Legislation on protection of drinking water sources and local management practices in the Pearl River Delta region of China

The protection of drinking water sources is vital to urban development and public health.In this study,the current situation of the mandatory protection area for drinking water source in the Pearl River Delta region was investigated using a method combining Google Earth with the field survey.The gaps between management practices and legislation requirements were analyzed.Finally,several countermeasures for water resource protection were proposed as follows:to promote delineation in a more scientific way,to safeguard the sanctity of the law,to make better plan on water saving,and to encourage public participation in supervision and management.

Analysis of marine ecological compensation for environmental risk caused by chemical spill based on game theory

The problem of marine environmental risk is ultimately the result of game theory between the marine en vironmental managers and the enterprise of potential environmental risk.This paper analyzes the internal economic relationship that whether the"protection"policy is applied between the protection action of marine environmental managers and the chemical enterprise.The result shows that the key factor whether the enterprise adopt the"protec tion"policy or not is the amount of penalty and the government's cost of execution,and the compulsive ecological compensation is obligatory from the angle of stimulating the enterprise of canonical action and adopting the"protec tion"policy.To build the ecological compensation mechanism based on the environmental risk will effectively improve the level of management in sea area and decrease the probability of chemical spill.

R/S method for evaluation of pollutant time series in environmental quality assessment

The significance of the fluctuation and randomness of the time series of each pollutant in environmental quality assessment is described for the first time in this paper. A comparative study was made of three different computing methods： the same starting point method, the striding averaging method, and the stagger phase averaging method. All of them can be used to calculate the Hurst index, which quantifies fluctuation and randomness. This study used real water quality data from Shazhu monitoring station on Taihu Lake in Wuxi, Jiangsu Province. The results show that, of the three methods, the stagger phase averaging method is best for calculating the Hurst index of a pollutant time series from the perspective of statistical regularity.

基于排污许可量等额分配的淮安市清安河氨氮污染防治研究

通过多年环境监测资料分析,淮安市清安河水质污染主要因子为氨氮。通过现场调查和科学计算,弄清了污水处理厂、生活污染源、工业污染源、农业污染源氨氮入河情况。针对责任主体明确的排放口和排污单位,采用污染排放与水质响应关系等综合考虑现状排污格局、污染源可控性和经济技术可行性等因素,统筹兼顾公平与效率,将允许排放量等比例逐一分配至各排污单位,拟定许可排放量,进行污染控制。

Water quality characteristics along the course of the Huangpu River (China)

Huangpu River is about 114.5 km from upriver Dianfeng to downriver Wusong, near the estuary of the Yangtze River. It plays a key role in supplying water for production, life, shipment and irrigation. With the industrial development, the pollution of the Huangpu River has become serious recently. The biological oxygen demand （BOD）, total nitrogen （TN）, total phosphorus （TP）, oil, phenol and suspended solids （SS） were lower in the upstream sites than in the downstream sites, indicating pollutants being input along its course. Water quality was the worst in the Yangpu site, near the center of Shanghai City. Dissolved oxygen （DO） content was less than 2 mg/L in the site of Yangpu in July. Among relations between thirteen characteristics, relations between BOD, DO, TN, TP, NH4^＋ -N, NO3^- -N and the count of total bacteria or Escherichia coli were significant and interdependent. Inner relationships between these main characteristics in the Huangpu River were studied. High nutrient concentration led to growth of microorganisms, including E. coli. Degradation of organic matters and respiration of bacteria made oxygen concentration decreased in the water body, and DO was a key factor for nitrification-denitrification process of nitrogen. In the Yangpu site, DO was decreased to less than 3.0 mg/L with BOD higher than 7.5 mg/L in May and July. Low DO concentration will decrease nitrification rate. Nitrification need at higher DO value than other organic substrate oxidation. Consequently, river water contains low NO3^- -N values with high amounts of TN and NH4^＋ -N there. This will block the self-purification of surface water, by decreasing the rate of nitrification-denitrification transformation process in the water body.

