Effect of Instant Controlled Pressure Drop Process Coupled to Drying and Freezing on Antioxidant Activity of Green “Poblano” Pepper (<i>Capsicum annuum</i>L.)

Different food operations have been intensified through assisting them by instant controlled pressure drop DIC treatment. Such processes should be defined in order to preserve the main nutritional and sensorial contents of the raw material. The present paper is dedicated to study the evolution of the main bioactive compounds (total phenolics and flavonoids) and functional properties such as the antioxidant activity of processed samples in the case of Green “Poblano” Pepper (Capsicum annuum L.). Results issued from DIC-assisted hot air drying, and DIC-assisted freezing, allowed to identifying the impact of DIC studied operating parameters, which were the saturated steam pressure and the processing time, and the best DIC treatment correlated with the considered operation.

直驱式永磁同步海流机叶轮不平衡故障建模与实验研究

为了研究复杂工况下叶轮不平衡故障对海流机运行的影响,建立从来流流速输入到定子电流输出的机电耦合数学模型。该模型与实验结果相匹配,不仅能呈现湍流下海流机叶轮不平衡故障特性,同时能够减少计算时的复杂运算。为了验证该模型模拟实际海流机运行的可靠性,首先对直驱式永磁同步海流机在不同流速下正常运行模式和叶轮不平衡故障模式进行实验测试。其次,利用海流机实测正常运行数据对数学模型进行修正,在修正模型中添加不平衡故障模块得到叶轮不平衡故障仿真结果,并与实验结果对比。仿真结果得到了与实测值较为相近的结果,验证了该模型的有效性和可靠性。

Soot formation and oxidation during bio-oil gasification:experiments and modeling

A model is proposed to describe soot formation and oxidation during bio-oil gasification.It is based on the description of bio-oil heating,devolatilization,reforming of gases and conversion of both char and soot solids.Detailed chemistry (159 species and 773 reactions) is used in the gas phase.Soot production is described by a single reaction based on C2H2species concentration and three heterogeneous soot oxidation reactions.To support the validation of the model,three sets of experiments were carried out in a lab-scale Entrained Flow Reactor (EFR) equipped with soot quantification device.The temperature was varied from 1000 to 1400 C and three gaseous atmospheres were considered:default of steam,large excess of steam(H2O/C=8),and the presence of oxygen in the O/C range of 0.075–0.5.The model is shown to accurately describe the evolution of the concentration of the main gas species and to satisfactorily describe the soot concentration under the three atmospheres using a single set of identified kinetic parameters.Thanks to this model the contribution of different mechanisms involved in soot formation and oxidation in various situations can be assessed.

Vapor and Pressure Sensors Based on Cellulose Nanofibers and Carbon Nanotubes Aerogel with Thermoelectric Properties

In this work,thermally insulating and electrically conductive aerogels were prepared from cellulose nanofibers(CNF)and carbon nanotubes(CNTs)by environmentally friendly freeze-drying process.The thermal conductivity of neat CNF aerogel is 24 mW/(m・K)with a density of 0.025 g/cm3.With the addition of CNTs into CNF aerogel,the electrical conductivity was significantly increased while the thermal conductivity was increased to 38 mW/(m・K).Due to these interesting properties,the Seebeck coefficient and the figure of merit(ZT)of the CNF/CNTs aerogels were measured and showed that CNF/CNTs aerogel thermoelectric properties can be improved.The compressibility and electrical resistance of the CNF/CNTs aerogel highlighted its pressure-responsive property.A set of volatile organic compounds(VOCs)were exposed to aerogels to monitor the resistance change.The CNF/CNTs aerogel showed high sensitivity and good response to both nonpolar and polar vapors due to the absorption by both CNF and CNTs networks.The prepared CNF/CNTs aerogel is therefore a good candidate for thermal insulation,thermoelectric material,VOCs sensing,and pressure-sensing applications.

