Effects of Anodizing Parameters in Tartaric-Sulphuric Acid on Coating Thickness and Corrosion Resistance of Al 2024 T3 Alloy

2024 T3 is one of aluminium alloys which are widely used in the aircraft structures. Anodizing of alluminium alloy in tartaric-sulphuric acid (TSA) electrolyte is developed to obtain more environmentally-friendly process and to produce anodize layer with better corrosion resistance. In this research work, the influences of anodizing parameters of Al 2024 T3 in TSA on the thickness, weight and corrosion resistance of the anodize layer are studied. Corrosion resistance test was carried out by conducting salt spray test for 336 hours and anodic polarization measurements using potentiostat. Results of three-factor analysis of variance (ANOVA) demonstrated that the most influencing factor that determines the thickness and weight of the anodize layer is temperature, followed by applied voltage, duration of anodizing, voltage-temperature interaction, interaction of temperature-duration of anodizing, interaction of voltage-temperature-duration of anodizing, and interaction of voltage and duration of anodizing. The pit density and corrosion current density (icorr) were found to be dependent on the coating thickness. The anodize layer with a thickness of higher than 3 μm was not experienced to pitting corrosion during 336 hours of salt spray test.

Heavy Metal Concentrations in Pores and Surface Waters during the Emptying of a Small Reservoir

The impact of reservoir emptying on the concentrations of dissolved heavy metals (As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb and Zn) in pore and surface waters was studied in the Aar Reservoir, a small reservoir in central Germany, during and after the emptying process. This study was conducted to observe binding changes within pore waters as well as the input of dissolved heavy metals in waters of the Aar Creek, what becomes possible when the reservoirs water table is removed and lake sediments become exposed. In pore waters, no clear shifting tendencies between dissolved and sorbed heavy metal fractions could be found after the completed sediment exposure. These relatively low dynamics in pore waters can be explained by the fine texture of the lake sediments, which are characterized by a high water holding capacity, what led to high remaining water contents and therefore slowed down the redox changes. A few days after the completed emptying, a general increase of dissolved heavy metal concentrations occurred in running waters of the Aar Creek as a result of pore water drainage. Here, element specific differences in mobilization and transportation abilities were found, what can be reconstructed by the ratio of dissolved heavy metals in pore and surface waters.

A Study on the Photoreduction of Green House CO2 Gas Catalyzed by TiO2 to Form Methane and Methanol

A photoreduction of CO2 gas catalyzed by TiO2 powder has been studied with purpose to form methane and/or methanol as well as to prevent global warming. The photoreduction was carried out in a batch horizontal column that is by irradiating a mixture of CO2 with water vapor in the presence of TiO2 powder for a period of time. Gasses produced were analyzed by gas chromatography method. In this study the effect of reaction time and TiO2 mass on the results has been evaluated. The research results indicate that from the photoreduction, some products have been obtained. The products are CH4, CH3OH, and C2H2 and C2H4. It is found that the reaction time and TiO2 mass control the types and the concentration of the products. The photoreduction carried out for 12 h results in CH4, C2H2 and C2H4 with low concentration, but when the reaction time was extended up to 24 h and 48 h, CH4 and CH3OH with higher concentration are produced. By using 25 g and 50 g of TiO2 photocatalyst in the photoreduction, only the CH4 is yielded, meanwhile a mixture of CH4 and CH3OH is formed when 100 g of TiO2 was applied. The production of CH4 and CH3OH by photoreduction of CO2 with water vapor in the presence of TiO2 photocatalyst has been successfully achieved. However, the improvement of the quantity of the targeted products is required.

Immune Response Indicated by Expressing of IL-2 and IL-10 in Cervical Cancer

Introduction: Interleukin-2 (IL-2) is multiple which functions during an inflammatory response. Inflammation is a critical component of cancer progression. IL-10 is the most important cytokine with anti-inflammatory properties. Cancer patients typically show depression of both cellular and humoral immune functions. Aims: The objective of this experiment is to know the expression of IL-2 and IL-10 in cervical cancer. Method: Paraffin block of the tissues frozen section cervical cancer was cut in sharp and cleaned cryotome and place in glass plate that covered with poly-elysine. The immunohistochemistry stains were done with monoclonal antibody anti IL-2 and IL-10 with TSA-indirect method. The collected data were analyzed with T Test (SPSS for window 15). Result: In this study the expression of IL-2 (35.9% = moderate) is less than the expression of IL-10 (45.3% = moderate). From T Test analysis of p <= 0.153, it means that there is no significance in difference between IL-2 and IL-10. Conclusion: We indicated that the immune response plays a role in balance between cellular and humoral immunity.