The spatial-temporal pattern and influencing factors of negative air ions in urban forests, Shanghai, China

Negative air ions are natural components of the air we breathe Forests are the main continuous natural source of negative air ions （NAI）. The spatio-temporal patterns of negative air ions were explored in Shanghai, based on monthly monitoring in 15 parks from March 2009 to February 2010. In each park, sampling sites were selected in forests and open spaces. The annual variation in negative air ion concentrations （NAIC） showed peak values from June to October and minimum values from December to January. NAIC were highest in summer and autumn, intermediate in spring, and lowest in winter. During spring and summer, NAIC in open spaces were significantly higher in rural areas than those in suburban areas. However, there were no significant differences in NAIC at forest sites among seasons. For open spaces, total suspended particles （TSP） were the dominant determining factor of NAIC in sum- mer, and air temperature and air humidity were the dominant determining factors of NAIC in spring, which were tightly correlated with Shanghai＇s ongoing urbanization and its impacts on the environment. R is suggested that urbanization could induce variation in NAIC along the urban-rural gradient, but that may not change the temporal variation pattern. Fur- thermore, the effects of urbanization on NAIC were limited in non-vegetated or less-vegetated sites, such as open spaces, but not in well-vegetated areas, such as urban forests. Therefore, we suggest that urban greening, especially urban forest, has significant resistance to theeffect of urbanization on NAIC.

Persistent organochlorine residues in sediments of Haihe River and Dagu Drainage River in Tianjin, China

Persistent organochlorine compounds were analyzed by means of GC-ECD in surface sediment samples from two selected rivers in Tianjin, Haihe River and Dagu Drainage River. A total of 16 surface sediment sites were selected along the both rivers. The frequency of detection of T-HCH and T-DDT in sediment samples both was up to 100%, which illustrated that the contamination of HCH and DDT was widespread in Haihe and Dagu Drainage Rivers. Results indicated that the concentrations of various pesticides in sediments from Haihe River were in the range of 3.30-75.96 ng/g dw for T-HCH and 1.57-211.57 ng/g dw for T-DDT. Compared with Haihe River, Dagu Drainage River was contaminated by HCHs and DDTs along the all locations and the values of T-HCH and T-DDT residues in sediments ranged from 2.30 to 124.61 ng/g dw and from 11.28 to 237.30 ng/g dw, respectively, The possible pollution sources were analyzed through monitoring results of organochlorine pesticides（OCPs） residues in sediments from the two rivers. The investigation also indicated that HCH was still used as pesticide in Tianjin partial area.

Validation of an agricultural non-point source(AGNPS)pollution model for a catchment in the Jiulong River watershed,China

This study tested and evaluated the agricultural non-point source （AGNPS） model for the Wuchuan catchment, a typical agricultural area in the Jiulong River watershed, Fujian Province, China. The AGNPS model was calibrated and validated for the study area with observed data on ten storms. The data on eight storms in 2002 were used for calibration while data on two storms were used for validation of the model. Considering the lack of water quality data over a long-term series, a novel method, comparing an internal nested catchment with its surrounding catchment, was used to supplement the less long-term series data. Dual calibration and validation of the AGNPS model was obtained by this comparison. The results indicate that the correlation coefficients were 0.99 and 0.98 for runoff, 0.94 and 0.95 for the peak runoff rate of the large catchment and the small catchment, respectively, and 0.76 for the sediment of the small catchment only. Each pair of correlation coefficients is homogeneous for the same event for the two catchments. With the exception of the sediment yield and particulate phosphorus, the peak runoff rate and other nutrients were well predicted. Sensitivity analysis showed that the Soil Conservation Service curve number and rainfall quantity were the most sensitive parameters, which resulted in high output variations. Erosivity and other parameters had little influence on the hydrological and quality outputs.

Effects of operational factors on soluble microbial products in a carrier anaerobic baffled reactor treating dilute wastewater

The effects of feed strength, hydraulic residence time （HRT）, and operational temperatures on soluble microbial product （SMP） production were investigated, to gain insights into the production mechanism. A carrier anaerobic baffled reactor （CABR） treating dilute wastewater was operated under a wide range of operational conditions, namely, feed strengths of 300-600 mg/L, HRTs of 9- 18 h, and temperatures of 10-28℃. Generally, SMP production increased with increasing feed strength and decreasing temperature. At high temperature （28℃）, SMP production increased with decreasing HRT. As the temperature was decreased to 18 and 10℃, the SMP production was at its peak for 12 h HRT. Therefore, temperature could be an important determinant of SMP production along with HRT. A higher SMP to soluble chemical oxygen demand （SCOD） ratio was found at high temperature and long HRT because of complete volatile fatty acid degradation. SMP accounted for 50%-75% of the SCOD in the last chamber of the CABR. As a secondary metabolite, some SMP could be consumed at lower feed strength.

