Alzheimer's disease(AD)represents the most common form of dementia and is characterized by a progressive decline of cognitive functions.Complex multifactorial processes underlie AD pathophysiology,including amyloi...Alzheimer's disease(AD)represents the most common form of dementia and is characterized by a progressive decline of cognitive functions.Complex multifactorial processes underlie AD pathophysiology,including amyloid-beta(Aβ)toxicity,tau protein hyperphosphorylation,syna ptic dysfunction,oxidative stress,and neuroinflammation(J u and Tam,2022).展开更多
We reviewed recent major clinical trials with investigational drugs for the treatment of subjects with neurodegenerative diseases caused by inheritance of gene mutations or associated with genetic risk factors.Specifi...We reviewed recent major clinical trials with investigational drugs for the treatment of subjects with neurodegenerative diseases caused by inheritance of gene mutations or associated with genetic risk factors.Specifically,we discussed randomized clinical trials in subjects with Alzheimer's disease,Huntington's disease and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis bearing pathogenic gene mutations,and glucocerebrosidase-associated Parkinson's disease.Learning potential lessons to improve future therapeutic approaches is the aim of this review.Two long-term,controlled trials on three anti-β-amyloid monoclonal antibodies(solanezumab,gantenerumab and crenezumab)in subjects carrying Alzheimer's disease-linked mutated genes encoding for amyloid precursor protein or presenilin 1 or presenilin 2 failed to show cognitive or functional benefits.A major trial on tominersen,an antisense oligonucleotide designed to reduce the production of the huntingtin protein in subjects with Huntington's disease,was prematurely interrupted because the drug failed to show higher efficacy than placebo and,at highest doses,led to worsened outcomes.A 28-week trial of tofersen,an antisense oligonucleotide for superoxide dismutase 1 in patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis with superoxide dismutase 1 gene mutations failed to show significant beneficial effects but the 1-year open label extension of this study indicated better clinical and functional outcomes in the group with early tofersen therapy.A trial of venglustat,a potent and brain-penetrant glucosylceramide synthase inhibitor,in Parkinson's disease subjects with heterozygous glucocerebrosidase gene mutations revealed worsened clinical and cognitive performance of patients on the enzyme inhibitor compared to placebo.We concluded that clinical trials in neurodegenerative diseases with a genetic basis should test monoclonal antibodies,antisense oligonucleotides or gene editing directed against the mutated enzyme or the mutated substrate without dramatically affecting physiological wild-type variants.展开更多
The current idea behind brain pathology is that disease is initiated by mild disturbances of common physiological processes. Overtime, the disruption of the neuronal homeostasis will determine irreversible degeneratio...The current idea behind brain pathology is that disease is initiated by mild disturbances of common physiological processes. Overtime, the disruption of the neuronal homeostasis will determine irreversible degeneration and neuronal apoptosis. This could be also true in the case of nerve growth factor (NGF) al- terations in sporadic Alzheimer's disease (AD), an age-related pathology characterized by cholinergic loss, amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles. In fact, the pathway activated by NGF, a key neurotrophin for the metabolism of basal forebrain cholinergic neurons (BFCN), is one of the first homeostatic systems affected in prodromal AD. NGF signaling dysfunctions have been thought for decades to occur in AD late stages, as a mere consequence of amyloid-driven disruption of the retrograde axonal transport of neuro- trophins to BFCN. Nowadays, a wealth of knowledge is potentially opening a new scenario: NGF signaling impairment occurs at the onset of AD and correlates better than amyloid load with cognitive decline. The recent acceleration in the characterization of anatomical, functional and molecular profiles of early AD is aimed at maximizing the efficacy of existing treatments and setting novel therapies. Accordingly, the elucidation of the molecular events underlying APP metabolism regulation by the NGF pathway in the sep- to-hippocampal system is crucial for the identification of new target molecules to slow and eventually halt mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and its progression toward AD.展开更多
The aim of the present review is to highlight the possible neuroregenerative potential ol adipose-derived stem cells. The key property of stem cells is plasticity including self-renewal, multilineage differentiation, ...The aim of the present review is to highlight the possible neuroregenerative potential ol adipose-derived stem cells. The key property of stem cells is plasticity including self-renewal, multilineage differentiation, and migration, whereas the required property is transplantability. For a long time, embryonic stem cells were thought to be the only source of pluripotency, a dogma that has been challenged during the last decade. Today, an alternative option might be adipose-derived stem cells, as easily accessible, ethical and autologous cellular source. Recent knowledge of adipobiology increasingly recognizes that adipose tissue is the major endo- and paracrine organ of the human body. Likewise, numerous neuropetides, neurotrophic factors, neurotransmitters, hypothalamic and steroid hormones and their receptors are shared by adipose tissue and brain. Accordingly, the regenerative potential of neuroprotective factor-secreting adipose-derived stem cells is outlined. Whether the possible benefits of adipose stem cell-based therapy may be mediated via cell transdifferentiation and/or paracrine mechanisms remains to further be evaluated.展开更多
