Egypt suffers from the impacts of climate change. Adaption plans should solve the shortage in water resources and increase the use of renewable energy. Detailed data on rainfall as non conventional water and detailed ...Egypt suffers from the impacts of climate change. Adaption plans should solve the shortage in water resources and increase the use of renewable energy. Detailed data on rainfall as non conventional water and detailed data on potential renewable energy are important. The added value of this research is to investigate the suitability of satellite data locally in North Sinai in Egypt. The Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) satellites and available data from ground rain gauges are studied at North Sinai of Egypt. Local multiplication factors and correlation equations on a monthly basis were developed based on short term historical data. General equation based on short term data was developed to enhance TRMM data for the rainy season to minimize spatial and temporal errors. This equation would be very useful, especially in the ungauged areas in North Sinai to adjust TRMM rainfall data. TRMM data are spatially distributed, so it enhances the hydrology models for runoff estimation. This runoff could be used as non conventional water resource. The runoff was estimated in the RasSudr area in the 2010 storm to be 3.6 (m3/s). The hydropower of this runoff was estimated and ranged from 15,135 to 57,352 (kWh). The solar energy is studied from (NASA) satellite data. The monthly averaged solar energy was estimated to get possible generated power from the solar panel at locations of rainfall ground stations. The generated solar energy would supply self-sufficient energy for ground stations measuring instruments rather than batteries. The results show that a small solar panel project of 200 (m2) could safe electric network power by generating about 20,385 (kWh/year). The results of this study could help in enhancing adapting plans for climate change and runoff estimation model that needs grid data, especially in the area lacking ground data.展开更多
It has been reported that trivalent cerium salts are effective inhibitors for corrosion of AA2024-T3 in neutral to alkaline co rrosive enviro nments,but poor in acidic environments.In this study,work was done for exte...It has been reported that trivalent cerium salts are effective inhibitors for corrosion of AA2024-T3 in neutral to alkaline co rrosive enviro nments,but poor in acidic environments.In this study,work was done for extending corrosion resistance provided by Ce(NO_(3))_(3)to acidic pHs as low as 2.5 through the addition of iodide ions.To this end,potentiodynamic polarization was used to ascertain the optimum Ce(Ⅲ)concentration for the inhibition of AA2024-T3 corrosion in 3.5%NaCl solution.This optimum concentration is found to be in a range between 0.1 and 0.3 mmol/L Ce(Ⅲ).This optimum concentration also gives a maximum width of the passive region under the pitting potential(Epit).Based on this optimization,further work was performed as a function of pH without and in the presence of 0.01 mol/L KI at five pH values(2.5,4,5,7,and 8).Without iodide the best inhibition provided by the Ce(Ⅲ)cation is at pH=7 but active corrosion is observed at pH=2.5 with an estimated inhibitor efficiency(-37.6%).The addition of iodide ions(I^(-))reverses the poor corrosion resistance whereby the inhibitor efficiency becomes 47.7%.Moreover,at pH=4 the efficiency is also increased from 54.0%to 81.0%with iodide addition providing a significant improvement over Ce(Ⅲ)cations alone under acidic conditions.There is a synergistic effect between I-anion and Ce(Ⅲ)cation,which is determined to be 2.4 and 2.1 at pH=2.5and 4.0,respectively.At pH=5 and 7 there is virtually no change in inhibition but at pH=8 the inhibition falls away due to a considerable amount of cerium precipitating out of solution as cerium carbonate.The protective film formed on sites in the aluminium alloy surface at different pH values was examined by both scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive X-ray analysis and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy to determine the role of these ions as a function of pH in surface inhibition.It is proposed that at pH=2.5 protection is provided by a bilayer adsorption of iodide with"capping"cerium ions,but at pH=4 protection occurs through precipitate formation on active cathodes thereby shutting down the oxygen reduction reaction.展开更多
文摘Egypt suffers from the impacts of climate change. Adaption plans should solve the shortage in water resources and increase the use of renewable energy. Detailed data on rainfall as non conventional water and detailed data on potential renewable energy are important. The added value of this research is to investigate the suitability of satellite data locally in North Sinai in Egypt. The Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) satellites and available data from ground rain gauges are studied at North Sinai of Egypt. Local multiplication factors and correlation equations on a monthly basis were developed based on short term historical data. General equation based on short term data was developed to enhance TRMM data for the rainy season to minimize spatial and temporal errors. This equation would be very useful, especially in the ungauged areas in North Sinai to adjust TRMM rainfall data. TRMM data are spatially distributed, so it enhances the hydrology models for runoff estimation. This runoff could be used as non conventional water resource. The runoff was estimated in the RasSudr area in the 2010 storm to be 3.6 (m3/s). The hydropower of this runoff was estimated and ranged from 15,135 to 57,352 (kWh). The solar energy is studied from (NASA) satellite data. The monthly averaged solar energy was estimated to get possible generated power from the solar panel at locations of rainfall ground stations. The generated solar energy would supply self-sufficient energy for ground stations measuring instruments rather than batteries. The results show that a small solar panel project of 200 (m2) could safe electric network power by generating about 20,385 (kWh/year). The results of this study could help in enhancing adapting plans for climate change and runoff estimation model that needs grid data, especially in the area lacking ground data.
文摘It has been reported that trivalent cerium salts are effective inhibitors for corrosion of AA2024-T3 in neutral to alkaline co rrosive enviro nments,but poor in acidic environments.In this study,work was done for extending corrosion resistance provided by Ce(NO_(3))_(3)to acidic pHs as low as 2.5 through the addition of iodide ions.To this end,potentiodynamic polarization was used to ascertain the optimum Ce(Ⅲ)concentration for the inhibition of AA2024-T3 corrosion in 3.5%NaCl solution.This optimum concentration is found to be in a range between 0.1 and 0.3 mmol/L Ce(Ⅲ).This optimum concentration also gives a maximum width of the passive region under the pitting potential(Epit).Based on this optimization,further work was performed as a function of pH without and in the presence of 0.01 mol/L KI at five pH values(2.5,4,5,7,and 8).Without iodide the best inhibition provided by the Ce(Ⅲ)cation is at pH=7 but active corrosion is observed at pH=2.5 with an estimated inhibitor efficiency(-37.6%).The addition of iodide ions(I^(-))reverses the poor corrosion resistance whereby the inhibitor efficiency becomes 47.7%.Moreover,at pH=4 the efficiency is also increased from 54.0%to 81.0%with iodide addition providing a significant improvement over Ce(Ⅲ)cations alone under acidic conditions.There is a synergistic effect between I-anion and Ce(Ⅲ)cation,which is determined to be 2.4 and 2.1 at pH=2.5and 4.0,respectively.At pH=5 and 7 there is virtually no change in inhibition but at pH=8 the inhibition falls away due to a considerable amount of cerium precipitating out of solution as cerium carbonate.The protective film formed on sites in the aluminium alloy surface at different pH values was examined by both scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive X-ray analysis and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy to determine the role of these ions as a function of pH in surface inhibition.It is proposed that at pH=2.5 protection is provided by a bilayer adsorption of iodide with"capping"cerium ions,but at pH=4 protection occurs through precipitate formation on active cathodes thereby shutting down the oxygen reduction reaction.
