Analyses of temperature-dependent interface states,series resistances,and AC electrical conductivities of Al/p Si and Al/Bi_4Ti_3O_(12)/p Si structures by using the admittance spectroscopy method

In this study, Al/p-Si and Al/Bi4Ti3O12/p-Si structures are fabricated and their interface states （Nss）, the values of series resistance （Rs）, and AC electrical conductivity （σac） are obtained each as a function of temperature using admit- tance spectroscopy method which includes capacitance-voltage （C-V） and conductance-voltage （G-V） measurements. In addition, the effect of interfacial Bi4Ti3012 （BTO） layer on the performance of the structure is investigated. The voltage- dependent profiles of Nss and Rs are obtained from the high-low frequency capacitance method and the Nicollian method, respectively. Experimental results show that Nss and Rs, as strong functions of temperature and applied bias voltage, each exhibit a peak, whose position shifts towards the reverse bias region, in the depletion region. Such a peak behavior is attributed to the particular distribution of Nss and the reordering and restructuring of Nss under the effect of temperature. The values of activation energy （Ea）, obtained from the slope of the Arrhenius plot, of both structures are obtained to be bias voltage-independent, and the Ea of the metal-ferroelectric-semiconductor （MFS） structure is found to be half that of the metal-semiconductor （MS） structure. Furthermore, other main electrical parameters, such as carrier concentration of acceptor atoms （NA）, built-in potential （Vbi）, Fermi energy （EF）, image force barrier lowering （△φb）, and barrier height （φb）, are extracted using reverse bias C 2-V characteristics as a function of temperature.

Research on the prevalence of conduct disorders among primary school pupils in Khartoum-Sudan

The aim of this research was to investigate conduct disorder among pupils of primary schools in Khartoum, the capital of Sudan. School survey descriptive method was used and 384 pupils were selected from primary schools through systematic sampling technique. Age ranged from 5 to 17 years old with a mean of (9.34) years. The tools of data collection consisted of the Sutter-Eyberg Student Behavior Inventory. The statis-tical tests used to analyze the collected data involve frequency and percentage, Pearson co-efficient of correlation, mean, t-test for one sample and t-test for two independent samples. The results of this research revealed that that the prevalence of conduct disorder among pupils of primary schools in Khartoum was low. There were significant differences in conduct disorder between male and females pupils. There were no significant differences between pupils of pre-paratory classes and pupils of elementary classes. There was no significant correlation between conduct disorder and age.

Relationship between Stress and Psychosomatic Complaints among Nurses in Tabarjal Hospital

This research was conducted to examine the relationship between stress and psychosomatic complaints among nurses in Tabarjal hospital. To achieve this aim, the researcher used the descriptive method and selected a sample consisting of (56) nurses working in hospital through the simple random sampling technique. The respondents were requested to complete a questionnaire for rating of stress and the most common psychosomatic diseases. The collected data were analyzed statistically by using SPSS. The results revealed that the stress was dominant among nurses in Tabarjal hospital, the prevalence of psychosomatic complaints was significantly higher in nurses, and there was significant correlation between stress and psychosomatic complaints among nurses. Conclusion: This research confirmed the effect of strains on the prevalence of psychosomatic symptoms among nurses in Tabarjal hospital. Further, implications of the results were discussed on the light of some related researches.

Determination of Some Trace Metals in Environmental Samples by Flame AAS Following Solid Phase Extraction with Amberlite XAD-2000 Resin after Complexing with 8-Hydroxyquinoline

A procedure for preconcentration of Mn（Ⅱ）, Fe（Ⅱ）, Co（H）, Cu（Ⅱ）, Cd（Ⅱ）, Zn（Ⅱ）, Pb（Ⅱ） and Ni（Ⅱ） based on retention of their complexes with 8-hydroxyquinoline （HQ） on Amberlite XAD-2000 resin in a column was proposed for the analysis of environmental samples by flame AAS. Various parameters such as pH, eluent type, volume, concentration, flow rate and volume of sample solution, and matrix interference effect on the retention of the metal ions were investigated. The optimum pHs for the retention of metal complexes in question were about 6 except for Mn^2＋ for whose value is 8. The loading capacity of the adsorbent for these metals and their recoveries from the resin under the optimum conditions were in the range 6.82-9.26 mg·g^-1 and 95%-101%, respectively. The enrichment factor was calculated as 100 and the limit of detection was in the range 0.3-2.2 μg·L^-1 （n=20, blank＋ 3s）. The proposed enrichment method was applied to tap water, stream water and vegetable samples. The validation of the procedure was carried out by analysis of certified reference material and standard addition. The analytes were determined with a relative standard deviation lower than 6% in all samples.

The investigation of electrodeposited Cu_2O/ITO layers by chronocoulometry process:effect of electrical potential

The thin films of Cu2O are deposited by electrodeposition technique onto indium tin oxide（ITO）-coated glass substrate at different potentials. The precursor is an aqueous solution which contains respectively 0.05 M of CuSO4 and citric acid at kept temperature of 60℃ and the applied potential varies within the {-0：4 V,-0：7 V}SCE range. Based on the chronocoulometry（CC） process, the electrochemical, structural and optical parameters are determined. We measured the current as function of potential within the {-0：4 V,-0：7 V} range and the higher current is found to be within the {-0：7 V,-0：3 V} band. The grain sizes are of 12.12 nm and 35.47 nm according to（110） and（221） orientations respectively. The high textural coefficient of 0.943 is recorded for the potential -0：7 V.The transmittance of 72.25 %, within the visible band, is obtained for the as-grown layer at -0：4 V and the band gap is found to be 2.2 e V for the electrodeposition potential of -0：7 V.

The Inner Workings of Lu Xun＇s Mind： Behind the Author＇s Pen-Names

Lu Xun is arguably the most prolific user of pseudonyms of all writers in the world. The question, then, is why. While the diversity and multiplicity of Lu Xun＇s pseudonyms defy clear classification, a close examination reveals much more than just the erstwhile political justifications for anonymity. This article argues that Lu Xun＇s pseudonyms, with their rich literary allusions, satire, and humour, shed light on his complex character, and contributed to his sophisticated writing style. Through the author＇s choice of pseudonyms, we see the inner workings of his mind, hear a voice of a national conscience, and feel his intense--albeit at times ambivalent----emotions. The pen-names Lu Xun ingeniously employed constructed his image as a solitary thinker and fighter embarked on a long and difficult journey in search of light in the darkness. Indeed, not only have the pseudonyms enriched the layered significance of his writing, they also have much to tell about Lu Xun both as an author and a person： his keen awareness of social and political issues, his deep insight into the weakness of the national character, andhis passionate concern for the nation, as well as his eclectic approach to both classical discourse and modem narrative. And as such, these pseudonyms should form an integral part of the many queries posed and pondered by Lu Xun studies.