Stem cells hold enormous promise for regenerative medicine as well as for engineering of model systems to study diseases and develop new drugs. The discovery of protocols that allow for generating induced pluripotent ...Stem cells hold enormous promise for regenerative medicine as well as for engineering of model systems to study diseases and develop new drugs. The discovery of protocols that allow for generating induced pluripotent stem cells(IPSCs) from somatic cells has brought this promise steps closer to reality. However,as somatic cells might have accumulated various chromosomal abnormalities,including aneuploidies throughout their lives,the resulting IPSCs might no longer carry the perfect blueprint for the tissue to be generated,or worse,become at risk of adopting a malignant fate. In this review,we discuss the contribution of aneuploidy to healthy tissues and how aneuploidy can lead to disease. Furthermore,we review the differences between how somatic cells and stem cells respond to aneuploidy.展开更多
The paper shortly reviews the basic direct approaches applied in searching for viable solutions to solar fuel production. These are generally distinguished in molecular and semiconductor(non-molecular)systems, however...The paper shortly reviews the basic direct approaches applied in searching for viable solutions to solar fuel production. These are generally distinguished in molecular and semiconductor(non-molecular)systems, however, hybrid strategies, proposed recently, have also been included. The most promising efforts are considered, highlighting key aspects and emerging critical issues. Special attention is paid to aspects such as electrode architecture, device design, and main differences in the scientific vision and challenges to directly produce solar fuels. This overview could be useful to orientate the readers in the wide panorama of research activities concerning water splitting, natural and artificial photosynthesis, and solar fuel production through the identification of common aspects, specialties and potentialities of the many initiatives and approaches that are developing worldwide in this field with the final aim to meet world energy demand.展开更多
The changing energy-chemistry nexus is discussed in this perspective paper about the future of sustainable energy and chemical production to identify the priorities and open issues on which focus research and developm...The changing energy-chemistry nexus is discussed in this perspective paper about the future of sustainable energy and chemical production to identify the priorities and open issues on which focus research and development. Topics discussed regard (i) the new sustainable energy scenario, (ii) the role of energy storage (from smart grids to chemical storage of energy), (iii) the outlooks and role of solar (bio)refineries and solar fuels, (iv) how to integrate hio- and solar-refineries to move to new economy, (v) the role of methanol at the crossover of new energy-chemistry nexus, (vi) the role of chemistry in this new scenario, (vii) the role of nanomaterials for a sustainable energy, (viii) the use of nanocarbons to design advanced energy conversion and storage devices, and (ix) possibilities and routes to exploit solar energy and methane (shale gas). The contribution provides a glimpse of the emerging directions and routes with some elements about their possible role in the future scenario, but does not orovide a detailed analysis of the state of the art in these directions展开更多
We report the synthesis, characterisation and catalytic performance of two nature-inspired biomassderived electro-catalysts for the oxygen reduction reaction in fuel cells. The catalysts were prepared via pyrolysis of...We report the synthesis, characterisation and catalytic performance of two nature-inspired biomassderived electro-catalysts for the oxygen reduction reaction in fuel cells. The catalysts were prepared via pyrolysis of a real food waste(lobster shells) or by mimicking the composition of lobster shells using chitin and CaCO3 particles followed by acid washing. The simplified model of artificial lobster was prepared for better reproducibility. The calcium carbonate in both samples acts as a pore agent, creating increased surface area and pore volume, though considerably higher in artificial lobster samples due to the better homogeneity of the components. Various characterisation techniques revealed the presence of a considerable amount of hydroxyapatite left in the real lobster samples after acid washing and a low content of carbon(23%), nitrogen and sulphur(〈1%), limiting the surface area to 23 m^2/g, and consequently resulting in rather poor catalytic activity. However, artificial lobster samples, with a surface area of ≈200 m^2/g and a nitrogen doping of 2%, showed a promising onset potential, very similar to a commercially available platinum catalyst, with better methanol tolerance, though with lower stability in long time testing over 10,000 s.展开更多
Gastrointestinal(GI)symptoms have been described in a conspicuous percentage of coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19)patients.This clinical evidence is supported by the detection of viral RNA in stool,which also supports...Gastrointestinal(GI)symptoms have been described in a conspicuous percentage of coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19)patients.This clinical evidence is supported by the detection of viral RNA in stool,which also supports the hypothesis of a possible fecal-oral transmission route.The involvement of GI tract in severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2(SARS-CoV-2)infection is corroborated by the theoretical assumption that angiotensin converting enzyme 2,which is a SARS-CoV-2 target receptor,is present along the GI tract.Studies have pointed out that gut dysbiosis may occur in COVID-19 patients,with a possible correlation with disease severity and with complications such as multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children.However,the question to be addressed is whether dysbiosis is a consequence or a contributing cause of SARS-CoV-2 infection.In such a scenario,pharmacological therapies aimed at decreasing GI permeability may be beneficial for COVID-19 patients.Considering the possibility of a fecal-oral transmission route,water and environmental sanitation play a crucial role for COVID-19 containment,especially in developing countries.展开更多
