The Mineral Geochemical Discrimination of the Calcite Crystals in the Pores of Upper Ordovician Limestone and Its Environmental Significance: Take Tazhong Oilfield of Tarim Basin for Example

Based on the analysis of the morphology, order, cathodoluminescence and microelement of the calcite crystals in the pores of Upper Ordovician limestone in Tazhong oilfield of Tarim Basin, this paper suggest that the calcite crystals can divided 11 kinds of cements into three stages, and confirms their cementation sequence characteristics and formation environment. First stage of the cementation occurred on the bottom of the diagenetic environment, the product of which mainly are microcrystalline, fine shape, radiation fibrous, fasciculation, radiation axis shape calcites and a ball-like aragonite, whose filling pore is 0%–30%; the second one occurred in the atmospheric fresh water environment, with main cement types of crescent or pendulous shape, vadose silt, hyperplasia of coaxial, the filling pore of which is 5%–100%; the third one occurred in a burial environment, the crystals of which are bright and thick, mainly coarse sparry and poikilitic calcite, with filling pore of 5%–5%. In this paper, influence from each stage of cementation on porosity is analyzed, and pore evolution is established.

Environmental Data Acquisition, Elaboration and Integration： Preliminary Application to a Vulnerable Mountain Landscape and Village （Novalesa, NW Italy）

气候条件影响了山地社区的社会经济发展,特别是易发生高山斜坡破坏和泥石流等自然灾害的山区,气候因素将发挥重要的影响作用,因此在制定适当的可持续发展方案时应考虑到气候因素。同时,气候变化改变了生态系统服务(ES)功能,使得土壤肥力下降、水资源供应减少、草地面积减少、监管服务(如防止自然灾害)和文化服务发生潜在转变。本研究以意大利阿尔卑斯山区为研究区域进行初步讨论,该地区经历过极端降水和侵蚀,社区的发展十分依赖于对自然资源的直接利用。初步研究结果表明,经济因素影响了诺瓦莱萨社区(位于意大利西北部的皮埃蒙特地区)过去的人口变化趋势。然而,由气象气候因素引发的岩崩和泥石流事件的数量不断增加,可能会进一步影响社区人们的生计。因此,环境监测和数据分析对于辨识景观和气候变化的趋势并选择适当的规划方案是很重要的,这有助于将山地社区人口维持在全球人口的10%左右,这也是贫困地区未来经济发展的一个重要机遇。

Effects of Different Cations on the Flocculation and Sedimentation of Static Fine-Grained

Natural water bodies mostly contain cations,and the type and content of these cations are the main factors affecting the flocculation of fine-grained cohesive sediments and the floc sedimentation rate at the interface between clear and turbid water.From the microscopic aspect,this study examined the changing patterns of porosity and the fractal dimension of the flocs of fine-grained cohesive sediments.Sedimentation experiments under different sediment contents and electrolyte conditions were conducted,and microscopic images of the flocs were analysed using Image-Pro Plus(IPP)and MATLAB based on the fractal theory.From the macroscopic aspect,this study experimentally investigated the flocculation and sedimentation of fine-grained cohesive sediments and proposed a sedimentation rate equation by introducing an ion concentration-related parameter into an existing sedimentation rate equation(stagnation zone)based on the adsorption isotherm equation.The equation proposed in this study was validated with measured data.The calculated values were in good agreement with the measured values,with a relative error of 16%.The findings of this study provide a reference for further research on the flocculation and sedimentation of fine-grained cohesive sediments in different water bodies.

Fabric and Deformation of Omphacite in Dabie Ultra-high-pressure Ecologites

The rheological characters of omphacites in Dabie ultra-high-pressure eclogite have been studied in terms of fabric, dislocation and micro-structures. 1. The eclogite has undergone high-temperature deformation, thus forming omphacite lattice preferred orientation. In addition to creep dislocation, the omphacite ductile deformation may have other mechanisms, such as diffusion creep and grain boundary migration. 2. The main-phase deformation of eclogite is coaxial, but asymmetry strain also exists due to strain partitioning in the Dabie orogenic belt. 3. The twin measured by the universal stage is (100), indicating that omphacite high-T deformation was superimposed by low-T deformation. 4. Subgrain structure is common in omphacite, but the deformation features of the omphacites in the Shuanghe area and Bixiling area are different, the latter being dominated by dynamic recrystallization. 5. The Flinn plots show that the strain of omphacite belongs to the constriction ellipsoid and stretching strain, which is similar to the result of the omphacite fabric analysis.

