A Review of Development of Environmental Protection Information during the 12^(th) Five-Year Plan Period and Its Outlook

During the 12^(th)Five-Year Plan period,the environmental protection information work made remarkable achievements,and the construction of nationwide air quality monitoring network was completed; the trinitarian monitoring system was established,and environmental emergency command ability enhanced significantly. However,the issues of " information island" and " application silo" are still outstanding,and the application and promotion of new technologies make slow progress; the capacity of information system to support environmental protection business is insufficient,and there is no capacity for decision analysis. In the 13^(th)Five-Year Plan period,it is needed to strengthen the application and promotion of new technologies such as cloud computing,big data,Internet of Things,and spatial information,mainly construct and improve " Cloud Computing Based Environmental Protection( CCBEP) ", " big data platform of ecological environment",and then realize the core objective of improving environmental quality.

Integrated Evaluation of Ecological Security at Different Scales Using Remote Sensing: A Case Study of Zhongxian County, the Three Gorges Area, China

Based on related literature and this research, an ecological security evaluation from the pixel scale to the small watershed or county scale was presented using remote sensing data and related models. With the driver-pressure, state and exposure to pollution-response (DPSER) model as a basis, a conceptual framework of regional ecological evaluation and an index system were established. The extraction and standardization of evaluation indices were carried out with GIS techniques, an information extraction model and a data standardization model. The conversion of regional ecological security results from the pixel scale to a small watershed or county scale was obtained with an evaluation model and a scaling model. Two conceptual scale conversion models of regional ecological security from the pixel scale to the county scale were proposed: 1) scale conversion of ecological security regime results from pixel to small watershed; and 2) scale conversion from pixel to county. These research results could provide useful ideas for regional ecological security evaluation as well as ecological and environmental management.

Spatial-temporal Evolution Pattern of Agricultural Productivity in Northwestern Sichuan Plateau

Currently,the agricultural growth in developed countries mainly relies on the improvement of productivity,which is also the target for China.Accordingly,the purpose of this study was to describe the spatial-temporal evolution pattern of agricultural productivity,to reveal changes in total factor productivity in 2000-2010,and analyze the impact of these changes in northwestern Sichuan plateau,China.Using data envelopment analysis(DEA) and the Malmquist Index,an in-depth study was conducted on agricultural productivity and changes in total factor productivity of 31 counties in northwestern Sichuan plateau.Results indicated that:(1) geographically,counties with optimal efficiency were mainly located in the north of northwestern Sichuan plateau and those with the lowest efficiency,in the south;(2) relative to pure technical efficiency,scale efficiency was the dominant factor in determining agricultural productivity;(3) the redundancy rate of input factors in 2010 was slightly lower than that in 2000,thereby indicating an improved utilization of input factors to a certain extent and a great potential for further improving such utilization;(4) during the 2000-2010 period,the agricultural total factor productivity had an average annual growth rate of 8.3%,but the growth rates in various regions differed widely;(5) technical progress was the dominant factor promoting the improvement of total factor productivity in agriculture.The disparities in spatial distribution may be due to the differences of natural conditions,former level agricultural productivity between counties.The findings are valuable for the government to make sustainable development policies for agriculture and improving agricultural development in northwestern Sichuan plateau.

Interannual Variation of Tropical Night Frequency in Beijing and Associated Large-Scale Circulation Background

This study examined the variability in frequency of tropical night occurrence （i.e., minimum air tem- perature 25℃） in Beijing, using a homogenized daily temperature dataset during the period 1960–2008. Our results show that tropical nights occur most frequently in late July and early August, which is consis- tent with relatively high air humidity associated with the rainy season in Beijing. In addition, year-to-year variation of tropical night occurrence indicates that the tropical nights have appeared much more frequently since 1994, which can be illustrated by the yearly days of tropical nights averaged over two periods： 9.2 days of tropical nights per year during 1994–2008 versus 3.15 days during 1960–1993. These features of tropical night variations suggest a distinction between tropical nights and extreme heat in Beijing. We further investigated the large-scale circulations associated with the year-to-year variation of tropical night occurrence in July and August, when tropical nights appear most frequently and occupy 95% of the annual sum. After comparing the results in the two reanalysis datasets （NCEP/NCAR and ERA-40） and considering the possible effects of decadal change in the frequency of tropical nights that occurred around 1993/94, we conclude that on the interannual time scale, the cyclonic anomaly with a barotropic structure centered over Beijing is responsible for less frequent tropical nights, and the anticyclonic anomaly is responsible for more frequent occurrence of tropical nights over Beijing.