Tau is the prime participant in the Alzheimer’s disease(AD) neurodegeneration:AD,the main cause of dementia in elderly people,is a multifactorial neurodegenerative disorder characterized by a long prodromal phase(sta...Tau is the prime participant in the Alzheimer’s disease(AD) neurodegeneration:AD,the main cause of dementia in elderly people,is a multifactorial neurodegenerative disorder characterized by a long prodromal phase(starting more than two decades before clinical symptoms appear)with brain accumulation/misfolding of amyloidβ(Aβ)in insoluble amyloid plaques and of tau protein in neurofibrillary tangles.展开更多
As security in its neighborhood deteriorates,EU is making major adjustment to its Neighborhood Policy.The new policies are no longer value-driven,transformation-targeted,and single-handed,but more interest-oriented,fl...As security in its neighborhood deteriorates,EU is making major adjustment to its Neighborhood Policy.The new policies are no longer value-driven,transformation-targeted,and single-handed,but more interest-oriented,flexible,differentiated and stability-targeted.The mode has been shifted from proactive export of democratic values,to reactive defense and展开更多
Structural control and element doping are two popular strategies to produce semiconductors with surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy(SERS)properties.For TiO2 based SERS substrates,maintaining a good crystallinity is cr...Structural control and element doping are two popular strategies to produce semiconductors with surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy(SERS)properties.For TiO2 based SERS substrates,maintaining a good crystallinity is critical to achieve excellent Raman scattering.At elevated temperatures(N600°C),the phase transition from anatase to rutile TiO2 could result in a poor SERS performance.In this work,we report the successful synthesis of TiO2 nanowhiskers with excellent SERS properties.The enhancement factor,an index of SERS performance,is 4.96×106 for methylene blue molecule detecting,with a detection sensitivity around 10-7 mol·L-1.Characterizations,such as XRD,Raman,TEM,UV–vis and Zeta potential measurement,have been performed to decrypt structural and chemical characteristics of the newly synthesized TiO2 nanowhiskers.The photo absorption onset of MB adsorbed TiO2 nanowhiskers was similar to that of bare TiO2 nanowhiskers.In addition,no new band was observed from the UV–vis of MB modified TiO2 nanowhiskers.Both results suggest that the high enhancement factor cannot be explained by the charge-transfer mechanism.With the support of ab initio density functional theory calculations,we reveal that interfacial potassium is critical to maintain thermal stability of the anatase phase up to 900°C.In addition,the deposition of potassium results in a negatively charged TiO2 nanowhisker surface,which favors specific adsorption of methylene blue molecules and significantly improves SERS performance via the electrostatic adsorption effect.展开更多
The work studied a non-catalytic upgrading of fast pyrolysis bio-oil by blending under supercritical conditions using methanol,ethanol and isopropanol as solvent and hydrogen donor.Characterisation of the bio-oil and ...The work studied a non-catalytic upgrading of fast pyrolysis bio-oil by blending under supercritical conditions using methanol,ethanol and isopropanol as solvent and hydrogen donor.Characterisation of the bio-oil and the upgraded bio-oils was carried out including moisture content,elemental content,pH,heating value,gas chromatography-mass spectrometry(GCMS),Fourier transform infrared radiation,13C nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy,and thermogravimetric analysis to evaluate the effects of blending and supercritical reactions.The GCMS analysis indicated that the supercritical methanol reaction removed the acids in the bio-oil consequently the pH increased from 2.39 in the crude bio-oil to 4.04 after the supercritical methanol reaction.The ester contents increased by 87.49% after the supercritical methanol reaction indicating ester formation could be the major deacidification mechanism for reducing the acidity of the bio-oil and improving its pH value.Simply blending crude bio-oil with isopropanol was effective in increasing the C and H content,reducing the O content and increasing the heating value to 27.55 from 17.51 MJ·kg^-1 in the crude bio-oil.After the supercritical isopropanol reaction,the heating value o f the liquid product slightly further increased to 28.85 MJ·kg^-1.展开更多
Background:Gastrointestinal dysfunction can affect Parkinson’s disease(PD)patients long before the onset of motor symptoms.However,little is known about the relationship between gastrointestinal abnormalities and the...Background:Gastrointestinal dysfunction can affect Parkinson’s disease(PD)patients long before the onset of motor symptoms.However,little is known about the relationship between gastrointestinal abnormalities and the development of PD.Contrary to other animal models,the human A53T alpha-synuclein(αS)transgenic mice,Line G2–3,developsαS-driven neurological and motor impairments after 9 months of age,displaying a long presymptomatic phase free of central nervous system(CNS)dysfunction.Methods:To determine whether this line can be suitable to study constipation as it occurs in prodromal PD,gastrointestinal functionality was assessed in young mice through a multidisciplinary approach,based on behavioral and biochemical analysis combined with electrophysiological recordings of mouse intestinal preparations.Results:We found that the A53TαS mice display remarkable signs of gastrointestinal dysfunction that precede motor abnormalities andαS pathology in the CNS by at least 6 months.YoungαS mice show a drastic delay in food transit along the gastrointestinal tract,of almost 2 h in 3 months old mice that increased to more than 3 h at 6 