Effect of Scurrula atropurpurea on blood pressure and angiotensin Ⅱ of deoxycorticosterone acetate-salt hypertensive rats

OBJECTIVE To investigate the effect of methanolic extract of Scurrula atropurpurea on systolic blood pressure and serum angiotensinⅡ concentration in deoxycorticosterone acetate-salt(DOCA-salt)hypertensive rats.METHODS Twenty-five male Wistar rats were divided into normal control group and four hypertensive groups by DOCA-salt for 6 weeks.Further,three hypertensive groups were orally administered with methanolic extract of Scurrula atropurpurea at a doses of 50,100 and 200mg·kg-1,respectively for 6 weeks and one hypertensive group without extract as positive control.At the end of research systolic blood pressure were measured by tail cuff methods.Serum angiotensinⅡ were measured by ELISA.RESULTS The systolic blood pressure increased significantly in the positive control hypertensive group compared to the normal control group(P<0.05).Administration of methanolic extract of Scurrula atropurpurea 50,100 and 200mg·kg-1 significantly decreased systolic blood pressure,respectively compared to the positive control hypertensive group(P<0.05).There was no different angiotensinⅡ consentration between positive control hypertensive group and normal group,while methanolic extract of Scurrula atropurpurea 50mg·kg-1 caused decreased angiotensinⅡ conscentration significantly compared to positive control hypertensive group(P<0.05).CONCLUSION Methanolic extract of Scurrula atropurpurea produced antihypertensive effect and decreasing angiotensinⅡ concentration at 50mg·kg-1 in hypertensive rat.Beside this,the concentration of angiotensinⅡ couldn′t increase in DOCA-salt hypertensive rats.

Influences of Metals and Acids on the Photo Reduction of CO2 under Catalysis of TiO2

Conversion of green house CO2 into fuel gas in the presence of reducing agent sources that are Fe and Zn powder, as well as hydrogen ions supplier such as nitric and acetic acids by photo catalytic reduction with water vapor on TiO2 has been studied. The photo reduction was carried out by batch technique, using a UV lamp with a wave length of 290-400 nm, as a photon source. The gasses produced from the photo reduction were determined by gas chromatography. The research results indicate that the photo reduction of CO2 has successfully produced methane as a dominant product. The presence of the metals in addition to be able to improve the methane yield, it is also able to induce ethylene formation. Meanwhile the acids can considerably enhance the methane yield without formation of ethylene. Furthermore, the enhancement is observed to be controlled by mass of the metals, and the acid concentrations. It is also found that Zn and HNO3 show stronger effect in the increasing CO2 photo reduction.

Antimicrobial and antioxidant properties of medicinal plants used by the Bentian tribe from Indonesia

Some selected medicinal plants used by Bentian tribe from Indonesia were evaluated for potential antimicrobial and antioxidant properties.The leaves stem bark and root of the plants were extracted with n-hexane,ethyl acetate and ethanol to give respective extracts.Antimicrobial activity against Propionibacterium acnes and Candida albicans was determined by an agar well diffusion method.Antioxidant activity was assayed by the DPPH radical scavenging activity mechanism.The results showed that n-hexane,ethyl acetate and ethanol extracts of Cananga odorata,ethanolic extract of Chromolaena odorata,and ethanolic extracts of Hyptis capitata and Ampelocissus cinnamomeae displayed good activity against P.acnes at 25–400μg/well of the extracts tested.The n-hexane and ethanol extracts of Chromolaena odorata and H.capitata,and the n-hexane,ethyl acetate and ethanol extracts of Cananga odorata displayed more activity against C.albicans than others at 25–400μg/well of the extracts tested.The most antioxidant activities against DPPH were displayed by the ethanol extracts of Ficus variegata stem bark,Leucosyke quadrinerva root and Clausena excavata leaves exhibiting 91%,91%and 86%inhibition,respectively.The present results showed potential of some medicinal plants used by Bentian tribe from Indonesia as natural anti-microbial and anti-oxidant and potentially anti-inflammatory agents.