Extraction of copper from sewage sludge using biodegradable chelant EDDS

[S,S]-Ethylenediaminedisuccinic acid(EDDS),a biodegradable chelant,was used to separate the heavy metals from the sewage sludge based on chemical extraction technology.Under various conditions,the extraction experiments were carried out for the sewage sludge from Shanghai Taopu Municipal Wastewater Plant,China.The influences ofpH and the concentration of EDDS on the extraction efficiency for copper(Cu)were discussed.The results showed that EDDS had higher extraction efficiency for Cu from the sewage sludge ...

Utilization of winery wastes for Trichoderma viride biocontrol agent production by solid state fermentation

Biocontrol agents are safe and environmental friendly alternatives for pesticides in agriculture application. Trichoderma viride WEBL0703 performed a high level of antagonistic activity toward a broad spectrum of phytopathogens and was determined as a biocontrol agent, which was produced by solid state fermentation using grape marc and wine lees. The maximum yield of T. viride conidia was up to 6.65 × 10^9 CFU/g initial dry substrate （IDS） after 10 d fermentation. As important enzymes for protecting plants from disease, chitinase, β-glucanase, and pectinase yields were 47.8 U/g IDS, 8.32 U/g IDS and 9.83 U/g IDS, respectively. These results show that it is feasible to convert winery wastes to a value-added and environmental friendly biocontrol agent.

Effects of Temperature and Hydraulic Residence Time (HRT) on Treatment of Dilute Wastewater in a Carrier Anaerobic Baffled Reactor

Objective To examine the effect of hydraulic residence time （HRT） on the performance and stability, to treat dilute wastewater at different operational temperatures in a carrier anaerobic baffled reactor （CABR）, and hence to gain a deeper insight into microbial responses to hydraulic shocks on the base of the relationships among macroscopic performance, catabolic intermediate, and microcosmic alternation. Methods COD, VFAs, and microbial activity were detected with constant feed strength （300 mg/L） at different HRTs （9-18 h） and temperatures （10℃-28℃） in a CABR. Results The removal efficiencies declined with the decreases of HRTs and temperatures. However, the COD removal load was still higher at short HRT than at long HRT. Devastating reactor performance happened at temperature of 10℃ and at HRT of 9 h. HRTs had effect on the VFAs in the reactor slightly both at high and low temperatures, but the reasons differed from each other. Microbial activity was sensitive to indicate changes of environmental and operational parameters in the reactor. Conclusion The CABR offers to certain extent an application to treat dilute wastewater under a hydraulic-shock at temperatures from 10℃to 28℃.

Analysis of Meteorological Causes of Serious Air Pollution in Xingtai City Based on Inversion Layer

Based on meteorological sounding data in 2011 -2014 and air pollution data in 2013 and 2014 from an environmental monitoring station in Xingtai City, the characteristics of inversion layer and air pollution and their correlation in Xingtai City were discussed. The results show that term perature inversion was very serious at 07：00 in Xingtai City, and days with temperature inversion accounted for above 90%. There were obvious seasonal variations in air pollution in Xingtai City, and air pollution was the most serious in winter but the slightest in summer. The primary air pollu- tants in Xingtai City are PM10 and PM2.5, and the primary air pollutants and AQI had close correlation with parameters of inversion layer. Stable ground inversion layer could hinder air convection and air capacity, so that air pollution become more serious with the discharge of pollutants. Inversion layer nearly appearing all the year around is an important meteorological reason for serious air pollution in Xingtai City.