The Study on Genotoxicity of PM_(2.5) Mineral Dusts to A_(549) Cells

By detecting the influence of six main ingredients of PM2.5 mineral dusts on the A549 cell morphology, proliferation inhibition rate, micronuclei and DNA damage, to explore the genotoxicity of PM2.5 mineral dusts. (1) After exposure to six kinds of dusts of 200 μg/mL concentration for 24 hours, the morphology of A549 cells were observed using Wright-Giemsa staining. (2) After exposure to different concentrations of mineral dusts for 24 hours, the proliferation inhibition rate of A549 cells was detected by MTT assay. (3) Cells were exposed to PM2.5 mineral dusts at a concentration of 200 μg/mL for 24 h. After Wright-Giemsa staining, the rates of micronucleus cells were counted under oil microscope. (4) Observe Comet phenomenon by SCGE electrophoresis, the degree of DNA damage was observed by OTM. (1) Compared to the control group, membrane destruction, nuclear pyknosis and mineral surface adhesion were mainly seen in the Sericite group and Albite group. In the Quartz group and Montmorillonite group, enlarged cell gaps, loosely arranged cells, absorption of a large number of minerals on the cell surface, and cell pyknosis were observed. (2) The proliferation inhibition rate of the six kinds of dusts to A549 cells were (from large to small): KWC-M>Nano-SiO2>KWC-S>KWC-Q>KWC-A>KWC-C.The dust concentration was positively related to the inhibition of cell proliferation rate. (3) With the dusts concentration increased, the incidence of micronuclei gradually increased. The rate was positively correlated to exposure concentration. (4) The six mineral dusts can damage DNA of the A549 cells by dose-response relationship.The higher concentration of the mineral dusts, the more obvious of the DNA damagenation. There’s statistically significant compared with the control group. The six main ingredients of the PM2.5 mineral dusts can change A549 cell morphology from varying degrees, improve proliferation inhibition rate of the cells, increase the number of micronuclei cells, damage DNA.Then we come to the conclusion that PM2.5 mineral dusts can change the genotoxicity of the cells.

Correlation of anaerobic ammonium oxidation and denitrification

The feasibility of the nitrous organic wastewater treated was studied in seven anaerobic sequencing batch reactors（ASBRs） （0^#-6^#） which had been run under stable anaerobic ammonium oxidation （Anammox）. By means of monitoring and data analysis of COD, NH4^#-N, NO2^--N, NO3^--N and pH, and of microbial test, the results revealed that the optimal Anammox performance was achieved from 2^# reactor in which COD/NH4^＋ -N was 1.65, Anammox bacteria and denitrification bacteria could coexist, and Anammox reaction and denitrification reaction could occur simultaneously in the reactors. The ratio of NH4^＋-N consumed ： NO2^- -N consumed ： NO3^- -N produced was 1：1.38：0.19 in 0^# reactor which was not added glucose in the wastewater. When different ratio of COD and NH4^＋-N was fed for the reactors, the ratio of NO2^- -N consumed： NH4^＋-N consumed was in the range of 1.51-2.29 and the ratio of NO;-N produced： NH4^＋ -N consumed in the range of 0 -0.05.

A new design of groundwater sampling device and its application

Compounds in the atmosphere contaminate samples of groundwater. An inexpensive and simple method for collecting groundwater samples is developed to prevent contamination when the background concentration of contaminants is high. This new design of groundwater sampling device involves a glass sampling bottle with a Teflon-lined valve at each end. A cleaned and dried sampling bottle was connected to a low flow-rate peristaltic pump with Teflon tubing and was filled with water. No headspace volume was remained in the sampling bottle. The sample bottle was then packed in a PVC bag to prevent the target component from infiltrating into the water sample through the valves. In this study, groundwater was sampled at six wells using both the conventional method and the improved method. The analysis of trichlorofluoromethane（ CFC-11 ） concentrations at these six wells indicates that all the groundwater samples obtained by the conventional sampling method were contaminated by CFC-11 from the atmosphere. The improved sampling method greatly eliminated the problems of contamination, preservation and quantitative analysis of natural water.

Research of Terrain 3D Visulization Method Based on IDL and Arcengine

Study on 3D terrain visualization is a hot research topic in GIS, virtual reality, computer graphics, digital photogrammetry and other fields, is also an important part of the digital earth strategy. Try to take advantage of IDL data processing and graphic display function and ArcEngine spatial analysis function, in the Visual c# under the environment of hybrid programming mechanism, use of component design and development of integrated development technologies analysis of terrain visualization application operating environment, realized the 3D digital terrain expression and spatial analysis function. The results show that the IDL and ArcEngine integrated development method applied to the 3D terrain visualization analysis software platform developed operability and extension force with strong, both in terms of space efficiency and image data analysis , development costs advantages.

