Characterization of Household Solid Waste and Management in Tripoli City—Libya

Waste stream characteristics must be understood to tackle waste management problem in Tripoli city, Libya. It is recognized that information on both quantity and composition of generation waste is important for the effective planning of household waste handling infrastructure. So, this study is aimed to evaluating the generation, composition and density of household solid waste in Tripoli city, Libya. The study is carried out according to the Annex 2.1 of: WHO 1996. It was conducted during one week in summer, autumn and winter 2011/2012. The daily household solid waste generation assessment has been carried out for 150 Libyan families where 947 people in three main parts of Tripoli city have been chosen randomly. A questionnaire was prepared according to Buenrostro et al. 2001 and Raje et al. 2001 using door-to-door surveying. The result showed that the average of total generation quantity, daily generation rate, total volume and density were 1415 kg, 0.64 kg/person/day, 19.3 m3 and 74.4 kg/m3 respectively in Tripoli city. Household solid waste contains 36.3% organic matter and 32.5% recyclable materials (glass, paper, plastic, metals). The total generation quantity, daily generation rate, total volume and density were in Tripoli city agreed with those for African and Arabic countries. But the problem is that Tripoli suffers from insufficient municipal solid waste management and lack of sanitary landfills.

A Vision of the Planet of the Earth in the Next 300-500 Years under Climate Change with Proposed Measures to Mitigate the Effects of Climate Change

The paper will present climate change, (global warming), and what is most important, the lasting consequences for planet Earth, which will be reflected for 500 years and maybe even before that deadline, the greatest environmental catastrophe that has not hit planet Earth since its inception will be felt. This will actually be the end of life on planet Earth and for the modern man (Homo sapiens Lat.). Measures that will be proposed in the work, as possible mitigation of the consequences of catastrophic consequences on planet Earth and life on it, in fact, they can only prolong or slightly reduce the end of life on planet earth that is imminent. The Titanic people only had 2.5 hours to live. “WE WILL HAVE A 500 YEARS”.

A guide for selecting the appropriate plot design to measure ungulate browsing

Ungulate browsing often impairs tree regeneration,thus preventing the achievement of economic or conservation goals.Forest ungulate management would thus benefit from a practical decision tool that facilitates method selection from a wide range of monitoring methods and indicators currently available.In this study,we first provide an overview of the different browsing-impact monitoring methods and indicators currently applied.We then present a newly developed decision matrix for method evaluation that can assist forest stakeholders in choosing the browsing-impact monitoring method best suited to their needs,based on the selected indicators.The first step involved two separate literature reviews to create an overview of the currently applied methods and to select the indicators best suited for measuring browsing impact.Three types of indicator groups with their respective parameters were considered important for method evaluation:browsing indicators(e.g.regeneration density,browsing incidents),performance indicators(e.g.expense,expertise)and data quality indicators(e.g.susceptibility to measurement errors).Subsequently,all parameters defined within each indicator group were categorised and a grade was assigned to each category.To create the final method-indicator matrix,each browsing-impact monitoring method received a grade for each parameter within all indicator groups,reflecting the specific advantages and disadvantages of implementing the respective parameter within a specific method.The utility of the matrix in selecting the most suitable monitoring method was then demonstrated using the example of Germany's national parks.Based on the weights added to the method-indicator matrix,as defined by national park representatives,and considering local requirements the nearest-tree method was favoured over the other two methods.This newly developed matrix provides a more scientific objectification of ungulate browsing-impact measures and can be easily used by forest managers to address their own requirements,based on a consideration of the advantages and disadvantages of the included methods.

Guild composition and habitat use of voles in 2 forest landscapes in south-eastern Norway

It is widely believed that intensive forestry has influenced small mammal population dynamics,and thereby the entire mammalian community in Fennoscandian boreal forests.The nature of these impacts on the different species is subject to debate.We live-trapped voles between 2006 and 2009 in 2 commercially harvested forests in south-eastern Norway.We investigated the variation in vole abundance among habitat types(e.g.mature forest and clear-cut)and the hypothesis that graminivorous species such as field voles(Microtus agrestis L.)benefit from clear-cuts at the expense of forest dwellers(i.e.the bank vole,Myodes glareolus Schreb.),using fine-scale descriptors of the ground vegetation.We could not find support for the hypothesis that field voles show a preference for clear-cuts,and their overall abundance was low,while bank voles were the dominant species in all habitat types,including clear-cuts in the peak and pre-peak years.We found a positive association between bank vole abundance and bilberry(Vaccinium myrtillus L.)availability rather than a specific habitat type.Low field vole density in clear-cuts might be due to variation in local productivity and ground vegetation as well as to large variation in the species temporal dynamics.The latter is particularly associated with the widespread decline of field voles in Scandinavia.Logging has the potential to negatively affect bank vole population dynamics because of the negative effect on bilberry development.