This paper demonstrates that the susceptible-infected-removed （SIR） model applied to the early phase of an epidemic can be used to determine epidemic parameters reliably. As a case study, the SIR model is applied to...This paper demonstrates that the susceptible-infected-removed （SIR） model applied to the early phase of an epidemic can be used to determine epidemic parameters reliably. As a case study, the SIR model is applied to the fatality data of the 2009 fall wave cycle of the A（H1N1） pandemic in 12 European countries. It is observed that the best estimates of the basic reproduction number R0 and the mean duration of the infection period l/r/ lie on a curve in the scatterplots, indicating the existence of a nearly-invariant quantity which corresponds to the duration of the epidemic. Spline interpolation applied to the early phase of the epidemic, an approximately 10-week period, together with a future control point in the stabilization region, is sufficient to estimate model parameters. The SIR model is run over a wide range of parameters and estimates of R0 in the range 1.2- 2.0 match the values in the literature. The duration of the infection period, 1/η is estimated to be in the range 2.0-7.0 days. Longer infection periods are tied to spatial characteristics of the spread of the epidemic.展开更多
Flueggea virosa (Roxb. ex Willd.) Royle is a plant with several traditional uses in tropical countries. To study the potential usefulness, extracts from stem barks and leaves of F. virosa were obtained with different ...Flueggea virosa (Roxb. ex Willd.) Royle is a plant with several traditional uses in tropical countries. To study the potential usefulness, extracts from stem barks and leaves of F. virosa were obtained with different solvents. The phytochemical composition was assessed using LC-MS and NMR. Triterpenes, as oleanolic (0.05-88.09 mg/g extract), and ursolic (0.03-94.36 mg/g extract) acids were determined. In addition, ellagic and gallic acid derivatives were present in large concentrations in some of the extracts. Antioxidant (radical scavenging, reduction ability, and metal chelating) and enzyme inhibitory (cholinesterase, tyrosinase, amylase, and glucosidase) effects were assessed by in vitro chemical assays. The methanol extracts and infusions from both parts show higher antioxidant ability when compared with ethyl acetate extracts, and the antioxidant capacity was correlated with the total phenolic contents of the tested extracts. The extracts demonstrate enzyme inhibitory abilities on AChE and BChE, and multivariate approaches allowed for correlating the activities with the presence of triterpenoids (R > 0.8). Furthermore, molecular docking was used to get insights into the interactions between the triterpenoids and the tested enzymes. Together, these results indicate that F. virosa represents a significant source of naturally-occurring bioactive compounds that can be exploited as a new ingredient for the development of novel functional products with promising biological properties.展开更多
The genus Paeonia has gained great interest from the scientific community for exploration as a source of bioactive compounds.The current work focused on the chemical characterisation and biological properties of Paeon...The genus Paeonia has gained great interest from the scientific community for exploration as a source of bioactive compounds.The current work focused on the chemical characterisation and biological properties of Paeonia mascula L.from Turkey.The chemical characterisation of the extracts was analysed by LC-DAD-ESI and LC-APCI-MS.The antioxidant,enzyme inhibitory and anticancer properties were evaluated in vitro.The methanol extract was the most effective as antioxidant,metal chelator and was the most effective inhibitor of acetylcholinesterase(AChE)and tyrosinase.The chloroform extract showed highest inhibition of butrylcholinesterase(BChE)and amylase.Ethyl acetate extract displayed glucosidase inhibition.The most abundant compounds were hexagalloyl glucose,penta galloyl glucose,gallic acid,tetragalloyl glucose,paeoniflorin and the most abundant flavonoid was quercetin-3-O-glucoside.β-sitosterol was the most abundant phytosterol.The anticancer effect of P.mascula was evaluated by using HELA cells evaluating different pathways.The possible inhibition effect of P.mascula on the reactive oxygen species(ROS)pathway was controlled by performing the advanced glycation end product(AGE).To determine the effect of P.mascula on active molecular pathways in the HELA cancer cell line,the levels of Phospho-NF-Kβp65,AGE receptor RAGE protein,antiapoptotic BCL-2,proapoptotic BAX and P-53 proteins were checked,respectively.Phospho-NF-Kβp65,RAGE and BCL-2,which are both ROS inducers and play an active role in cancer prognosis,were found to have decreased levels after the application of P.mascula.Our findings provide a scientific basis for Paeonia mascula,which may serve as a source of naturally occurring bioactive compounds for healthpromoting applications.展开更多
