Iron and Manganese in Groundwater of Rrogozhina Aquifer, Western Albania

This paper aims to advance previous studies on the iron and manganese content in groundwater of Rrogozhina aquifer （western Albania） and to show the factors which control the content of both iron and manganese in groundwater of this aquifer. Rrogozhina aquifer represents an important groundwater source of the country whose relevance was highly increased during recent years because of the demographic expansion in this region. This is a typically multi-layered artesian aquifer which consists of sandstone and conglomerate with high heterogeneous permeability. The groundwater mostly belongs to HCO3-Mg-Ca hydrochemical type. The content of soluble iron and manganese in groundwater ranges from 0.004 mg/L to 0.7 mg/L, and from 0.0 mg/L to 1.147 mg/L, respectively. Deeper the groundwater occurs and longer the distance from the recharge zone, higher is the content of Fe2＋ in groundwater due to gradual depletion of Oe in groundwater. The content of iron is higher than that WHO and EU recommended, which were 21% and 25% respectively, while the content of manganese were 17% and 23%, respectively. Abstraction of groundwater with high quantities by deeper wells would be accompanied by increase of dissolved iron and manganese content in groundwater which should be treated （with aeration） in order to decrease the content of these two elements in the water before using it.

A Preliminary Geochemical and Isotopic Appraisal of Sea Water Intrusion in the Fushe Kuqe Aquifer(Northwestern Albania)

The Fushe Kuqe costal aquifer is a typical confined alluvial aquifer.The aquifer medium consists of sand-gravel and silt-clay layers intercalation which gave it a multilayer character.The aquifer recharge occurs mainly by water infiltration from the Rver Mat in the North,and from River Droja in the South.The water flow direction is from northeast to southwest and from southeast to northwest,discharging to the Adriatic Sea.Based on the chloride and TDS(Total Solids Dissolved)content in groundwater,an advancement of sea water intrusion into aquifer was evidenced.The direction of sea water wedge is from coastal south-western sectors towards the north-eastern ones.Sample No.6,8,9 and 10 show chloride concentrations over 100 mg/L and Na/Cl ratios less than 0.86 implying that the groundwater is impacted by sea water intrusion.SR(Simpson Ratio)values of 1.15 and 1.09 for water sample No.8 and 10 are indications of a slight seawater influence,while groundwater of sample no.6 and 9 have SR values of 6.02 and 12.35 which are typical for a highly contamination by sea water.All the points of sampled groundwater fall above the GMWL,indicating that they have suffered a preliminary evaporation before entering the aquifer,likely in the hydropower lakes of Ulza and Shkopet upstream the River Mat course.Despite the narrow range ofδ18O andδ2H values(-6.80‰to-8.00‰and-54.00‰to 42.00‰,respectively),the points of sample No.6,8,9,10 fall on the fresh water-seawater mixing line,indicating the influence of the seawater intrusion.

Regulating Aspects and Geologic Solutions of the Natural Gas Building Capacities to a Gas Market Model in Albania

Caspian Gas into Balkans over medium to long term becames Albanian case on June 2013 when TAP route was selected. After Albanian National Territory Council approved TAP AG＇s Compound Development Permit, the project should start Construction Phase 1. Existing gas pipeline connections of Albania within the European network via TAP, is highly estimated by energy authorities in both technical and regulating aspects. New pipelines are projected to be build in order to meet local energy consume and seasonal fluctuations, as well as needs of Kosovo and FYROM. Some of important points： determination on the capacity sector building for a due Albanian Gas Market Model, supply options on the future gasification, alternatives of opening underground gas storages in the salt domes of Dumre region and extending pipelines to neighboring countries. By assistance of the Secretariat of Energy Community, MEI starts drafting the new gas law to meet Third Energy Package. TAP project, IAP project, Albania-Kosovo Pipeline, an LNG plant and terminals coastal construction, can contribute on the diversification of gas supply. Underground Gas Storage potentials are geologic solution target, considering the Upper Miocene depleted sandstone gas fields of Divjaka, as well as the Dumre evaporitic deposits diapir of the Upper Triassic.