SYNTHESIS OF CONDUCTIVE POLYANILINE VIA OXIDATION BY MnO_2

A unique process of chemical oxidation polymerization of aniline using manganese dioxide (MnO2) as the oxidizing agent in an aqueous medium is described. The reaction between aniline and MnO2 follows a mechanism by which the organic monomer is oxidized while the metal oxide undergoes reductive dissolution. The effects of the amount of oxidizing agent and aniline, pH and temperature of the reactive system, type of acid on the yield and conductivity of polyaniline are discussed. The resulting polyaniline was characterized by IR and UV-Vis spectrometry. Polyaniline with a conductivity of 12.5 S/cm was obtained using 0.033 mol of aniline oxidized by 0.023 mol MnO2 in the presence of 100 mL of 2.7 mol/L HCl at 25degreesC for 4 h.

Occurrence of Cassava Mosaic Begomovirus New Species and Ageratum Leaf Curl Cameroon Virus on Pepper(Capsicum annuum L.)in Togo

Cassava mosaic disease caused by the whitefly-transmitted begomoviruses (family Geminiviridae) is a major threat to cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) production, which can be intercropped with other plants such as pepper (Capsicum annuum L.). The aim of this study is to identify cassava begomoviruses on other crops in cassava intercropping systems. Thus, foliar samples showing typical symptoms of virus diseases in cassava intercropping systems were collected from pepper and submitted to PCR analysis and direct sequencing. Three begomovirus species ACMV, EACMV and ALCCMV were identified and characterized in samples. Isolates of these species shared respectively 90% - 93%, 74% and 80% nucleotide identities with begomoviruses. These findings show that cassava begomoviruses can infect other crops and will help in understanding the epidemiology related to whitefly-transmitted begomoviruses in cassava intercropping systems.

Genetic Diversity of Tomato(Solanum lycopersicum L.)Begomovirus in Togo

Geminiviruses, in particular the members of the genus Begomovirus , are considered to be a major phytosanitary problem for tomato crops production in the world. They are responsible for yield losses of up to 20% to 100%. Regrettably, Togo is not spared from this situation. This work aims to show the genetic diversity of the begomoviruses affecting tomato crops production in Togo and their relationship with other begomoviruses. To achieve these objectives, 307 samples of tomato leaves and wild plant species with typical virus symptoms were collected in the Maritime, Plateaus, Central, Kara and Savannah regions and submitted to PCR analysis. The results revealed the presence of begomovirus in 25.40% of the analyzed samples. The PCR products obtained were submitted to direct sequencing. Phylogenetic analysis of sequences of DNA-A different regions of begomovirus identified in this work with that of other begomoviruses showed a nucleotide identity of 96% respectively for Tomato leaf curl Togo virus-Fontem, Tomato Leaf Curl Togo Virus , Ageratum leaf curl Cameroon Alphasatellite;98% respectively to Tomato leaf curl Nigeria virus , Ageratum leaf curl Cameroon virus , Tomato leaf curl Cameroon virus-Fontem, Ageratum leaf curl Cameroon virus and 99% respectively to Tomato leaf curl Kumasi virus , Pepper yellow vein Mali virus Bazegahot and Pepper yellow vein Mali virus-Ouaga. These results suggest a high degree of genetic diversity of tomato begomoviruses identified in Togo.

大巴山弧形构造带形成与两侧隆起的关系：FT和(U-Th)/He低温热年代约束

FT和(U-Th)/He低温热年代与区域冷却特性表明,南大巴山弧形带在153～100Ma时期以快速冷却抬升(1.44～1.90℃/Ma)为特征,这一构造期既不同于因秦岭晚造山挤压(J1+2)引发的盆地快速沉降,也不同于100～45Ma时期的缓慢冷却与构造抬升.这种快速冷却抬升与弧形带两侧的黄陵隆起(160～126Ma,冷却速率为2.22～3.17℃/Ma)、汉南-米仓山隆起(南部150～125Ma,冷却速率为4.91℃/Ma;北部150～105Ma,冷却速率为2.11℃/Ma)存在很好的区域一致性.综合弧形带与两侧隆起的差异冷却特性以及与北大巴武当地块冷却曲线的对比分析,本文认为南大巴山弧形构造带形成于153～100Ma,主要与扬子板块总体上主动向北西的推挤作用同时遭受汉南、黄陵两个基底隆起的阻挡促使秦岭造山带被动向南西低角度弧形逆冲推覆过程有关.南大巴山弧形带及其两侧隆起在约45Ma还经历了一次较为快速的抬升作用,这一构造抬升在时间上与青藏碰撞造山事件是一致的.