Preparation of Thermoplastic Elastomer from Polypropylene-SIR 10 Rubber Blends with Addition of Dicumil Peroxide as Initiator and Divinylbenzene as a Crosslinker

Preparation of thermoplastic elastomer of Polypropylene-SIR 10 rubber blends with addition of DCP （dicumil peroxide） as initiator and DVB （divinylbenzene） as a crosslinker has been done. Blends of Polypropylene-SIR 10 rubber with variation of weight 60/40 （w/w）, 50/50 （w/w） and 40/60 （w/w） with variation concentration of DCP and DVB 1 phr, 2 phr and 3 phr were mixed into internal mixer at temperature 180 ℃. Then, the blends were pressed at 185 ℃ and specimen were molded according to the ASTM D638. The characterization were carried out based on tensile strength testing, crosslink percentage, morphology surface analysis with SEM and fungtional group analysis with FTIR （Fourier Transform Infra Red）. The result showed that the blends of Polypropilene-SIR 10 rubber 60/40 （w/w） with 2 phr DCP and 1 phr DVB posses a higher tensile strength with value 1.37 Kgf/mm2 and value of elongation at break 17.58%, and value of percentage crosslink 82.4%. The result of morphology test with SEM showed that the blend was well homogenous. Spectra analysis with FT-IR has shown physical interaction among components of the blends.

Influences of Organic Acids and Heavy Metals on Cr（VI） Photoreduction Catalyzed by TiO2 Suspension

Photocatalytic reduction of Cr（VI） by TiO2 suspension has been studied with the purpose of removing the toxic and carcinogenic Cr（VI） ions from water. The photocatalytic reduction was carried out in batch reactor, in which the influences of the presence ofmalonic and oxalic acids as well as of iron and lead ions on the degree of the reduction have been systematically evaluated. The results of the research indicated that the presence of malonic and oxalic acids with increasing concentration can improve the photoreduction. The increase in the Cr（V1） photoreduction is due to OH radical capturing by the organic acids so that it prevents the recombination of the OH radical and the free electron, and therefore can provide enough electron supply for Cr（VI） photoreduction. The effectiveness of Cr（VI） photoreduction is also enhanced by the addition of increasing concentration of both Fe（Ⅲ） and Pb（Ⅱ） ions through synergic effect. It is also found that the degree of the photopreduction is strongly influenced by solution acidity and the most effective Cr（VI） photoreduction is obtained at lower pH than 5, either in the absence or presence of the organic acids and the heavy metal ions.

Optical Absorption and Refractive Index Study of Ti： Al2O3 Single Crystal

The optical absorption of Ti：Al2O3 single crystal has been measured at room temperature, in the wavelength region between 200 nm and 800 nm. The main absorption peaks at 491 nm and 562 nm, the weak infrared absorption band with a peak at 650 nm and the strong UV absorption band below 300 nm were observed. The refractive index is discussed by using Fresnel＇s equation. In particular, the Sellmeier equation was determined in the visible region by means on non-conventional method based on the measurement of refraction by using UV-visible spectroscopy. The refractive indices decreased from 3.71 to 1.28 with wavelength in the range 400-800 nm.

Chemical Composition and Antibacterial Activity of the Essential Oils from Different Parts of <i>Eugenia caryophylata</i>, Thunb Grown in Amboina Island

This study aims to investigate the antibacterial activities of essential oils isolated from various parts (buds, leaves and stems) of Eugenia caryophylata. The essentials oils were distillated by steam distillation, and the isolated was analyzed by GC and GC-MS. Five components of each sample of oils (buds, leaves and stems) were identified. Main component in the bud are eugenol (75.30%), eugenyl acetate (20.93%) and β-caryophyllene (3.00%) and eugenol (82.97%), β-caryophyllene (12.84%) in leaf oil, while in stem oil eugenol (97.75%). The oils were tested for in vitro antimicrobial activities against Gram-positive bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus subtilis), the Gram-negative bacteria (Escherichia coli and Salmonella typhimurium). The essential oils of bud, leaf and stem oil show that antibacterial activity against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria.

Variation of Calcium Oxalate (CaOx) Crystals in Porang (<i>Amorphophallus muelleri Blume</i>)

This research had aimed to determine variations in form of calcium oxalate (CaOx) crystals in porang. Slides for microscopic observation were prepared from sliced leaf, petiole, and tuber of porang. Sliced organs were cleared by using modified clearing method. The parameters that were observed included form and variety of morphology type of CaOx crystals. Microscopic observation showed there were four basic forms of crystals, i.e., druse, raphide, prism and styloid with some variation of diverse types, each of which had 49, 10, 8, and 5 variations. CaOx crystals, based on the size, were grouped into large (20-250 μm) and small (1-15 μm) crystals.