months.Such impairment was associated with abnormal formation of stools that resulted in less abundant but longer pellets excreted,suggesting a deficit in the intestinal peristalsis.In agreement with this,electrically evoked contractions of the colon,but not of the ileum,showed a reduced motor response in both longitudinal and circular muscle layers inαS mice already at 3 months of age,that was mainly due to an impaired cholinergic transmission of the underlying enteric nervous system.Interestingly,the presence of insoluble and aggregatedαS was found in enteric neurons in both myenteric and submucosal plexi only in the colon of 3 months oldαS mice,but not in the small intestine,and exacerbated with age,mimicking the increase in transit delay and the contraction deficit showed by behavioral and electrical recordings data.Conclusions:Gastrointestinal dysfunction in A53TαS mice represents an early sign ofαS-driven pathology without concomitant CNS involvement.We believe that this model can be very useful to study disease-modifying strategies that could extend the prodromal phase of PD and haltαS pathology from reaching the brain.展开更多
Hydrodesulfiirization(HDS)of thiophene,as a gasoline model oil,over an industrial Ni-Mo/Al2O3 catalyst was investigated in a continuous system under microwave irradiation.The HDS efficiency was much higher(5%-14%)unde...Hydrodesulfiirization(HDS)of thiophene,as a gasoline model oil,over an industrial Ni-Mo/Al2O3 catalyst was investigated in a continuous system under microwave irradiation.The HDS efficiency was much higher(5%-14%)under microwave irradiation than conventional heating.It was proved that the reaction was enhanced by both microwave thermal and non-thermal effects.Microwave selective heating caused hot spots inside the catalyst,thus improved the reaction rate.From the analysis of the non-thermal effect,the molecular collisions were significantly increased under microwave irradiation.However,instead of being reduced,the apparent activation energy increased.This may be due to the microwave treatment hindering the adsorption though upright S-bind(η1)and enhancing the parallel adsorption(η5),both adsorptions were considered to favor to the direct desulfurization route and the hydrogenation route respectively.Therefore,the HDS process was considered to proceed along the hydrogenation route under microwave irradiation.展开更多
The Chinese Society of Chemical Science and Technology in the United Kingdom(CSCST)was established in 1994 in London by an elite group of Chinese chemists and chemical engineers in the UK with the main aim to promote ...The Chinese Society of Chemical Science and Technology in the United Kingdom(CSCST)was established in 1994 in London by an elite group of Chinese chemists and chemical engineers in the UK with the main aim to promote interaction,network and collaboration among the Chinese academics,postdoctoral researchers and PhDs,but not limited to,in the United Kingdom(UK)higher education institutions and relevant industries.Since then,the CSCST community has continuously grown and further contributed to the various fields of Chemical Science,Engineering and Technology in the UK,as well as worldwide.展开更多
Misfoldedα-synudein is a major component of Lewy bodies,which are a hallmark of Parkinson's disease(PD).A large body of evidence shows thatα-synuclein can aggregate into amyloid fibrils,but the relationship betw...Misfoldedα-synudein is a major component of Lewy bodies,which are a hallmark of Parkinson's disease(PD).A large body of evidence shows thatα-synuclein can aggregate into amyloid fibrils,but the relationship between a-synuclein self-assembly and Lewy body formation remains unclear.Here,we show,both in vitro and in a Caenorhabditis elegans model of PD,thatα-synuclein undergoes liquid-liquid phase separation by forming a liquid droplet state,which converts into an amyloid-rich hydrogel with Lewy-body-like properties.This maturation process towards the amyloid state is delayed in the presence of model synaptic vesicles in vitro.Taken together,these results suggest that the formation of Lewy bodies may be linked to the arrested maturation ofα-synuclein condensates in the presence of lipids and other cellular components.展开更多
There is a need for mesoscale resolution and coupling between flow-field information and the evolution of particle properties in high-shear granulation. We have developed a modelling framework that com- partmentalizes...There is a need for mesoscale resolution and coupling between flow-field information and the evolution of particle properties in high-shear granulation. We have developed a modelling framework that com- partmentalizes the high-shear granulation process based on relevant process parameters in time and space. The model comprises a coupled-flow-field and population-balance solver and is used to resolve and analyze the effects of mesoscales on the evolution of particle properties. A Diosna high-shear mixer was modelled with microcrystalline cellulose powder as the granulation material. An analysis of the flow-field solution and compartmentalization allows for a resolution of the stress and collision peak at the impeller blades. Different compartmentalizations showed the importance of resolving the impeller region, for aggregating systems and systems with breakage. An independent study investigated the time evolution of the flow field by changing the particle properties in three discrete steps that represent pow- der mixing, the initial granulation stage mixing and the late stage granular mixing. The results of the temporal resolution study show clear changes in collision behavior, especially from powder to granular mixing, which indicates the importance of resolving mesoscale phenomena in time and space.展开更多
文摘Alzheimer's disease(AD)represents the most common form of dementia and is characterized by a progressive decline of cognitive functions.Complex multifactorial processes underlie AD pathophysiology,including amyloid-beta(Aβ)toxicity,tau protein hyperphosphorylation,syna ptic dysfunction,oxidative stress,and neuroinflammation(J u and Tam,2022).