Genesis of Daba arcuate structural belt related to adjacent basement upheavals:Constraints from Fission-track and (U-Th)/He thermochronology

Fission-track, (U-Th)/He thermochronology, and cooling properties indicate that the southern Daba arcuate zone (SDBAZ) underwent a distinctive phase of rapid cooling in 153-100 Ma at a rate of 1.44-1.90°C/Ma. This rapid uplifting strongly contrasts with (1) the previous, rapid foreland subsidence during Early to Middle Jurassic in response to late-orogenic compression from the Qinling belt, (2) the succeeding long, slow cooling phase and relative thermal stability that occurred during the 100-45 Ma period. This rapid cooling event in the SDBAZ parallels those experienced by two adjacent upheavals of Huangling (HLUZ) and Hannan-Micang (HMUZ), with cooling rates of 2.22-3.17°C/Ma for the HLUZ in 160-126 Ma, 4.91°C/Ma for the southern HMUZ in 150-125 Ma, as well as 2.11°C/Ma for the northern HMUZ in 150-105 Ma. Comparing thermal histories among the SDBAZ, the HLUZ, the HMUZ, and the Wudang metamorphic zone (WDMZ), we infer that the Daba arcuate structural belt formed in 153-100 Ma. The combined dating data support a correlation with a low-angle arcuate south-thrusting of the Qinling orogen triggered by northward convergence of the Yangtze Craton, contemporaneously encountering rigid basement obstructions from the HLUZ and the HMUZ, respectively. Both the SDBAZ and neighboring domains additionally underwent a comparatively fast cooling and uplift since about 45 Ma.

Pressureless sintering behavior and properties of Ag-SnO_2

In this study, the results of measurements on pressureless sintering behavior of Ag-SnO_2(88%wt Ag,12%wt SnO_2) pellets were reported. Dilatometric measurements, relative densities, hardness values, rupture transverse strength and electrical conductivities function of sintering temperatures were presented. A constant thermal expansion coefficient was determined, and a threshold temperature of densification(T_d) was exhibited. Sintering kinetics were reported for different temperatures. Hardness values were measured, and no increase in hardness is found under Td. Three-points bending tests were used to determine the transverse rupture strength whose evolution appears importantly well under Td. In the same manner, the increase in initial electrical conductivities begins well under Td. Under the threshold temperature, the relative increase in electrical conductivity is found to be independent of initial density of green compact pellets. This work highlights different evolutions in function of sintering temperature for the electrical conductivity and transverse rupture strength on the one hand, and for the densification and hardness on the other hand.

A decomposition approach to job-shop scheduling problem with discretely controllable processing times

Job-shop scheduling problem with discretely controllable processing times (JSP-DCPT) is modeled based on the disjunctive graph, and the formulation of JSP-DCPT is presented. A three-step decomposition approach is proposed so that JSP-DCPT can be handled by solving a job-shop scheduling problem (JSP) and a series of discrete time-cost tradeoff problems. To simplify the decomposition approach, the time-cost phase plane is introduced to describe tradeoffs of the discrete time-cost tradeoff problem, and an extreme mode-based set dominant theory is elaborated so that an upper bound is determined to cut discrete time-cost tradeoff problems generated by using the proposed decomposition approach. An extreme mode-based set dominant decomposition algorithm (EMSDDA) is then proposed. Experimental simulations for instance JSPDCPT_FT10, which is designed based on a JSP benchmark FT10, demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed theory and the decomposition approach.