Influence of Cu（II） on Ag（I） Recovery by Photocatalytic Reduction Method with TiO2 Suspension

Photocatalytic reduction method using TiO2 suspension for removal as well as possibly recovery of silver （Ag（I）） in the presence of Cu（II） is examined. The photocatalytic reduction was performed by batch technique in a closed reactor equipped with UV lamp. The concentration of unreduced Ag（I） was analyzed by atomic absorption spectrophotometry method. The research results indicate that Ag（I） in the solution can be removed and recovered effectively as silver metal Ag（0） deposited on the surface of TiO2 for photocatalytic reduction. In addition, the presence of Cu（II） ion with increasing concentration leads to a proportional decline in Ag（I） photoreduction due to the prominent competition in the adsorption on the surface of TiO2. The effectiveness of Ag（I） ion photoreduction in the presence of Cu（II） ion is strongly influenced by solution pH and the highest photoreduction is obtained at pH 5 - 8, which is related with the speciation ofAg（I）, TiO2 surface as well as Cu（II） in the solution.

Phylogenetic Position of North Sulawesi <i>Tarsius sp</i>. Based on Partial Cytochrome b Gene Sequences

Cyt b gene of North Sulawesi Tarsius sp., T. tumpara, T. sangirensis and T. tarsier (T. spectrum) had been partially sequenced. The homologous sequence of three groups had been compared to describe the phylogenetic position among them, as well as several other species accessed from the Genbank. Total DNA extracted from the muscular tissue had been obtained through tail cut sampling using the innuPREP DNA micro kit, and amplified using a pair of universal primer, L14841 and H15149. The size of the cyt b gene sequence amplified was 307 bp long. Sequence aligned using CLUSTAL-X program and diversity analysis were done using version 5.2.2. MEGA5 program. Genetic distance had been calculated by Tamura 3 parameter method and phylogenetic tree had been built using Neighbor-Joining and Maximum Likelihood methods. Genetic distance based on cyt b gene nucleotide was found from 0 to 0.240 with an average of 0.080. The phylogenetic tree constructed by Neighbor Joining and Maximum Likelihood methods indicated that T. tarsier, T. sangirensis and T. tumpara were closely related with Tarsius tarsier-complex, and distantly related with Cephalopachus bancanus and Carlito syrichta. The genetic distance and the phylogenetic tree had been constructed on the base of partial cyt b gene sequence of T. tarsier, T. sangirensis, T. tumpara and 5 other tarsier species and their accession. Those results are consistent with taxonomy based on morphology and vocal acoustic form.

Potential of Terpenoid Bioactive Compound Isolated from Papua Ant Nest as an Alternative Ovarian Cancer Treatment

Objectives: The purpose of this study was to determine anticancer activity of terpenoid bioactive compound isolated from Papua ant nest on ovarian cancer cells in vitro. Methods: This was a laboratory experimental study which aims to determine the potential of the terpenoid bioactive compound isolated from Papua ant nest to inhibit the growth and induce apoptotic process on ovarian cancer cells (SKO-3) in vitro. Result: Terpenoid had capability to inhibit the growth of ovarian cancer cell line (SKO-3) in vitro, with IC50 of 481 ug/ml at 48 hours and 463 ug/ml at 48 hours, respectively. At a concentration of 600 ug/ml, terpenoid was able to induce apoptotic process on ovarian cancer cell lines in vitro with the apoptotic index of 30% at 24 hours, 35% at 48 hours and 37% at 72 hours, respectively. Conclusion: Terpenoid bioactive compound isolated from Papua ant nest had the ability to inhibit the growth and was able to induce apoptotic process on ovarian cancer cell lines (SKO-3) in vitro.

A comprehensive survey on weed and crop classification using machine learning and deep learning

Machine learning and deep learning are subsets of Artificial Intelligence that have revolutionized object detection and classification in images or videos.This technology plays a crucial role in facilitating the transition from conventional to precision agriculture,particularly in the context of weed control.Precision agriculture,which previously relied on manual efforts,has now embraced the use of smart devices for more efficient weed detection.However,several challenges are associated with weed detection,including the visual similarity between weed and crop,occlusion and lighting effects,as well as the need for early-stage weed control.Therefore,this study aimed to provide a comprehensive review of the application of both traditional machine learning and deep learning,as well as the combination of the two methods,for weed detection across different crop fields.The results of this review show the advantages and disadvantages of using machine learning and deep learning.Generally,deep learning produced superior accuracy compared to machine learning under various conditions.Machine learning required the selection of the right combination of features to achieve high accuracy in classifyingweed and crop,particularly under conditions consisting of lighting and early growth effects.Moreover,a precise segmentation stage would be required in cases of occlusion.Machine learning had the advantage of achieving real-time processing by producing smaller models than deep learning,thereby eliminating the need for additional GPUs.However,the development of GPU technology is currently rapid,so researchers are more often using deep learning for more accurate weed identification.