文摘We reviewed recent major clinical trials with investigational drugs for the treatment of subjects with neurodegenerative diseases caused by inheritance of gene mutations or associated with genetic risk factors.Specifically,we discussed randomized clinical trials in subjects with Alzheimer's disease,Huntington's disease and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis bearing pathogenic gene mutations,and glucocerebrosidase-associated Parkinson's disease.Learning potential lessons to improve future therapeutic approaches is the aim of this review.Two long-term,controlled trials on three anti-β-amyloid monoclonal antibodies(solanezumab,gantenerumab and crenezumab)in subjects carrying Alzheimer's disease-linked mutated genes encoding for amyloid precursor protein or presenilin 1 or presenilin 2 failed to show cognitive or functional benefits.A major trial on tominersen,an antisense oligonucleotide designed to reduce the production of the huntingtin protein in subjects with Huntington's disease,was prematurely interrupted because the drug failed to show higher efficacy than placebo and,at highest doses,led to worsened outcomes.A 28-week trial of tofersen,an antisense oligonucleotide for superoxide dismutase 1 in patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis with superoxide dismutase 1 gene mutations failed to show significant beneficial effects but the 1-year open label extension of this study indicated better clinical and functional outcomes in the group with early tofersen therapy.A trial of venglustat,a potent and brain-penetrant glucosylceramide synthase inhibitor,in Parkinson's disease subjects with heterozygous glucocerebrosidase gene mutations revealed worsened clinical and cognitive performance of patients on the enzyme inhibitor compared to placebo.We concluded that clinical trials in neurodegenerative diseases with a genetic basis should test monoclonal antibodies,antisense oligonucleotides or gene editing directed against the mutated enzyme or the mutated substrate without dramatically affecting physiological wild-type variants.
基金supported by Ministry of Education,Universities and Research(MIUR/FIRB)funding to PC
文摘The current idea behind brain pathology is that disease is initiated by mild disturbances of common physiological processes. Overtime, the disruption of the neuronal homeostasis will determine irreversible degeneration and neuronal apoptosis. This could be also true in the case of nerve growth factor (NGF) al- terations in sporadic Alzheimer's disease (AD), an age-related pathology characterized by cholinergic loss, amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles. In fact, the pathway activated by NGF, a key neurotrophin for the metabolism of basal forebrain cholinergic neurons (BFCN), is one of the first homeostatic systems affected in prodromal AD. NGF signaling dysfunctions have been thought for decades to occur in AD late stages, as a mere consequence of amyloid-driven disruption of the retrograde axonal transport of neuro- trophins to BFCN. Nowadays, a wealth of knowledge is potentially opening a new scenario: NGF signaling impairment occurs at the onset of AD and correlates better than amyloid load with cognitive decline. The recent acceleration in the characterization of anatomical, functional and molecular profiles of early AD is aimed at maximizing the efficacy of existing treatments and setting novel therapies. Accordingly, the elucidation of the molecular events underlying APP metabolism regulation by the NGF pathway in the sep- to-hippocampal system is crucial for the identification of new target molecules to slow and eventually halt mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and its progression toward AD.
文摘The aim of the present review is to highlight the possible neuroregenerative potential ol adipose-derived stem cells. The key property of stem cells is plasticity including self-renewal, multilineage differentiation, and migration, whereas the required property is transplantability. For a long time, embryonic stem cells were thought to be the only source of pluripotency, a dogma that has been challenged during the last decade. Today, an alternative option might be adipose-derived stem cells, as easily accessible, ethical and autologous cellular source. Recent knowledge of adipobiology increasingly recognizes that adipose tissue is the major endo- and paracrine organ of the human body. Likewise, numerous neuropetides, neurotrophic factors, neurotransmitters, hypothalamic and steroid hormones and their receptors are shared by adipose tissue and brain. Accordingly, the regenerative potential of neuroprotective factor-secreting adipose-derived stem cells is outlined. Whether the possible benefits of adipose stem cell-based therapy may be mediated via cell transdifferentiation and/or paracrine mechanisms remains to further be evaluated.