ON IMPROVING AN INTEGRATED INVENTORY MODEL FOR A SINGLE VENDOR AND MULTIPLE BUYERS WITH A RELAXED MATERIAL ORDERING CYCLE POLICY

In this paper, we propose a new model for improving the lot size obtained with the model of Woo, Hsu, and Wu （2001） proposed in their paper ＂An integrated inventory model for a single vendor and multiple buyers with ordering cost reduction＂ （Int. J. Production Economics 73 203-215）. The new model can provide a lower or equal joint total cost as compared to Woo, Hsu, and Wu＇s model due to the relaxation of their integral multiple material ordering cycle policy to a fractional-integral multiple material ordering cycle policy. The proposed model is analyzed and an algorithm for calculating the optimal lot size of the model is developed. A numerical study based on the example used by Woo, Hsu, and Wu is presented.

Plant infection by two different viruses induce contrasting changes of vectors fitness and behavior

Insect-vectored plant viruses can induce changes in plant phenotypes,thus influencing plant-vector interactions in a way that may promote their dispersal according to their mode of transmission (i.e.,circulative vs.noncirculative).This indirect vector manipulation requires host-virus-vector coevolution and would thus be effective solely in very specific plant-virus-vector species associations.Some studies suggest this manipulation may depend on multiple factors relative to various intrinsic characteristics of vectors such as transmission efficiency.In anintegrative study,we tested the effects of infection of the Brassicaceae Camelina sativa with the noncirculative Cauliflower mosaic virus (CaMV)or the circulative Turnip yellows virus (TuYV)on the host-plant colonization of two aphid species differing in their virus transmission efficiency:the polyphagous Myzus persicae,efficient vector of both viruses,and the Brassicaceae specialist Brevicoryne brassicae,poor vector of TuYV and efficient vector of CaMV.Results confirmed the important role of virus mode of transmission as plant-mediated effects of CaMV on the two aphid species induced negative alterations of feeding behavior (i.e.,decreased phloem sap ingestion)and performance that were both conducive for virus fitness by promoting dispersion after a rapid acquisition.In addition,virus transmission efficiency may also play a role in vector manipulation by viruses as only the responses of the efficient vector to plant-mediated effects of TuYV,that is,enhanced feeding behavior and performances,were favorable to their acquisition and further dispersal.Altogether,this work demonstrated that vector transmission efficiency also has to be considered when studying the mechanisms underlying vector manipulation by viruses.Our results also re- inforce the idea that vector manipulation requires coevolution between plant,virus and vector.

THE PERIODIC CAPACITATED ARC ROUTING PROBLEM LINEAR PROGRAMMING MODEL, METAHEURISTIC AND LOWER BOUNDS

The Periodic Capacitated Arc Routing Problem (PCARP) generalizes the well known NP-hard Capacitated Arc Routing Problem (CARP) by extending the single period to multi-period horizon. The Capacitated Arc Routing Problem (CARP) is defined on an undirected network in which a fleet of identical vehicles is based at a depot node. A subset of edges, called tasks, must be serviced by a vehicle. The CARP consists of determining a set of feasible vehicle trips that minimizes the total cost of traversed edges. The PCARP involves the assignment of tasks to periods and the determination of vehicles trips in each period, to minimize the total cost on the whole horizon. This new problem arises in various real life applications such as waste collection, mail delivery, etc. In this paper, a new linear programming model and preliminary lower bounds based on graph transformation are proposed. A meta-heuristic approach - Scatter Search (SS) is developed for the PCARP and evaluated on a large variety of instances.