Effects of Different Organic Residues on Rice Yield and Soil Quality

Calcaric regosols are a valuable land resource, distributed widely across western China. Soil quality has deteriorated considerably in recent years owing to the blind pursuit of economic benefits. A 2-year field experiment was carried out to evaluate the effects of using spent mushroom compost, leguminous plant (Vicia sepium L.) compost, and a combination of the two (at a 1:1 and 2:1 ratio), on rice yield and soil quality in a suburb of China. Vicia sepium L. composted with spent mushroom compost at a 1:1 ratio produced the highest grain and stover yield, grain and stover phosphorus concentration, and phosphorus uptake of rice; they were 56.5%, 93.2%, 89.3%, 198.6% and 22.2% greater than control soil, respectively. The 2:1 ratio (Vicia sepium L.: spent mushroom compost) produced the highest grain N concentration, stover N concentration, and N uptake; they were 31.6%, 31.4%, and 40.7% higher than control, respectively. Soil physical, chemical, and environmental properties were improved with the application of Vicia sepium L. composted with spent mushroom compost at a 2:1 ratio. In particular, soil water-stable aggregates, organic carbon, particulate organic carbon, total nitrogen, available potassium, and cation exchange capacity increased, whereas bulk density, pH, and phytoavailable heavy metals decreased. This organic treatment is beneficial to improve soil quality indicators, and contribute to soil restoration.

基于WEQ方法的蒙古土壤风蚀空间评价（英文）

Wind erosion is a major contributor to land degradation and desertification. Ac- cording to the Global Assessment of Human Induced Soil Degradation, the dryland territories of Mongolia are significantly affected by wind erosion. We used the wind erosion equation model in an ArcGIS environment to evaluate wind erosion across Mongolia. The individual factors of the wind erosion equation were parameterized using the following datasets： （a） monthly climatic data from 45 meteorological stations; （b） 16-day composites of MODIS Normalized Difference Vegetation Index data; （c） a SRTM DEM with a 90 m spatial resolution; and （d） the soil map of Mongolia. The results revealed the significant influence of aridity on wind erosion. The desert and semi-desert ecosystems were more vulnerable to wind erosion, hence more affected. The map of wind erosion revealed three major wind erosion regions where the maximum soil loss of 15-27 t/（hm2.a） was observed. In general, the wind erosion potentials for the entire country of Mongolia are 15-27 t/（hm2.a） in the deserts and semi-deserts, 10-15 t/（hm2.a） in the dry steppes and 5-10 t/（hm2.a） in the steppe regions.

Enhanced simultaneous absorption of NO_(x) and SO_(2) in oxidation-reduction-absorption process with a compounded system based on Na_(2)SO_(3)

Oxidation of sulfite and competitive absorption existed in Na_(2)SO_(3) solution for simultaneous removal of NO_(x) and SO_(2),inhibited the long-term high-efficiency when used for practical applications.A matching strategy was developed to solve these problems.Antioxidants combination was used to retard the oxidation of antioxidant and enhance inhibition of S(IV)(tetravalent sulfur)oxidation.Hydroquinone(HQ)and sodium thiosulfate(ST)showed a positive synergistic effect on inhibition of S(IV)oxidation.When SO_(2) concentration was 500 and 2000 ppmV,the addition of 0.1 wt.%HQ and 1 wt.%ST decreased the percentage of S(IV)oxidized by oxygen by over 30%and 40%,respectively.Alkali(Na_(2)CO_(3))alleviated the competitive absorption between NO_(x) and SO_(2).Moreover,Na_(2)CO_(3) exhibited an enhancement effect on the absorption of NO_(x) and SO_(2) when coupled with anti-oxidants.While the increase of oxygen pressure accelerated the oxidation of S(IV),the anti-oxidants can retard the oxidation.The measurement of pH suggested the removal efficiency of NO_(x) highly depended on SO_(3)^(2-) concentration rather than pH.The further investigation of the mechanism suggested the match effect was related to the interaction between ST and the intermediate product of HQ.The match strategy holds a potential for application of SO_(3)^(2-) to denitration.