Lanthanides-Induced Cellular Signal Transduction: Implications in Pathogenesis of Fibrosis

With the extensive mining and application of lanthanides in China and worldwide, the potential impact of lanthanides on human health is gaining increasing attentions. The recent etiological association of gadolinium-based contrast agents with nephrogenic systemic fibrosis (NSF) evoked widespread concerns regarding the safety issue of lanthanides. The elucidation of the cellular biological effects of and the signalling cascade induced lanthanides is essential for proper evaluation of their health impacts.

Lime Assisted Cyanide Leaching of Refractory Gold Ores from Ajialongwa Mine

Heap leaching is a promising, less costly, alternative technology for processing low grade gold ores compared with traditional, energy intensive processes (e.g. autoclave/tank leaching). This research investigated the effectiveness of lime for enhancing gold leaching rates of gold ores from ajialongwa gold mine in china. Column and heaping experiments were performed using cyanide leaching solutions at pH=10, with and without lime (CaO). The presence of lime greatly increased gold leaching rates. Column leaching experiments showed without the addition of lime, there was 35.2% of gold leached. The addition of lime resulted in the release of 50.56% gold. Lime assisted cyanide of refractory gold was proved by heap leaching experiments.

Mineralogical Research on Tooeleite

Tooeleite Fe6(AsO3)4SO4(OH)4·4H2O is a ferric arsenite sulfate mineral only found in acid mine drainage at present, which has environmental significance for arsenic remediation because of its high stability in the regolith. The authors synthesized tooleite using temperature-constant water batch reactor, and for the first time studied by X-ray diffraction (XRD), infrared (IR) and Raman spectroscopy. The XRD result indicates tooeleite can form more crystalline solids in an acid environment than in an alkaline environment; the characteristic peak at FTIR of 770 cm-1is attributed to stretch vibration of As-O; the characteristic peaks at Raman of 663, 609, 512, 455 and 365 cm-1are attributed to the stretch vibration of As-OH (ν3), asymmetric stretch vibration (ν5), asymmetric bending vibration (ν4) of AsO33- and bending vibration of O-As-O; the incongruent dissolution occurs when PH of solution is higher than 3. Low Ph environmental benefits for formation of more high crystalline tooeleite. The batch experiment determined for the first time the solubility product (Ksp) and the standard Gibbs free energy of the reaction, which are 107.7 and-3605 kJ/mol, respectively.

Preparation of Phosphogypsum-Based Calcium Sulfate Hemihydrate Whiskers by Hydrothermal Method

Calcium sulfate hemihydrate (CaSO4·0.5H2O, HH) is one of the three most commonly phases of gypsum observed in natural precipitates. Calcium sulfate hemihydrate whisker is a kind of fibriform single crystal with the mean diameter of 1-3 μm and the mean aspect ratio of 30–80. HH whisker was the most promising reinforcement seemed to be calcium sulfate-based due to its high intensity, high corrosion-resistance, good thermal stability, non-poisonous and low price. Thus, HH whiskers combine both reinforcement and low price, may be both effective in improving mechanical performance and extending application area.

Study on the Dissolution of Dusts in Glutamic Acid

This article describes the characteristics of natural dusts, artificial dusts and industrial dusts, such as mineral phases, chemical components, morphological observation and size. Quartz and calcite are the main phases of natural dusts and industrial dusts with high SiO2, CaO and low K2O, Na2O on the chemical composition. Natural dusts are mainly irregular shaped and some particle aggregation made of small dusts on the surface of large dust. Industrial dusts are globular and blob-like, but artificial dusts are columnar and fibrous. The fine particles are mainly in the range of 0.3-5 μm,of which the dusts of less than 5 μm are over 99%.The dissolution and electrochemical action of dusts in glutamic acid liquor at the simulated human body temperature (37 ℃) in 32 hours were investigated. The changes of pH values and electric conductivity of those dusts were similar, increased slowly in first 8 hours, and then the pH values increased rapidly. The total amount of dissolved ions of K, Ca, Na, Mg was 35.4-429 mg/L, particularly Ca was maximal of 20-334 mg/L. The total amount of dissolved ions of Fe, Zn, Mn, Pb, Ba was 0.18-5.59 ppm and the Al, Si was 3.0-21.7 mg/L. Each element dissolved rapidly relatively in first 16 hours. The relative solubility order of dusts in glutamic acid are: wollastonite > serpentine > sepiolite, the cement plant industrial dusts > power plant industrial dusts, and natural dusts have similar solubility. The wollastonite and power plant industrial dusts have highest solubility, which have high content of CaO; this shows there are a poorer corrosion-resisting ability and lower bio-resistibility. Sepiolite and cement plant industrial dusts have lowest solubility, which have high content of SiO2; this shows there are a higher corrosion-resisting ability and stronger bio-resistibility.

