Divergent molecular and growth responses of young“Cabernet Sauvignon”(Vitis vinifera)plants to simple and mixed infections with Grapevine rupestris stem pitting-associated virus

Grapevine rupestris stem pitting associated virus(GRSPaV)is one of the most widely distributed viruses;even so,little is known about its effect on Vitis vinifera.To provide new insights,the effects of single and mixed GRSPaV infections on the V.vinifera cultivar“Cabernet Sauvignon”were studied by evaluating growth parameters,such as measurements of the total plant length,the number and distance of internodes and the number of leaves per shoot.In addition,parameters relating to gas exchange,i.e.,the stomatal conductance,net photosynthetic rate,internal CO2 concentration and leaf transpiration,were also assessed.All the measurements were performed in one-and two-yearold plants with a single GRSPaV infection or mixed infections of GRSPaV and Grapevine fanleaf virus(GFLV).The results show that the plant phytosanitary status did not significantly alter the growth and gas exchange parameters in oneyear-old plants.However,in two-year-old plants,single GRSPaV infections increased shoot elongation,which was accompanied by the overexpression of genes associated with the gibberellic acid response pathway.The gas exchange parameters of these plants were negatively affected,despite exhibiting higher LHCII gene expression.Plants with mixed infections did not have modified growth parameters,although they presented a greater reduction in the primary photosynthetic parameters evaluated with no change in LHCII expression.The results presented here confirm the co-evolution hypothesis for V.vinifera and GRSPaV during the early stages of plant development,and they provide new evidence about the effects of GRSPaV and GFLV co-infections on the“Cabernet Sauvignon”cultivar.

Use of Agaricus bisporus mushroom in beef burgers:antioxidant,flavor enhancer and fat replacing potential

This study aimed to evaluate the potential use of Agaricus bisporus mushroom as a natural antioxidant,fat/salt substitute and flavor enhancer in beef burger.Ten treatments were considered using a fractional factorial design(salt[0.5,1.25 and 2.0%],fat[10,15 and 20%]and mushroom content[0,15 and 30%]).Treatments were characterized by instrumental and sensory measurements.The statistical design indicated that fat content had little influence on the results.The principal component analysis showed that the incorporation of mushrooms and salt modified the texture,moisture and water activity.Oxidative stability decreased as the salt content increased,at a low-fat content.Finally,the sensory profile was affected by the mushroom and salt contents,with the fat content exerting the least influence.Therefore,mushroom incorporation in beef burger may be a feasible strategy to reduce the fat content of beef burgers.

Targeting obesity-related inflammation in skin cancer： molecular and epigenetic insights for cancer chemoprevention by dietary phytochemicals

Non-melanoma skin cancer(NMSC) is one of the most common cancers in the US, although the role of obesity in skin cancer remains unclear. In vivo studies have consistently demonstrated that obese mice challenged with UVB radiation show increased skin tumorigenesis in comparison with leaner control mice. Growing evidence suggests that enhanced inflammation, oxidative stress and impaired apoptosis may play important roles in the development of skin cancer. Interventions such as voluntary exercise and the surgical removal of parametrial fat have been demonstrated to be effective in reducing adipose tissue that may influence the development of skin cancer; however, these interventions are not achievable in all obese patients. Therefore, the use of dietary natural phytochemicals that may modify and reverse the deregulated molecular and epigenetic events related to obesity and cancer development might represent a potential therapeutic modality due to their potential efficacy and low toxicity. In this review, we aim to provide the molecular and epigenetic basis of the NMSC-obesity relationship and to highlight the potential anti-cancer chemopreventive benefits of dietary phytochemicals such as sulforaphane and epigallocatechin-3-gallate.