New insights into diet breadth of polyphagous and oligophagous aphids on two Arabidopsis ecotypes

We investigated whether plant ecotype might affect aphid performance and behavioi. The probing behaviors of the polyphagous aphid Myzus persicae and the oligophagous aphid Brevicoryne brassicae on two ecotypes of Arabidopsis thaliana, WS and Col-0 were recorded using the direct current electrical penetration graph method (DC-EPG). Myzus persicae displayed a significant preference for the WS ecotype but was not greatly disturbed on Col-0, while B. brassicae discriminated between the two A. thaliana ecotypes, feeding less on WS than on Col-0. A Principal Component Analysis of aphid probing behavior data recorded on Col-0 and WS ecotypes showed that the one of M. persicae was positively correlated with the phloem ingestion phases while the one of B. brassicae was more related to nonfeeding phase. The survival of the aphid species was followed during early larval stages on the two ecotypes and a significantly higher mortality was observed of B. brassicae neonates compared to M. persicae. Both reared on WS. Moreover, transcriptomic analysis of non infested plant leaves from both ecotypes was monitored and underlined constitutive differences between Col-0 and WS gene expression that might explain the different aphid behaviors. Among a unigene set comprising 39 042 sequences for A. thaliana, 6% were differently expressed affecting, for example, the secondary metabolites and cell wall pathways: two third upregulated in WS and one third upregulated in Col-0. Thus, the "ecotype” variable should be taken into account when setting up a plant-insect experimental research.

Impact evaluation of large scale integration of electric vehicles on power grid

As the world witnesses a continual increase in the global energy demand,the task of meeting this demand is becoming more difficult due to the limitation in fuel resources as well as the greenhouse gases emitted which accelerate the climate change.As a result,introducing a policy that promotes renewable energy(RE)generation and integration is inevitable for sustainable development.In this endeavor,electrification of the transport sector rises as key point in reducing the accelerating environment degradation,by the deployment of new type of vehicles referred to as PHEV(plug-in hybrid electric vehicle).Besides being able to use two kinds of drives(the conventional internal combustion engine and the electric one)to increase the total efficiency,they come with a grid connection and interaction capability known as the vehicle-to-grid(V2G)that can play a supporting role for the whole power system by providing many ancillary services such as energy storage mean and power quality enhancer.Unfortunately,all these advantages do not come alone.The uncontrolled large scale EV integration may present a real challenge and source of possible failure and instability for the grid.In this work the large scale integration impact of EVs will be investigated in details.The results of power flow analysis and the dynamic response of the grid parameters variation are presented,taking the IEEE 14 bus system as a test grid system.

High-order sliding mode control of a doubly salient permanent magnet machine driving marine current turbine

Due to the harsh and changeable marine environment,one low speed stator-permanent magnet machine named doubly salient permanent magnet machine with toothed pole is applied for marine current energy conversion system.Indeed,this machine has simple structure,intriguing fault tolerance,and higher power density,which could adequately satisfy the different complicated operation conditions.However,its permanent magnet flux-linkage has the same variation period as the inductance which leads to a strong nonlinear coupling system.Moreover,the torque ripple caused by this special characteristics,uncertainty of system parameters and disturbance of load greatly increases the difficulty of control in this strongly coupling system.Consequently,the classical linear PI controller is difficult to meet the system requirement.In this paper,the high-order sliding mode control strategy based on the super-twisting algorithm for this system is creatively utilized for the first time.The stability of the system within a limited time is also proved with a quadratic Lyapunov function.The relative simulation results demonstrate convincingly that,the high-order sliding mode control has little chattering,high control accuracy and strong robustness.

Synthesis, Characterization, Activity of Yttrium（Ⅲ） Antibacterial and Antifungal Complexes Including 1,10-P henanth roli ne

Two rare metal coordination complexes of yttrium（Ⅲ） including 1,10-phenanthroline, Y（phen）2（NO3）3 and （phenH）2[Y2（pydc）3（NO3）2.6H2O] （phen= 1,10-phenanthroline, pydc=2,6-pyridinedicarboxylate）, and a proton transfer compound （phenH＋）2（pydc2-） were synthesized and characterized by elemental analysis, molar conductance, infrared spectra （IR）, nuclear magnetic resonance （NMR） and thermal analysis. The proposed structures of yttrium complexes were exhibited. The in vitro biological activities of the newly synthesized complexes have also been investigated against Bacillus coli, Staphylococcus aureus and Candida albicans. The results showed that yttrium（Ⅲ） complexes including 1,10-phenanthroline exhibited better antibacterial/antifungal activity than their ligands and corresponding compounds.