Estimating the change of porosity in the saturated zone during air sparging

Air sparging is a remedial method for groundwater. The remedial region is similar to the air flow region in the saturated zone. If soil particles are transported during air sparging, the porosity distributions in the saturated zone change, which may alter the flow path of the air. To understand better the particle movement, this study performed a sandbox test to estimate the soil porosity change during air sparging. A clear fracture was formed and the phenomenon of particle movement was observed when the air injection was started. The moved sand filled the porous around the fracture and the reparked sand filled the fracture, reducing the porosity around the fracture. The results obtained from the photographs of the sandbox, the current measurements and the direct sand sample measurements were close to each other and are credible. Therefore, air injection during air sparging causes sand particle movement of sand, altering the characteristic of the sand matrix and the air distribution.

Thermal Degradation of PCDD/Fs Promoted by Alcohol Amines in Different Types of Incinerator Ashes

The low-temperature thermal treatment to degrade PCDD/Fs contained in fly ash was promoted by alcohol amines in a closed system. Three types of fly ash collected separately from municipal solid waste incinerator, medical waste incinerator and hazardous waste incinerator, were compared. Experimental design was used to investigate the homologue patterns of PCDD/Fs and distribution of the toxic congeners in fly ash from incinerator after thermal treatment promoted by alcohol amines. The effect of ethanolamine (MEA) on the hydrodechlorination reaction of polychlorinated aromatics pollutants on fly ash from solid waste incinerator was carried out, and the three ashes clearly showed different degradation potentials for PCDD/F during thermal treatment. Results from the present study indicate that (1) the concentration of alkaline species and metals strongly influenced the degradation of PCDD/F; (2) after addition of 8% MEA, the toxicity equivalent (TEQ) values of PCDD/Fs in fly ash were significantly lower than those obtained without MEA. 49%–71% of PCDD/Fs in TEQ was removed from different types of ash at 250℃ with 8% MEA; (3) the destruction and dechlorination are major mechanism for PCDD/Fs degradation.

Heavy-Ion Radiation Stability of Gd_2Zr_2O_7-Pyrochlore Glass-Ceramic Wasteforms Doped by Simulated Actinides

To research the structure radiation stability of simulated Gd2Zr2O7-pyrochlore glass-ceramic wasteforms Nd3+, Ce4+ were selected as the simulated nuclide of An3+ and An4+ radionuclides respectively. A series of compounds with the general formula Gd2-xNdxZr2-xCexO7 (0.0≤ x ≤2.0) were prepared by High-temperature sintering method at 1623 K for 48 h in air atmosphere. The heavy-ion irradiation experiments were done at room temperature and atmospheric pressure. The structure and microscopic morphology of Gd2-xNdxZr2-xCexO7 (0.0≤ x ≤2.0) glass-ceramic wasteforms before and after irradiation experiments were investigated by the X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy.

The Expression of Oncoprotein in V79 Cells Which Effect with Chrysotile from China′two Major Origin and Alternative Fibers

Detect the change of the Expression of oncoprotein on the Chinese hamster lung cells (V79 cells) which effect with two main district of China and four alternative chrysotile fiber to investigate the factors of lung cancer. V79 cells were exposed to the suspension of Chrysotile and its substitute with different powder content, the survival rate of cells was monitored by MTT. After 48 h, the location, distribution and expression of Survivin, Cap43, Bcl-2, p16 and p53 in V79 cell were examined by immunohistochemistry and compared. In the six kinds of powder, the inhibition of rockwool on the growth of cells was weakest, the inhibition of Chrysotile from Xinkang Sichuan and Southern Shanxi on the growth of cells was strongest. Chrysotile from Xinkang Sichuan, Chrysotile from Southern Shanxi, glass fiber, ceramic fiber, rockwool and wollastonite had a certain influence on the survival rate of V79 cells. As the concentration of powder increased the survival rate of cells decreased, which showed dose-effect relationship. The expression of Survivin, Cap43 and Bcl-2 was upregulated and the expression of P16 and P53 was downregulated in V79 cells, which was obviously in the powder suspension of Chrysotile from Southern Shanxi and Xinkang Sichuan and glass fiber. The expression was mainly in cytoplasm. The influence of different kind of powder on the cells differed in degree. Chrysotile and its substitute can induce the development of cancer by upregulating the expression of Survivin, Cap43 and Bcl-2 and downregulating the expression of p16 and p53.