Members of the genus Astragalus have a great interest as a source of natural bioactive compounds on a scientific platform.To provide multidirectional insights into three Astragalus species(A.setulosus,A.anthylloides,a...Members of the genus Astragalus have a great interest as a source of natural bioactive compounds on a scientific platform.To provide multidirectional insights into three Astragalus species(A.setulosus,A.anthylloides,and A.ovalis),the current work focused on the chemical characterization and biological properties of their extracts(aerial parts and roots).The chemical characterization of the extracts was detected by HPLC-MS/MS analysis.The biological properties were evaluated by antioxidant,enzyme inhibitory,and cytotoxic parameters.Assays for radical quenching,reducing capacity,and metal chelation were also used to evaluate antioxidant properties.To test the enzyme inhibitory effects of the extracts,cholinesterases,tyrosinase,α-amylase,andα-glucosidase were utilized as target enzymes.Two cancer cell lines,(MCF-7(human breast cancer cell line)and HeLa(Human cervix cancer cell line),were selected to evaluate cytotoxic effects.Generally,5-caffeoylquinic acid(2.43-283.92μg/g extract),hyperoside(4.33-216.22μg/g extract)and rutin(1.09-184.98μg/g extract)were the main constituents.The extracts from aerial parts and roots of A.anthylloides showed stronger radical scavenging and reducing power abilities compared to A.setulosus and A.ovalis.The best AChE and BChE inhibitory effects were determined in the aerial parts of A.setulosus(2.18 mg GALAE/g)and roots of A.ovalis(4.76 mg GALAE/g),respectively.The extracts of A.ovalis had the highest tyrosinase inhibitory abilities.The extract from aerial parts of A.setulosus showed stronger cytotoxic effects compared to other extracts.Pearson’s correlation analysis revealed that the presence of some compounds(resveratrol,p-coumaric,5-caffeoylquinic,and ferulic acids,etc)was linked to the observed biological activities.Molecular docking was also provided for the possible interaction of enzymes as well as protein targets of the tested cell lines.Our findings provide a scientific basis for the Astragalus species,which may serve as a source of naturally occurring bioactive compounds for health-promoting applications.展开更多
The seeds of Aframomum melegueta K. Schum (grains of paradise, Zingiberaceae) are used as a common spice in African countries and a fine condiment in the European cuisine. In this study, we evaluated the phytochemical...The seeds of Aframomum melegueta K. Schum (grains of paradise, Zingiberaceae) are used as a common spice in African countries and a fine condiment in the European cuisine. In this study, we evaluated the phytochemical profile of various seed extracts of A. melegueta as well as their antimicrobial, antioxidant and enzyme inhibitory effects. In total, 25 diarylheptanoids, five gingerol derivatives and nine phenolic/organic acids were tentatively annotated in A. melegueta by liquid chromatography hyphenated with high resolution tandem mass spectrometry (LC-HRMS/MS). A. melegueta showed a moderate inhibitory activity against different human pathogenic microbial strains, with H. pylori the most sensitive microorganism. A strong antioxidant and enzyme inhibitory potential was shown in various radical scavenging, reducing and chelating assays as well as in cholinesterase, tyrosinase and glucosidase assays. Several specialized metabolites from A. melegueta (diarylheptanoids, gingerols) were shown to be directly linked with the investigated antioxidant and enzyme inhibitory activities, as evaluated through the correlation analysis. In addition, two diarylheptanoids (one heptan-3-ol and one heptan- 3,5-diol) displayed the strongest binding to acetylcholinesterase (AChE) via multiple H-bonds, a couple of π-π interactions and van der Waals interactions all over the catalytic channel of the enzyme, as evidenced by the molecular docking study. Overall, our work brings new contributions to the phyto-complexity and poly-pharmacology of spices from genus Aframomum than can find future applications in pharmaceutical, nutraceutical or cosmeceutical industry.展开更多
Objective: Chemotherapeutic drugs, such as cisplatin(CP), which are associated with oxidative stress and apoptosis, may adversely affect the reproductive system. This study tests whether administration of propolis and...Objective: Chemotherapeutic drugs, such as cisplatin(CP), which are associated with oxidative stress and apoptosis, may adversely affect the reproductive system. This study tests whether administration of propolis and nano-propolis(NP) can alleviate oxidative stress and apoptosis in rats with testicular damage induced by CP.Methods: In this study, polymeric nanoparticles including propolis were synthesized with a green sonication method and characterized using Fourier transform-infrared spectroscopy, Brunauer-EmmettTeller, and wet scanning transmission electron microscopy techniques. In total, 56 rats were divided into the following seven groups: control, CP, propolis, NP-10, CP + propolis, CP + NP-10, and CP + NP-30.Propolis(100 mg/kg), NP-10(10 mg/kg), and NP-30(30 mg/kg) treatments were administered by gavage daily for 21 d, and CP(3 mg/kg) was administered intraperitoneally in a single dose. After the experiment,oxidative stress parameters, namely, malondialdehyde(MDA), glutathione(GSH), glutathione peroxidase(GPx), and catalase(CAT), and apoptotic pathways including B