Effect of Crop-Straw Derived Biochars on Pb(Ⅱ) Adsorption in Two Variable Charge Soils

Two variable charge soils were incubated with biochars derived from straws of peanut, soybean, canola, and rice to investigate the effect of the biochars on their chemical properties and Pb（II） adsorption using batch experiments. The results showed soil cation exchange capacity （CEC） and pH significantly increased after 30 d of incubation with the biochars added. The incorporation of the biochars markedly increased the adsorption of Pb（II）, and both the electrostatic and non-electrostatic adsorption mechanisms contributed to Pb（II） adsorption by the variable charge soils. Adsorption isotherms illustrated legume- straw derived biochars more greatly increased Pb（II） adsorption on soils through the non-electrostatic mechanism via the formation of surface complexes between Pb（II） and acid functional groups of the biochars than did non-legume straw biochars. The adsorption capacity of Pb（II） increased, while the desorption amount slightly decreased with the increasing suspension pH for the studied soils, especially in a high suspension pH, indicating that precipitation also plays an important role in immobilizing Pb（II） to the soils.

Characteristics of air quality in Tianjin during the Spring Festival period of 2015

To better understand the characteristics of air quality and the relationship between the chemical composition evolution and source variation,an intensive atmospheric campaign was conducted in Tianjin,a megacity of the North China Plain,from 10 February to 6 March 2015.There were 20 days exceeding the threshold value of secondary Chinese Ambient Air Quality Standards for PM2.5(75 μg m-3,daily average over 24 h)during the study period.Five air pollution episodes were selected for investigation.During the pre-holiday pollution episode,NH^+_4,NO^-_3,and SO^(2-)_4 were more abundant,indicating that air pollution was caused by motor vehicle exhaust emissions and coal consumption under unfavorable meteorological conditions.During Chinese Lunar New Year's Eve,widespread use of fireworks resulted in extremely high aerosol concentrations.Firework displays caused increases in K+ and also enrichment of SO^(2-)_4 relative to NO^-_3.The holiday pollution episode was caused by regional transport,characterized by abundant SO^(2-)_4 and NH^+_4.In addition,the aging processes of the particles from fireworks discharge played an important role in the formation of NO-3and SO^(2-)_4.The Lantern Festival episode was characterized by a transition from the enrichment of K+ to secondary inorganic ions(NO^-_3,SO^(2-)_4,and NH^+_4).The results of this study are useful for a detailed understanding of the variation in atmospheric compositions and sources caused by anthropogenic activity,and highlight the importance of controlling intensive fireworks discharge.

Acid deposition critical loads modeling for the simulation of sulfur exceedance and reduction in Guangdong, China

The current acid deposition critical loads in Guangdong, China were calculated using the PROFILE model with a 3 km × 3 km resolution. Calculations were carded out for critical loads of potential acidity, actual acidity, sulfur and nitrogen, with values in extents of 0-3.5, 0-14.0, 0-26.0 and 0-3.5 kmol/（hrnE.year）, respectively. These values were comparable to previously reported results and reflected the influences of vegetation and soil characteristics on the soil acid buffering capacity. Simulations of SO2 emission and sulfur deposition in this study showed that sulfur deposition core areas mirrored SO2 emission centers. The prediction of sulfur deposition after 20% and 40% reduction of SO2 emission suggested that the reduction of area sources contributed greatly to the decrease of sulfur deposition. Thus, abatement of area source emissions could be the primary way to mitigate sulfur deposition in Guangdong to meet both the provincial and national regulations of air pollution control.

Seasonal and Spatial Variations of Macro Benthos in the Intertidal Mudflat of Southern Yellow River Delta,China in 2007/2008

In order to examine the seasonal and spatial distributions of benthic animals in the intertidal mudflat of the southern Yellow River Delta,field investigations were carried out in 2007 and 2008 and multiple methods were applied.Results showed that,the biomass of macro benthos ranged at 0.75-1151.00 g wet m^(-2) and averaged at 156.31 g wet m^(-2),in which Mactra veneriformis accounted for 75.6%-93.4% of the total macro benthic biomass.More than 90% of macro benthos inhabited in the middle and low tide lines,and higher biomass occurred in early summer and lower in winter.Statistical analysis showed that:1)M.veneriformis growth was primarily favored at higher temperature and lower salinity;2)after long time interaction,benthic bivalve grazers led to patching distributions of Chlorophyll a(Chl a);3)macro benthic biomass positively related with Chl a when the concentration of Chl a was low,but they were negatively related when Chl a concentration was high;and 4)furthermore,the biomass of benthic bivalves peaked in the sediment with median grain size about 0.55 mm,but decreased gradually in coarse or fine sediments.The secondary productivity ranged at 0.37-283.68 g m^(-2)yr^(-1) and averaged at 47.88 g m^(-2) yr^(-1),in which 69.7% was contributed by M.veneriformis It was estimated that primary production was transformed to secondary production at a rate of 6.87%approximately,which implies that there is a local sustainability of high bivalve production.