Creation of Data Specification for Geospatial Information in Albania on the Theme:“Geology”

The development of technology and the demands of groups of interest for standardized digital geospatial information are increasing daily.The necessity for referred geospatial information,according to a Referencing Coordinating System and European Standards,through a national GIS(Geographic Information System)system,requires a decision making of national and institutional importance.ASIG(State Authority for Geospatial Information)is the institution that administrates,implements,and maintains the NSDI(National Spatial Data Infrastructure).It is calculated that 80%of decision-making by public or private institutions uses geospatial data with a well-organized structure that enables efficiency.Thus,standardization of geospatial data by topic is one of the main objectives of implementing the NSDI in Albania.This is a complex task for the standard and the harmonization of geospatial data,which can be a good opportunity for professional awareness.This study shows in detail the methodology for the creation and implementation of data specification for geospatial information in Albania on the theme:Geology,adoption of the technical specification of the INSPIRE directive as well as the importance of ASIG as an institution that builds and maintains NSDI in Albania.

3D Conceptual Modelling and Direct Utilization Calculations of The Albanian Geothermal Resources

Balneological use of the Albanian Geothermal springs and waters dates back centuries, but the first modern use started in 1937. Unfortunately they had not been used for its energetic values yet. The temperature of the water is above 60 °C and the flow above 16 l/s, thus direct utilization is possible, in particular for space heating. Three-dimensional temperature field calculations and engineering calculations on a heating system with heat exchangers are presented here. The results show that the water temperature is expected to be stable and considerably higher temperature is expected through deep well drilling. The University’s Campus of Tirana is composed of 29 buildings, which are partially heated through a coal heater. The installed capacity is 2558kW while the coal consumption is about 920 kg/h. The University’s Campus of Tirana is one of the most important areas and with the highest density of population in Tirana, so it is the best area to show the heat exchanger efficiency. The economic analyses prove that the borehole heat exchangers are more convenient than the coal heating systems.

3D Conceptual Modeling and Direct Utilization Calculations of the Albanian Low and Middle Enthalpy Geothermal Resources

The use of the Albanian geothermal springs and waters, for their curative effects （Natural SPA） dates back centuries, since the time of the Roman Empire, while their first modern use started only in 1937. Unfortunately they had not been used for its energetic values yet. The temperature of the water is above 60 ~C and the flow above 16 L/s, thus direct utilization is possible, in particular for space heating. Three-dimensional temperature field calculations and engineering calculations on a heating system with heat exchangers are presented here. The results show that the water temperature is expected to be stable and considerably higher temperature is expected through deep well drilling. The University＇s Campus of Tirana is composed of 29 buildings, which are partially heated through a coal heater. The installed capacity is 2,558 kW while the coal consumption is about 920 kg/h. The University＇s Campus of Tirana is one of the most important areas and with the highest density of population in Tirana, so it is the best area to show the heat exchanger efficiency. The economic analyses prove that the borehole heat exchangers are more convenient than the coal heating systems.

The astronomic theory of climatic changes of Milutin Milankovich

Note： Items in Episodes＇ Classic Paper series normally analyze a single paper of major importance in the history of geosciences. The present contribution examines the book in which Milankovich summed up his life work. One of the few Serbian scientists of worldwide renown, Milutin Milankovich, was professor of applied mathematics at Belgrade University. He was born in 1879 in Dalj, near Osjek （today in Croatia）. He studied construction engineering in Vienna, graduated in 1902 and gained his PhD in 1904. After a brief but successful engineering practice in Vienna, he moved to Belgrade University. During his thirty years of work there he produced： a mathematical theory of the Earth＇s climate （1920）; his astronomic theory of climatic changes （1930, 1938, 1938a）; and his theory of the secular wandering of the Earth＇s poles （1933）. He retired in 1955 and died in Belgrade in 1958.

