuses on the efficacy of BZD receptor modulators in human IBS. For the years 1966 to February 2011, all literature was searched for any articles on the use of BZD receptor modulators and IBS. After thorough evaluation and omission of duplicate data, 10 out of 69 articles were included. BZD receptor modulators can be helpful, especially in the diarrhea-dominant form of IBS, by affecting the inflammatory, neural, and psychologic pathways, however, controversies still exist. Recently, a new BZD receptor modulator, dextofisoparn was synthesized and studied in human subjects, but the studies are limited to phase 11 b clinical trials. None of the existing trials considered the neuroimmunomodulatory effect of BZDs in IBS, but bearing in mind the concentration- dependent effect of BZDs on cytokines and cell proliferation, future studies using pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic approaches are highly recommended.
文摘Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is a functional gut disorder with high prevalence.Because of various factors involved in its pathophysiology and disappointing results from conventional IBS medications,the treatment of IBS is challenging and use of complementary and alternative medicines especially herbal therapies is increasing.In this paper,electronic databases including PubMed,Scopus,and Cochrane library were searched to obtain any in vitro,in vivo or human studies evaluating single or compound herbal preparations in the management of IBS.One in vitro,3 in vivo and 23 human studies were included and systematically reviewed.The majority of studies are about essential oil of Menta piperita as a single preparation and STW 5 as a compound preparation.Some evaluated herbs such as Curcuma xanthorriza and Fumaria officinalis did not demonstrate any benefits in IBS.However,it seems there are many other herbal preparations such as those proposed in traditional medicine of different countries that could be studied and investigated for their efficacy in management of IBS.
基金This study was approved by the Isfahan University of Medical Sciences(No.293214).
文摘Background:This study aimed to determine for the fi rst time the age-and gender-specific reference intervals for biomarkers of bone,metabolism,nutrition,and obesity in a nationally representative sample of the Iranian children and adolescents.Methods:We assessed the data of blood samples obtained from healthy Iranian children and adolescents,aged 7 to 19 years.The reference intervals of glucose,lipid profile,liver enzymes,zinc,copper,chromium,magnesium,and 25-hydroxy vitamin D[25(OH)D]were determined according to the Clinical&Laboratory Standards Institute C28-A3 guidelines.The reference intervals were partitioned using the Harris–Boyd method according to age and gender.Results:The study population consisted of 4800 school students(50%boys,mean age of 13.8 years).Twelve chemistry analyses were partitioned by age and gender,displaying the range of results between the 2.5th to 97.5th percentiles.Significant differences existed only between boys and girls at 18 to 19 years of age for low density lipoprotein-cholesterol.25(OH)D had the only reference interval that was similar to all age groups and both sexes.Conclusions:This study presented the first national database of reference intervals for a number of biochemical markers in Iranian children and adolescents.It is the fi rst report of its kind from the Middle East and North Africa.The fi ndings underscore the importance of providing reference intervals in different ethnicities and in various regions.
文摘Background Dipeptidyl peptidase-lV （DPP-4） inhibitors are now used to improve postprandial glycemic control in type 2 diabetes. However, their effects on hepatic glucose production （HGP） in obesity are not clear. This study was designed to test the hypothesis that gluconeogenesis and HGP can be modulated by DPP-4 inhibitors in obesity. Methods Sprague Dawley male rats were divided into four groups, each on a different diet： general rat chow, n=10 （G）; G＋sitagliptin, n=10; high fat chow （obesity）, n=10 （55% fat calories, HFO）; HFO＋sitagliptin, n=10. After 10 weeks, the rats were fasted overnight and glucose metabolism was determined using 3-3H-glucose and 14C-glycerol as tracers. Results Glycerol rate of appearance （P 〈0.00001）, plasma glycerol （P 〈0.05） and free fatty acid （FFA） （P 〈0.05） concentrations, and HGP （P 〈0.05） were decreased in HFO＋sitagliptin group compared with HFO group, but there was no significant difference between G and G＋sitagliptin groups （P 〉0.05）. Gluconeogenesis in HFO group was five times of that in G rats （P 〈0.01）, but was significantly declined in HFO＋sitagliptin group （P 〈0.0001）. Conclusions Gluconeogenesis and HGP were inhibited by sitagliptin in high fat-induced obese rats due to decreased glycerol availability, which was a result of reduced glycerol release from adipose tissues. The finding suggests that sitagliptin is potentially useful for controlling fasting glucose in obesity, thereby delaying or preventing the development of diabetes.
基金This study was supported by grants from the National Natural Science Foundation of China （Nos. 81070677 and 81270885）, the National Basic Research Program of China （973 Program, No. 2012CB524900） and Science and Technology Commission of Shanghai Municipality （No. 10JC 1409000）.Acknowledgements： We thank Miss Simkute Vesta from Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism of Imperial College London. We would like to thank our chief nurse Zhu Chunfang who gave us a lot of help in specimen collection.
文摘Background Lymphocyte function and homeostasis is associated with immune defence to infection.Apoptosis of lymphocytes might be a considerably important component which has an impact on immunity to infections in people with hyperglycemia.The aim of this study was to explore the mitochondrial apoptosis pathway of lymphocyte in diabetic patients.Methods Sixty patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and fifty healthy volunteers were included in this study.Annexin V and propidiumiodide （Pl） were joined in the isolated lymphocytes and the rate of lymphocyte apoptosis was calculated with flow cytometry.Observation of the lymphocytes was done using transmission electron microscopy; mitochondria had been extracted and then mitochondrial membrane potential （MMP） was detected to assess mitochondrial function; the mRNA level of Bcl-2,cytochrome c （Cyt-C）,caspase-9 and caspase-3 were analyzed by real-time reverse transcriptionpolymerase chain reaction （RT-PCR）.Results Apoptosis rate of lymphocyte was significantly higher in diabetic group than that in normal control group （P ＜0.05）.Transmission electron microscopy showed lymphocyte shrinkage and breakage,chromatin condensation and less mitochondria; a fall in MMP levels was also evident; Bcl-2 concentration was reduced and the expressions of caspase-9,caspase-3 and Cyt-C were elevated （P ＜0.05） in diabetic patients.Conclusions The rate of lymphocyte apoptosis was significantly higher in type 2 diabetic patients than that in normal population.Mitochondrial apoptosis pathway may play a very important role in decreasing function of lymphocyte in diabetes.