cell leukemia/lymphoma-2 protein(Bcl-2)and Bcl-2-associated X protein(Bax) were measured in testicular tissues. Furthermore, sperm quality and weights of the testis, epididymis, right cauda epididymis, seminal vesicles and prostate were evaluated.Results: Propolis and NP(especially NP-30) were able to preserve oxidative balance(decreased MDA levels and increased GSH, CAT, and GPx activities) and activate apoptotic pathways(decreased Bax and increased Bcl-2) in the testes of CP-treated rats. Sperm motility in the control, CP, and CP + NP-30 groups were 60%, 48.75%, and 78%, respectively(P<0.001). Especially, NP-30 application completely corrected the deterioration in sperm features induced by CP.Conclusion: The results show that propolis and NP treatments mitigated the side effects of CP on spermatogenic activity, antioxidant situation, and apoptosis in rats.展开更多
Reversible logic has recently gained significant interest due to its inherent ability to reduce energy dissipation,which is the primary need for low-power digital circuits.One of the newest areas of relevant study is ...Reversible logic has recently gained significant interest due to its inherent ability to reduce energy dissipation,which is the primary need for low-power digital circuits.One of the newest areas of relevant study is reversible logic,which has applications in many areas,including nanotechnology,DNA computing,quantum computing,fault tolerance,and low-power complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor(CMOS).An electrical circuit is classified as reversible if it has an equal number of inputs and outputs,and a one-to-one relationship.A reversible circuit is conservative if the EXOR of the inputs and the EXOR of the outputs are equivalent.In addition,quantum-dot cellular automata(QCA)is one of the state-of-the-art approaches that can be used as an alternative to traditional technologies.Hence,we propose an efficient conservative gate with low power demand and high speed in this paper.First,we present a reversible gate called ANG(Ahmadpour Navimipour Gate).Then,two non-resistant QCA ANG and reversible fault-tolerant ANG structures are implemented in QCA technology.The suggested reversible gate is realized through the Miller algorithm.Subsequently,reversible fault-tolerant ANG is implemented by the 2DW clocking scheme.Furthermore,the power consumption of the suggested ANG is assessed under different energy ranges(0.5Ek,1.0Ek,and 1.5Ek).Simulations of the structures and analysis of their power consumption are performed using QCADesigner 2.0.03 and QCAPro software.The proposed gate shows great improvements compared to recent designs.展开更多
文摘This paper demonstrates that the susceptible-infected-removed （SIR） model applied to the early phase of an epidemic can be used to determine epidemic parameters reliably. As a case study, the SIR model is applied to the fatality data of the 2009 fall wave cycle of the A（H1N1） pandemic in 12 European countries. It is observed that the best estimates of the basic reproduction number R0 and the mean duration of the infection period l/r/ lie on a curve in the scatterplots, indicating the existence of a nearly-invariant quantity which corresponds to the duration of the epidemic. Spline interpolation applied to the early phase of the epidemic, an approximately 10-week period, together with a future control point in the stabilization region, is sufficient to estimate model parameters. The SIR model is run over a wide range of parameters and estimates of R0 in the range 1.2- 2.0 match the values in the literature. The duration of the infection period, 1/η is estimated to be in the range 2.0-7.0 days. Longer infection periods are tied to spatial characteristics of the spread of the epidemic.
文摘Flueggea virosa (Roxb. ex Willd.) Royle is a plant with several traditional uses in tropical countries. To study the potential usefulness, extracts from stem barks and leaves of F. virosa were obtained with different solvents. The phytochemical composition was assessed using LC-MS and NMR. Triterpenes, as oleanolic (0.05-88.09 mg/g extract), and ursolic (0.03-94.36 mg/g extract) acids were determined. In addition, ellagic and gallic acid derivatives were present in large concentrations in some of the extracts. Antioxidant (radical scavenging, reduction ability, and metal chelating) and enzyme inhibitory (cholinesterase, tyrosinase, amylase, and glucosidase) effects were assessed by in vitro chemical assays. The methanol extracts and infusions from both parts show higher antioxidant ability when compared with ethyl acetate extracts, and the antioxidant capacity was correlated with the total phenolic contents of the tested extracts. The extracts demonstrate enzyme inhibitory abilities on AChE and BChE, and multivariate approaches allowed for correlating the activities with the presence of triterpenoids (R > 0.8). Furthermore, molecular docking was used to get insights into the interactions between the triterpenoids and the tested enzymes. Together, these results indicate that F. virosa represents a significant source of naturally-occurring bioactive compounds that can be exploited as a new ingredient for the development of novel functional products with promising biological properties.