基金Supported by The Pediatric Oncology Foundation Groningen(SKOGhttp://www.kinderoncologiegroningen.nl)+2 种基金European Union(Marie Curie Innovative Training Network Ploidy Nethttp://aneuploidy.nl)Dutch Cancer Society(http://www.kwf.nl grant#2012-RUG-5549)for funding
文摘Stem cells hold enormous promise for regenerative medicine as well as for engineering of model systems to study diseases and develop new drugs. The discovery of protocols that allow for generating induced pluripotent stem cells(IPSCs) from somatic cells has brought this promise steps closer to reality. However,as somatic cells might have accumulated various chromosomal abnormalities,including aneuploidies throughout their lives,the resulting IPSCs might no longer carry the perfect blueprint for the tissue to be generated,or worse,become at risk of adopting a malignant fate. In this review,we discuss the contribution of aneuploidy to healthy tissues and how aneuploidy can lead to disease. Furthermore,we review the differences between how somatic cells and stem cells respond to aneuploidy.
基金Financial support from the Italian MIUR through the PRIN Project 2015K7FZLH SMARTNESS“Solar driven Chemistry:New materials for photo-and electro-catalysis”
文摘The paper shortly reviews the basic direct approaches applied in searching for viable solutions to solar fuel production. These are generally distinguished in molecular and semiconductor(non-molecular)systems, however, hybrid strategies, proposed recently, have also been included. The most promising efforts are considered, highlighting key aspects and emerging critical issues. Special attention is paid to aspects such as electrode architecture, device design, and main differences in the scientific vision and challenges to directly produce solar fuels. This overview could be useful to orientate the readers in the wide panorama of research activities concerning water splitting, natural and artificial photosynthesis, and solar fuel production through the identification of common aspects, specialties and potentialities of the many initiatives and approaches that are developing worldwide in this field with the final aim to meet world energy demand.
基金the PRIN10-11 projects "Mechanisms of activation of CO2for the design of new materials for energy and resource efficiency" and "Innovative processes for the conversion of algal biomass for the production of jet fuel and green diesel" for the financial support
文摘The changing energy-chemistry nexus is discussed in this perspective paper about the future of sustainable energy and chemical production to identify the priorities and open issues on which focus research and development. Topics discussed regard (i) the new sustainable energy scenario, (ii) the role of energy storage (from smart grids to chemical storage of energy), (iii) the outlooks and role of solar (bio)refineries and solar fuels, (iv) how to integrate hio- and solar-refineries to move to new economy, (v) the role of methanol at the crossover of new energy-chemistry nexus, (vi) the role of chemistry in this new scenario, (vii) the role of nanomaterials for a sustainable energy, (viii) the use of nanocarbons to design advanced energy conversion and storage devices, and (ix) possibilities and routes to exploit solar energy and methane (shale gas). The contribution provides a glimpse of the emerging directions and routes with some elements about their possible role in the future scenario, but does not orovide a detailed analysis of the state of the art in these directions
基金the EU for the Intra European Marie Curie Research Fellowship (PIEFGA-2013-623227)
文摘We report the synthesis, characterisation and catalytic performance of two nature-inspired biomassderived electro-catalysts for the oxygen reduction reaction in fuel cells. The catalysts were prepared via pyrolysis of a real food waste(lobster shells) or by mimicking the composition of lobster shells using chitin and CaCO3 particles followed by acid washing. The simplified model of artificial lobster was prepared for better reproducibility. The calcium carbonate in both samples acts as a pore agent, creating increased surface area and pore volume, though considerably higher in artificial lobster samples due to the better homogeneity of the components. Various characterisation techniques revealed the presence of a considerable amount of hydroxyapatite left in the real lobster samples after acid washing and a low content of carbon(23%), nitrogen and sulphur(〈1%), limiting the surface area to 23 m^2/g, and consequently resulting in rather poor catalytic activity. However, artificial lobster samples, with a surface area of ≈200 m^2/g and a nitrogen doping of 2%, showed a promising onset potential, very similar to a commercially available platinum catalyst, with better methanol tolerance, though with lower stability in long time testing over 10,000 s.
文摘Gastrointestinal(GI)symptoms have been described in a conspicuous percentage of coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19)patients.This clinical evidence is supported by the detection of viral RNA in stool,which also supports the hypothesis of a possible fecal-oral transmission route.The involvement of GI tract in severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2(SARS-CoV-2)infection is corroborated by the theoretical assumption that angiotensin converting enzyme 2,which is a SARS-CoV-2 target receptor,is present along the GI tract.Studies have pointed out that gut dysbiosis may occur in COVID-19 patients,with a possible correlation with disease severity and with complications such as multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children.However,the question to be addressed is whether dysbiosis is a consequence or a contributing cause of SARS-CoV-2 infection.In such a scenario,pharmacological therapies aimed at decreasing GI permeability may be beneficial for COVID-19 patients.Considering the possibility of a fecal-oral transmission route,water and environmental sanitation play a crucial role for COVID-19 containment,especially in developing countries.