Assessment of Water Losses from Badovc Lake, Kosovo： Hydrochemical Implications

This paper aims to quantitatively assess water losses of Badovc Lake-Kosovo based on both water balance of the lake and water hydrochemistry. This attempt was strongly prompt by both the importance of this lake for water supply of Prishtina city and the lack of water. According to lake water balance, a water loss of 3,738,905 m^3 and 1,722,552 m^3 for the hydrologic year 2014 and the period January-May （2015） was evaluated. These consistent data favour the opinion that a continuous groundwater outflow from the lake is present and it is conditioned by the intensively developed fracture system in the lake basement formations. This was also supported by the chemical data （chloride, sulphate, hardness and electric conductivity etc.） of the water. Water from the leakages on the right side of the dam shows the same chemical signature as the water from the lake. Whereas, water from the piezometer, monitoring well and the gallery of Hajvalia mine show similar values with those of the water from the lake. The calculations of the chloride mass balance showed that the fractions of lake and rainfall waters in the water mixture of Hajvalia mine were 67% and 33% respectively.

Potential of Benja Geothermal Springs for Direct Utilization

In the Benja of Permeti village, eight springs are located in the Lengarica creek, and their curative values are known and used since the time of the Roman Empire. The eight springs erupt mineral water with temperatures in the range of 23-30℃ and yields in the range of 8 up to more than 40 L/s. The geothermal fluid, even though with relatively low temperatures, represent a competitive energy resource. The geothermal water flows directly to the river of Langarica, similarly with the other geothermal resources of Albania can be ＂translated＂ as ＂throwing in the creek＂ of considerable monetary values, delay in the economic development, infrastructure and also negative social impacts in the region. This paper aims to show that these waters are a competitive energy resource by the implementation of a combined and cascade system, and also they can by efficiently used for greenhouses, aquaculture and salts extraction.

Groundwater Geochemistry of the Fushe Kuqe Aquifer,North-Western Albania

The Fushe Kuqe costal aquifer is a typical confined alluvial aquifer.The aquifer medium consists of alternating and discontinuous layers of gravel and sand-gravel and silt-clay impermeable layers which have conditioned its multilayer character.The aquifer recharge occurs mainly through water infiltration from the Mat river in the North,and from Droja river in the South,while its natural discharge proceeds to the Adriatic sea.TDS(Total Solids Dissolved)concentration varies from 200-500 mg/L in the North-Eastern area up to over 1,000 mg/L near the coastal area.Such a wide range of TDS values is also confirmed by high(11.89° dH)value of its standard deviation.The HCO3-Ca-Mg and HCO3-Mg-Ca hydrochemical water types dominate in the eastern-north-eastern aquifer sectors,Na-Mg-HCO3-Cl,Na-Cl-HCO3 type in central-western area and,finally,Na-Cl type along the coastal parts of the aquifer.Dissolution of carbonates and sulphate minerals and silicate weathering seems to be the primary processes for the formation of the chemical composition of the groundwater.Chloro-Alkaline Indices CAI-1 and Chadha’s classification diagram distinguished two groundwater compositional groups derived from water-medium chemical reactions and fresh groundwater-seawater mixture,respectively.

Chemical Vertical Zonality in Silicate Nickel Deposit in Gllavica, Republic of Kosovo

In this paper is presented chemical vertical zonality in mineral deposit nickel silicate Gllavica that is located near to the airport of Pristina. In this study were included detailed geological research of the first phase and the second pahse in deposit. According to geological exploration is presented zonality in direction of the depth of the nickel silicate deposit. Geological exploration have appeared vertical profile by zones from the surface to the depth of the deposit. The content of nickel increases nontronite zone, according to the results shown in this prospecting zone the nickel mineralization reaches higher values in the zone nontronite - serpentinite.