Sustainable Tourism Development Management of Local Cultural Landscapes

Nowa days,ecological and cultural tourism,especially those ancient villages and towns in China,have attracted an in- creasing number of tourists because of their unique cultural fea- tures.However,rapid development of tourism brings economic benefits,but results in a series of problems that threaten further tourism development and protection of ancient towns,such as over-commercialization and tourism urbanization.Taking Long- men ancient town as an example,this paper presented a sustain- able way of preserving and developing resources of ancient vil- lages and towns.First,identify cultural features and the extent of ancient villages and towns,and find the approach through which a cultural landscape zoning can be applied.Second,define a coop- erative function area to release the pressure on core areas and protect their authentic cultures by extending tourism space.Third, balance tourism development with traditional industries to en- hance the sustainability of community economies.

Reflections on the Connotations of Ecotourism

As the most desirable option for sustainable development of tourism industry, ecotourism still suffers from lack of a clear-cut and widely accepted definition, posing many risks and threats in its practices. Based on collection and collation of various concepts and explanations of ecotourism both at home and abroad, this paper reflects on the current connotations of ecotourism in terms of four aspects, namely, objects of ecotourism, ecotourists, nature of ecotourism as well as the relationship between ecotourism and communities. In-depth analysis was performed in an effort to revise the misinterpretation of ecotourism and provide implications for ecotourism initiatives. The main conclusions and fruits of this article include： 1） The objects of eeotourism should go beyond natural, pristine, or even only primitive natural areas to including cultural resources together with their natural context which also deserve preservation. 2） Tourism operators, compared to tourists, have more leverage and hence should shoulder more responsibilities for conservation. 3） Ecotourism should serve as a principle to guide tourism initiatives towards sustainability, rather than merely a special tour package. 4） The theoretic foundation was laid for community participation in ecotourism.

The Construction of Tourism Landscapes in Grasslands Based on the Tourist Gaze Theory: A Case Study of Grassland Tourism in Inner Mongolia

Grassland tourism products are deeply loved by tourists because of their natural landscape features and rich ethnic customs. However, the monotony of the grassland landscape is a problem requiring urgent solution for grassland tourism at home and abroad. Based on the theory of the tourist gaze, this study took the grasslands of Inner Mongolia including Xilamuren(Zhaohe) Grassland, Huitengxile(Huitengliang) Grassland, and Gagentala Grassland, Wuzhumuqin Grassland, Huhenuo'er Grassland, Wulanbutong Grassland, and Zhurihe Grassland for example to explore the grassland tourism perception landscape elements under the tourist gaze. Through image content analysis, grassland tourism landscape symbols were collected and refined to generate aggregated concept maps that could explore the relationship between concept elements, and corresponding landscape construction suggestions were proposed.

Utilization Pattern of Olympic Parks and Its Application in Beijing

With great promotion of mega-events in both quantities and qualities in China, the research of Mega-events has been increased. As a global hallmark event, the Olympics, with their enormous scale, universal attraction for the media and tremendous political significance, have increasingly drawn attention from the researchers. It is obvious that Beijing has been greatly impacted by the 2008 Olympic Games as the host. The event aroused close attention of researchers, especially the problem how the Olympic stadiums and facilities can be utilized after Olympic Games. The paper employed 3 methods to conduct a survey, that is, sending questionnaires to tourists, in- terviewing with government officers, and collecting information about former Olympic Parks from Intemet and lit- eratures. The utilization of former Olympic Parks after Games was summarized and some experiences were refined. Besides, 3 main bodies including government, business operators and visitors which formed basic driving forces to influence the park＇s use were analyzed. At the same time, the paper believes that 3 topics affect the park＇s utilization involving ＇prepare to use＇, ~how to use it＇ and ~how to manage it＇, and Beijing Olympic Park can also follow that thinking and reference in the ft^her practices. Based on it, suggestions are given that Beijing Olympic Park can be planned spatially from 3 layers, the point, line and area, based on their function and infrastructure in the Games, and the area would be shaped as a new urban center with multi-functions while Mega-events and sport events are still the main content of the park.

On Touristic Ecological Footprint of Macao

Despite its tiny territory, Macao boasts a large volume of tourist activities, which serves as the pillar of its economy. En- vironment and natural resources are the cornerstone of tourism, but are also subject to the negative impact of tourism. Based on the theory and methodology of ecological footprint analysis, this paper calculated the touristic ecological footprint and deficit of Macao in 2009, in an effort to bring to light the current status of excessive consumption of resources by tourism. As the findings show, the non-h＇ansferable touristic ecological footprint and touristic ecologi- cal deficit of Macao in 2009 are respectively 18 300.891 gha and 12 737.584 gha, and the former is 3.29 times as large as the tour- istic ecological carrying capacity. Touristic ecological footprint of Macao is highly efficient in economic sense but currently tourism is developing in an unsustainable manner, so appropriate initiatives are in need to strike a balance between tourism development and resource conservation and to promote the sustainability of tourism industry of Macao.

Drivers of Residents’Livelihood Resilience in Sanjiangyuan National Park,China:From PLS-SEM and fs/QCA

This study investigates the effects of tourism development perception,adaptive capacity,and transformation capacity on the residents’livelihood resilience in a national park.Using the Yellow River Source Park in Sanjiangyuan National Park,China as a case study,this study simultaneously used the partial least squares structural equation model(PLS-SEM)and fuzzy-set qualitative comparative analysis(fs/QCA)to explore the linear and nonlinear dynamic impacts among the variables.PLS-SEM analysis revealed that adaptive capacity and transformation capacity positively affect livelihood resilience;tourism development perception negatively affects livelihood resilience but positively affects adaptive capacity and transformation capacity.Tourism development perception and adaptive capacity can positively influence livelihood resilience through transformation capacity.The fs/QCA revealed that simple antecedent variables do not constitute a necessary condition for promoting residents'high livelihood resilience,which depends on the conditions combined with another element.The analysis identified two combination paths of high livelihood resilience and three combination paths of low livelihood resilience,where adaptive and transformation capacity are essential for triggering high livelihood resilience,and tourism development perception is a significant driver of low livelihood resilience.