基金The present work was supported by in part by Fondo Ordinario Enti(FOE D.M865/2019)in the framework of a collaboration agreement between the Italian National Research Council and EBRI(2019-2021)(to PC)VL was supported by Post-doctoral Fellowship by Operatori Sanitari Assistiti(OSA).
文摘Tau is the prime participant in the Alzheimer’s disease(AD) neurodegeneration:AD,the main cause of dementia in elderly people,is a multifactorial neurodegenerative disorder characterized by a long prodromal phase(starting more than two decades before clinical symptoms appear)with brain accumulation/misfolding of amyloidβ(Aβ)in insoluble amyloid plaques and of tau protein in neurofibrillary tangles.
文摘As security in its neighborhood deteriorates,EU is making major adjustment to its Neighborhood Policy.The new policies are no longer value-driven,transformation-targeted,and single-handed,but more interest-oriented,flexible,differentiated and stability-targeted.The mode has been shifted from proactive export of democratic values,to reactive defense and
基金supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China(21878143,21476106,and 21838004)Joint Research Fund for Overseas Chinese Scholars and Scholars in Hong Kong and Macao Young Scholars(21729601)+3 种基金the fund of State Key Laboratory of MaterialsOriented Chemical Engineering(ZK201702,KL16-01)the Priority Academic Program Development of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions(PAPD)the U.S.National Science Foundation(NSF)for support through Grant No.CHE-1710102the High-Performance Computing Center of Nanjing Tech University for supporting the computational resources。
文摘Structural control and element doping are two popular strategies to produce semiconductors with surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy(SERS)properties.For TiO2 based SERS substrates,maintaining a good crystallinity is critical to achieve excellent Raman scattering.At elevated temperatures(N600°C),the phase transition from anatase to rutile TiO2 could result in a poor SERS performance.In this work,we report the successful synthesis of TiO2 nanowhiskers with excellent SERS properties.The enhancement factor,an index of SERS performance,is 4.96×106 for methylene blue molecule detecting,with a detection sensitivity around 10-7 mol·L-1.Characterizations,such as XRD,Raman,TEM,UV–vis and Zeta potential measurement,have been performed to decrypt structural and chemical characteristics of the newly synthesized TiO2 nanowhiskers.The photo absorption onset of MB adsorbed TiO2 nanowhiskers was similar to that of bare TiO2 nanowhiskers.In addition,no new band was observed from the UV–vis of MB modified TiO2 nanowhiskers.Both results suggest that the high enhancement factor cannot be explained by the charge-transfer mechanism.With the support of ab initio density functional theory calculations,we reveal that interfacial potassium is critical to maintain thermal stability of the anatase phase up to 900°C.In addition,the deposition of potassium results in a negatively charged TiO2 nanowhisker surface,which favors specific adsorption of methylene blue molecules and significantly improves SERS performance via the electrostatic adsorption effect.
文摘The work studied a non-catalytic upgrading of fast pyrolysis bio-oil by blending under supercritical conditions using methanol,ethanol and isopropanol as solvent and hydrogen donor.Characterisation of the bio-oil and the upgraded bio-oils was carried out including moisture content,elemental content,pH,heating value,gas chromatography-mass spectrometry(GCMS),Fourier transform infrared radiation,13C nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy,and thermogravimetric analysis to evaluate the effects of blending and supercritical reactions.The GCMS analysis indicated that the supercritical methanol reaction removed the acids in the bio-oil consequently the pH increased from 2.39 in the crude bio-oil to 4.04 after the supercritical methanol reaction.The ester contents increased by 87.49% after the supercritical methanol reaction indicating ester formation could be the major deacidification mechanism for reducing the acidity of the bio-oil and improving its pH value.Simply blending crude bio-oil with isopropanol was effective in increasing the C and H content,reducing the O content and increasing the heating value to 27.55 from 17.51 MJ·kg^-1 in the crude bio-oil.After the supercritical isopropanol reaction,the heating value o f the liquid product slightly further increased to 28.85 MJ·kg^-1.
基金This work has been funded by the Italian Ministry of University and Research through the Career Reintegration grant scheme(RLM Program for Young Researcher)and from Scuola Normale Superiore.