文摘The genus Paeonia has gained great interest from the scientific community for exploration as a source of bioactive compounds.The current work focused on the chemical characterisation and biological properties of Paeonia mascula L.from Turkey.The chemical characterisation of the extracts was analysed by LC-DAD-ESI and LC-APCI-MS.The antioxidant,enzyme inhibitory and anticancer properties were evaluated in vitro.The methanol extract was the most effective as antioxidant,metal chelator and was the most effective inhibitor of acetylcholinesterase(AChE)and tyrosinase.The chloroform extract showed highest inhibition of butrylcholinesterase(BChE)and amylase.Ethyl acetate extract displayed glucosidase inhibition.The most abundant compounds were hexagalloyl glucose,penta galloyl glucose,gallic acid,tetragalloyl glucose,paeoniflorin and the most abundant flavonoid was quercetin-3-O-glucoside.β-sitosterol was the most abundant phytosterol.The anticancer effect of P.mascula was evaluated by using HELA cells evaluating different pathways.The possible inhibition effect of P.mascula on the reactive oxygen species(ROS)pathway was controlled by performing the advanced glycation end product(AGE).To determine the effect of P.mascula on active molecular pathways in the HELA cancer cell line,the levels of Phospho-NF-Kβp65,AGE receptor RAGE protein,antiapoptotic BCL-2,proapoptotic BAX and P-53 proteins were checked,respectively.Phospho-NF-Kβp65,RAGE and BCL-2,which are both ROS inducers and play an active role in cancer prognosis,were found to have decreased levels after the application of P.mascula.Our findings provide a scientific basis for Paeonia mascula,which may serve as a source of naturally occurring bioactive compounds for healthpromoting applications.
文摘Members of the genus Astragalus have a great interest as a source of natural bioactive compounds on a scientific platform.To provide multidirectional insights into three Astragalus species(A.setulosus,A.anthylloides,and A.ovalis),the current work focused on the chemical characterization and biological properties of their extracts(aerial parts and roots).The chemical characterization of the extracts was detected by HPLC-MS/MS analysis.The biological properties were evaluated by antioxidant,enzyme inhibitory,and cytotoxic parameters.Assays for radical quenching,reducing capacity,and metal chelation were also used to evaluate antioxidant properties.To test the enzyme inhibitory effects of the extracts,cholinesterases,tyrosinase,α-amylase,andα-glucosidase were utilized as target enzymes.Two cancer cell lines,(MCF-7(human breast cancer cell line)and HeLa(Human cervix cancer cell line),were selected to evaluate cytotoxic effects.Generally,5-caffeoylquinic acid(2.43-283.92μg/g extract),hyperoside(4.33-216.22μg/g extract)and rutin(1.09-184.98μg/g extract)were the main constituents.The extracts from aerial parts and roots of A.anthylloides showed stronger radical scavenging and reducing power abilities compared to A.setulosus and A.ovalis.The best AChE and BChE inhibitory effects were determined in the aerial parts of A.setulosus(2.18 mg GALAE/g)and roots of A.ovalis(4.76 mg GALAE/g),respectively.The extracts of A.ovalis had the highest tyrosinase inhibitory abilities.The extract from aerial parts of A.setulosus showed stronger cytotoxic effects compared to other extracts.Pearson’s correlation analysis revealed that the presence of some compounds(resveratrol,p-coumaric,5-caffeoylquinic,and ferulic acids,etc)was linked to the observed biological activities.Molecular docking was also provided for the possible interaction of enzymes as well as protein targets of the tested cell lines.Our findings provide a scientific basis for the Astragalus species,which may serve as a source of naturally occurring bioactive compounds for health-promoting applications.