Risk Assessment from Catchment to Consumers as Framed in Water Safety Plans: A Study from Maiduguri Water Treatment Plant, North East Nigeria

Water safety plan as conceived by WHO can lead to prevention of pollution in each component of water supply chain which leads to ensuring safe drinking water. Risk assessment is one of the key components during the development of water safety plan, achieved by identifying hazardous events and estimating their risk towards implementing control measures. This study reports the risk assessment from catchment to consumers in Maiduguri water treatment plant in Northeast Nigeria. Tools such as the field visits, key informant interviews, questionnaire and water quality monitoring were used to identify the hazards and estimate their risk using semi-quantitative matrix. With the existing control measures, the study showed a total of 33 hazardous events;5 in catchment, 16 in treatment plant, 6 in distribution system and 6 at consumers’ points. The risk score indicated 6 are of medium risk and 9 of high risk. Catchment activities, upgrade of treatment facilities and lack of routine maintenance in the treatment plant, pipeline damages in distribution lines, and consumers’ lack of hygiene knowledge and awareness were found to be the major contributory factors which affect the desired quality. Therefore participation and commitment by all relevant stakeholders are fundamental requisite to manage the identified health risks.

Effect of Land Management on Soil Hydraulic Conductivity in Gidan Kwano, Niger State, Nigeria

Hydraulic conductivity is one of the most important parameters for flow and transport related phenomena in soil and also a criterion for measuring soil ability to transfer water. There is concern arising from the suitability, efficiency and ease of the different measuring methods use under different land management practices. The purpose of this paper is to determine and evaluate soil hydraulic conductivity under different land management practices which include forest land (teak and Melina plantation), grassland and maize cultivated land using the constant head method. The measurement is at different depth of 0 - 15 cm, 15 - 25 cm, 25 - 50 cm, 50 - 75 cm. The limited means of each land use were used to compare the result obtained through statistical means. All tests were carried out using SPSS at a significance level of 0.05. An ANOVA test was conducted to check if each of the land use is significantly different. The soil in forest zone (Teak plantation and Gmalina plantation) had a significantly high bulk density as 1.7533 cm-3 and 1.6967 cm-3 respectively at depth 50 - 75 cm compared to the low bulk density in the grass, maize cultivated land as 1.5000 cm-3 and 1.4833 cm-3 respectively at depth 50 - 75 cm. However, soil hydraulic conductivity was significantly high in the grass site or soil at the surface with 2.8833 cm·h-1. Results obtained from the different land use serve as Knowledge of variability of soil that can assist in defining the best strategies for sustainable soil management through the provision of vital information for estimating soil susceptibility to erosion, hydrological modelling and efficient planning of irrigation projects.

Anthropogenic ^(129)I in seawaters along the north-central part of the English Channel:Levels and tracer applications

The English Channel(the Channel)represents a major sink and transport pathway of anthropogenic radioactive ^(129)I.Despite this important role,data concerning the distribution of ^(129)I in seawater of the Channel are scarce,and most of existing data are restricted to the eastern part of the Channel.The advection and dispersion of ^(129)I from the French coast toward the central and further the English coast,especially in the Channel west of Cap de La Hague,are not fully investigated.We present results of iodine isotopes( ^(127)I and ^(129)I)analyses of surface water samples collected along the central English Channel in October,2010.The data show high ^(129)I concentrations between Dover Strait and La Hague,followed by a dramatic drop towards the Celtic Sea and reveal the dispersal of ^(129)I towards central and northern part of the Channel.Our observation also implies that the entire British coast is contaminated by ^(129)I. ^(129)I levels in the westernmost English Channel,close to the English coast,may reflect combined influences from La Hague and Sellafield.Evolution of ^(129)I between 2005 and 2010 suggests a strong link to temporal marine discharges from La Hague plant.The discharges from the nuclear reprocessing facility have continued since 2010 and thus an ecological evaluation of ^(129)I radioactive hazards in the environment of the Channel may be needed.