Particle flux through the Huanghai Sea cold water mass

Settling particulate matter （SPM） was collected by using sediment traps at four stations in a survey section from Qingdao to Cheju-do, across the Huanghai Sea cold water mass （HSCWM）, in August 2002. The sediment traps were planted in three layers： the upper layer of the thermocline （ULT） above the HSCWM, the lower layer of the thermocline （LLT）, and the bottom layer of water column （BL）. To determine the particle flux, the contents of organic carbon （POC）, organic nitrogen （PON）, total carbon （PC）, and total phosphorous （PP） in SPM were analyzed, and two flux models （Ⅰ and Ⅱ） were improved to calculate the resuspension ratio, with an assumption in Model Ⅰ that the vertical flux of SPM in the LLT equals the net vertical flux of SPM in the whole water column. An X value, i.e., the fraction of the resuspension flux originating from the surficial sediments nearby the sampling station, was deduced from Model Ⅰ to estimate the contribution of lateral currents to the total resuspension flux. The results showed that inorganic particles, fecal pellets, and miscellaneous aggregates were the major types of SPM in the HSCWM, and the contents of POC, PON, PC, and PP all decreased with water depth. A great deal of fecal pellets found in the LLT indicates that the main space producing biogenic SPM is the thermocline, and especially the LLT, where the C/N ratio is lower than that in the ULT. The resuspension ratios, 90%-96% among stations, imply strong impact ofresuspension on particle flux in the BL. These values were not significantly different between the two flux models, suggesting that the hypothesis in Model Ⅰ that the flux in the LLT equaling the net flux to the bottom is acceptable for shallow waters with stratification like the HSCWM. The POC export ratio from the HSCWM ranges from 35% to 68%. It benefits from the short sinking distance in shallow water. The upwelling in the HSCWM enhanced the POC flux through the water mass, and the lateral currents provides up to being greater than 50% ofresuspension flux in the BL according to evaluation of the X value.

Hydrobios and Control of Eutrophication in Dongping Lake,Shandong Province

The Hydrobios in Dongping Lake, Shandong Province, mainly includes phytoplankton, zooplankton, benthic animals, fishes and hydrophytic vascular plants. Nitrogen and phosphorus are the restrictive factors for the growth and propagation of hydrophyta, therefore the key to the prevention and control of eutrophication in lakes lies in the control of the contents of the two elements in the water. Artificial fishing of algae can reduce the concentrations of trophic substances such as nitrogen and phosphorus in the water bodies, and biological measures may decrease the contents of these trophic substances in the bottom sediments and the water bodies, thereby playing an active role in modifying the eutrophication of the lake.

Community Characteristics and Species Diversity of Wetland Plants in the Yangguan Nature Reserve of Dunhuang

As a typical inland wetland, Yangguan nature reserve wetland in Dunhuang is one of the important stops of migratory route for birds, which is vulnerable and particular. Study on the community characteristics and species diversity of wetland has great signifi cance for biodiversity protection. Based on the fi eld investigation, the fl oristic composition, geographical elements and species diversity of wetland plants were studied in Yangguan reserve of Dunhuang. The results showed that 26 families, 56 genera and 74 species were recorded in the study area. The largest families were the Gramineae and Chenopodiaceae, accounting for 29.73% of the total. Herbs were the most abundant life-form, accounting for 77.03% of the total. The fl oral geographical elements of the plants were mainly composed of temperate zone distribution type. By using two way indicator species analysis(TWINSPAN), the vegetation in 36 sampling plots could be classifi ed into 8 communities. The species diversity indexes of communities were relatively low, but had large differences among each other. According to the importance value, the Margalef richness index(Rm) ranged from 0 to 4.200. Simpson diversity index(D) was between 0 and 0.512; Shannon diversity index(H) ranged from 0 to 1.400, and Pielou evenness index(J) was within the range of 0.538 to 1.000. The results indicated that the plant species were relatively rare and simple in general, the species diversity of communities was low, and the ecological environment was fragile in Yangguan nature reserve of Dunhuang.