文摘Background:Gastrointestinal dysfunction can affect Parkinson’s disease(PD)patients long before the onset of motor symptoms.However,little is known about the relationship between gastrointestinal abnormalities and the development of PD.Contrary to other animal models,the human A53T alpha-synuclein(αS)transgenic mice,Line G2–3,developsαS-driven neurological and motor impairments after 9 months of age,displaying a long presymptomatic phase free of central nervous system(CNS)dysfunction.Methods:To determine whether this line can be suitable to study constipation as it occurs in prodromal PD,gastrointestinal functionality was assessed in young mice through a multidisciplinary approach,based on behavioral and biochemical analysis combined with electrophysiological recordings of mouse intestinal preparations.Results:We found that the A53TαS mice display remarkable signs of gastrointestinal dysfunction that precede motor abnormalities andαS pathology in the CNS by at least 6 months.YoungαS mice show a drastic delay in food transit along the gastrointestinal tract,of almost 2 h in 3 months old mice that increased to more than 3 h at 6 months.Such impairment was associated with abnormal formation of stools that resulted in less abundant but longer pellets excreted,suggesting a deficit in the intestinal peristalsis.In agreement with this,electrically evoked contractions of the colon,but not of the ileum,showed a reduced motor response in both longitudinal and circular muscle layers inαS mice already at 3 months of age,that was mainly due to an impaired cholinergic transmission of the underlying enteric nervous system.Interestingly,the presence of insoluble and aggregatedαS was found in enteric neurons in both myenteric and submucosal plexi only in the colon of 3 months oldαS mice,but not in the small intestine,and exacerbated with age,mimicking the increase in transit delay and the contraction deficit showed by behavioral and electrical recordings data.Conclusions:Gastrointestinal dysfunction in A53TαS mice represents an early sign ofαS-driven pathology without concomitant CNS involvement.We believe that this model can be very useful to study disease-modifying strategies that could extend the prodromal phase of PD and haltαS pathology from reaching the brain.
基金This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.21476258).
文摘Hydrodesulfiirization(HDS)of thiophene,as a gasoline model oil,over an industrial Ni-Mo/Al2O3 catalyst was investigated in a continuous system under microwave irradiation.The HDS efficiency was much higher(5%-14%)under microwave irradiation than conventional heating.It was proved that the reaction was enhanced by both microwave thermal and non-thermal effects.Microwave selective heating caused hot spots inside the catalyst,thus improved the reaction rate.From the analysis of the non-thermal effect,the molecular collisions were significantly increased under microwave irradiation.However,instead of being reduced,the apparent activation energy increased.This may be due to the microwave treatment hindering the adsorption though upright S-bind(η1)and enhancing the parallel adsorption(η5),both adsorptions were considered to favor to the direct desulfurization route and the hydrogenation route respectively.Therefore,the HDS process was considered to proceed along the hydrogenation route under microwave irradiation.
文摘The Chinese Society of Chemical Science and Technology in the United Kingdom(CSCST)was established in 1994 in London by an elite group of Chinese chemists and chemical engineers in the UK with the main aim to promote interaction,network and collaboration among the Chinese academics,postdoctoral researchers and PhDs,but not limited to,in the United Kingdom(UK)higher education institutions and relevant industries.Since then,the CSCST community has continuously grown and further contributed to the various fields of Chemical Science,Engineering and Technology in the UK,as well as worldwide.
基金G.S.K.S.acknowledges funding from the Wellcome Trust(065807/Z/01/Z and 203249/Z/16/Z)the UK Medical Research Council(MRC,MR/K02292X/1)+2 种基金Alzheimer Research UK(ARUK,ARUK-PG013-14)Michael J Fox Foundation(16238)from Infinitus China Ltd.S.T.D.acknowledges funding from the Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council(BBSRC,BB/M011194/1).
文摘Misfoldedα-synudein is a major component of Lewy bodies,which are a hallmark of Parkinson's disease(PD).A large body of evidence shows thatα-synuclein can aggregate into amyloid fibrils,but the relationship between a-synuclein self-assembly and Lewy body formation remains unclear.Here,we show,both in vitro and in a Caenorhabditis elegans model of PD,thatα-synuclein undergoes liquid-liquid phase separation by forming a liquid droplet state,which converts into an amyloid-rich hydrogel with Lewy-body-like properties.This maturation process towards the amyloid state is delayed in the presence of model synaptic vesicles in vitro.Taken together,these results suggest that the formation of Lewy bodies may be linked to the arrested maturation ofα-synuclein condensates in the presence of lipids and other cellular components.
文摘There is a need for mesoscale resolution and coupling between flow-field information and the evolution of particle properties in high-shear granulation. We have developed a modelling framework that com- partmentalizes the high-shear granulation process based on relevant process parameters in time and space. The model comprises a coupled-flow-field and population-balance solver and is used to resolve and analyze the effects of mesoscales on the evolution of particle properties. A Diosna high-shear mixer was modelled with microcrystalline cellulose powder as the granulation material. An analysis of the flow-field solution and compartmentalization allows for a resolution of the stress and collision peak at the impeller blades. Different compartmentalizations showed the importance of resolving the impeller region, for aggregating systems and systems with breakage. An independent study investigated the time evolution of the flow field by changing the particle properties in three discrete steps that represent pow- der mixing, the initial granulation stage mixing and the late stage granular mixing. The results of the temporal resolution study show clear changes in collision behavior, especially from powder to granular mixing, which indicates the importance of resolving mesoscale phenomena in time and space.