文摘The seeds of Aframomum melegueta K. Schum (grains of paradise, Zingiberaceae) are used as a common spice in African countries and a fine condiment in the European cuisine. In this study, we evaluated the phytochemical profile of various seed extracts of A. melegueta as well as their antimicrobial, antioxidant and enzyme inhibitory effects. In total, 25 diarylheptanoids, five gingerol derivatives and nine phenolic/organic acids were tentatively annotated in A. melegueta by liquid chromatography hyphenated with high resolution tandem mass spectrometry (LC-HRMS/MS). A. melegueta showed a moderate inhibitory activity against different human pathogenic microbial strains, with H. pylori the most sensitive microorganism. A strong antioxidant and enzyme inhibitory potential was shown in various radical scavenging, reducing and chelating assays as well as in cholinesterase, tyrosinase and glucosidase assays. Several specialized metabolites from A. melegueta (diarylheptanoids, gingerols) were shown to be directly linked with the investigated antioxidant and enzyme inhibitory activities, as evaluated through the correlation analysis. In addition, two diarylheptanoids (one heptan-3-ol and one heptan- 3,5-diol) displayed the strongest binding to acetylcholinesterase (AChE) via multiple H-bonds, a couple of π-π interactions and van der Waals interactions all over the catalytic channel of the enzyme, as evidenced by the molecular docking study. Overall, our work brings new contributions to the phyto-complexity and poly-pharmacology of spices from genus Aframomum than can find future applications in pharmaceutical, nutraceutical or cosmeceutical industry.
基金funded by the Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey (No. 118O112)。
文摘Objective: Chemotherapeutic drugs, such as cisplatin(CP), which are associated with oxidative stress and apoptosis, may adversely affect the reproductive system. This study tests whether administration of propolis and nano-propolis(NP) can alleviate oxidative stress and apoptosis in rats with testicular damage induced by CP.Methods: In this study, polymeric nanoparticles including propolis were synthesized with a green sonication method and characterized using Fourier transform-infrared spectroscopy, Brunauer-EmmettTeller, and wet scanning transmission electron microscopy techniques. In total, 56 rats were divided into the following seven groups: control, CP, propolis, NP-10, CP + propolis, CP + NP-10, and CP + NP-30.Propolis(100 mg/kg), NP-10(10 mg/kg), and NP-30(30 mg/kg) treatments were administered by gavage daily for 21 d, and CP(3 mg/kg) was administered intraperitoneally in a single dose. After the experiment,oxidative stress parameters, namely, malondialdehyde(MDA), glutathione(GSH), glutathione peroxidase(GPx), and catalase(CAT), and apoptotic pathways including B cell leukemia/lymphoma-2 protein(Bcl-2)and Bcl-2-associated X protein(Bax) were measured in testicular tissues. Furthermore, sperm quality and weights of the testis, epididymis, right cauda epididymis, seminal vesicles and prostate were evaluated.Results: Propolis and NP(especially NP-30) were able to preserve oxidative balance(decreased MDA levels and increased GSH, CAT, and GPx activities) and activate apoptotic pathways(decreased Bax and increased Bcl-2) in the testes of CP-treated rats. Sperm motility in the control, CP, and CP + NP-30 groups were 60%, 48.75%, and 78%, respectively(P<0.001). Especially, NP-30 application completely corrected the deterioration in sperm features induced by CP.Conclusion: The results show that propolis and NP treatments mitigated the side effects of CP on spermatogenic activity, antioxidant situation, and apoptosis in rats.
文摘Reversible logic has recently gained significant interest due to its inherent ability to reduce energy dissipation,which is the primary need for low-power digital circuits.One of the newest areas of relevant study is reversible logic,which has applications in many areas,including nanotechnology,DNA computing,quantum computing,fault tolerance,and low-power complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor(CMOS).An electrical circuit is classified as reversible if it has an equal number of inputs and outputs,and a one-to-one relationship.A reversible circuit is conservative if the EXOR of the inputs and the EXOR of the outputs are equivalent.In addition,quantum-dot cellular automata(QCA)is one of the state-of-the-art approaches that can be used as an alternative to traditional technologies.Hence,we propose an efficient conservative gate with low power demand and high speed in this paper.First,we present a reversible gate called ANG(Ahmadpour Navimipour Gate).Then,two non-resistant QCA ANG and reversible fault-tolerant ANG structures are implemented in QCA technology.The suggested reversible gate is realized through the Miller algorithm.Subsequently,reversible fault-tolerant ANG is implemented by the 2DW clocking scheme.Furthermore,the power consumption of the suggested ANG is assessed under different energy ranges(0.5Ek,1.0Ek,and 1.5Ek).Simulations of the structures and analysis of their power consumption are performed using QCADesigner 2.0.03 and QCAPro software.The proposed gate shows great improvements compared to recent designs.