Human Wharton’s jelly mesenchymal stem cells inhibit cytokine storm in acute respiratory distress syndrome in a rat model

Objective:To evaluate the potential effect of human Wharton’s jelly mesenchymal stem cells(hWJMSCs)on acute respiratory distress syndrome in lipopolysaccharide(LPS)-induced rats.Methods:The hWJMSCs(5×10^(4)/mL,5×10^(5)/mL,5×10^(6)/mL)were administered to rats on day 1 and day 8 after being induced by LPS(5 mg/kg body weight).TNF-αlevels in the lung and IL-18 and IL-1βlevels in the serum were measured using ELISA.In addition,caspase-1 expression in lung tissues was quantified using qRT-PCR,and NF-κB and IL-6 expressions were assessed using immunohistochemistry.Results:The hWJMSCs decreased TNF-αlevels in the lung and plasma IL-18 and IL-1βlevels.Moreover,the hWJMSCs downregulated the expressions of caspase-1,IL-6,and NF-κB in lung tissues.Conclusions:The hWJMSCs can decrease inflammatory markers of acute respiratory distress syndrome in a rat model and may be further investigated for the treatment of acute respiratory distress syndrome.

PPARγ expression by rambutan peel extract in obesity rat model-induced high-calorie diet

Objective: To monitor the physiological characteristics and genes expression of obesity rat model after rambutan peel extract(RPE) treatment.Methods: Twenty-four 12-week-old male rats were divided into 4 groups: normal,obesity, obesity treated with ellagic acid(O-EA) and obesity treated with RPE30(ORPE30). Physiological characteristics were monitored by measuring body weight, calorie intake, size of adipocyte and level of triglyceride. Peroxisome proliferator activated receptor gamma(PPARg), CCAAT/enhancer-binding proteins a and fatty acid binding protein 4(FABP4) expression were observed using immunohistochemistry, Western blotting and quantitative RT-PCR methods.Results: Body weight gain of O-EA and O-RPE30 rats were lower than obesity group and size of adipocyte cells were smaller than obesity group(P < 0.05), but when we compared to normal group, those groups had higher body weight gain and larger adipocyte cells. The level of triglycerides, protein expression of PPARg and m RNA level of FABP4 genes were significantly downregulated on O-EA and O-RPE30 compared to obesity group(P < 0.05). Our results indicated that RPE had potential substance as inhibitor of body weight gain, declining of size of adipocyte, level of triglycerides, PPARg expression and m RNA level of FABP4 gene on obesity rat model.Conclusions: RPE have anti-obesity activity by inhibiting body weight gain, declining size of adipocyte, decreasing triglyceride, PPARg expression and m RNA level of FABP4 gene on obesity rat model.

Lymphocytes CD8+ Expression Mean Increases the Immunity against Cancer

Now molecular epidemiology was meaningful. On the surface of the tumor, cells will express its antigen specific as a tumor cell (example: TSA, tumor specific antigen) and can induce cellular immune response. The result of interactions between group antigens with the immune system cells of the body will cause a rise in the expression of lymphocytes CD8+. The aim of this research is to find out differences in the number of lymphocytes CD8+ expression between benign and malignant tissues. This research is a laboratory experiment with the approach of cross sectional. Samples are taken from benign and malignant tissue biopsy of the breast and cervical uterine that were got from anatomical pathology laboratory, period January to February 2004. A technique using random sampling, is sample acquiring 30 benign cancer and 30 malignant of the breast or cervical uterine. To find out the significance of the difference in the number of lymphocytes CD8+ between benign and malignant of breast or cervical uterine, we used a statistical analysis Anova in SPSS for Windows 15.0 program. In this research the number of lymphocytes average in the benign cancer is 2.9667 cells (breast) and 4.2667 cells (cervical uterine), on the other side malignant tissue of 23.8000 cells (breast) and 25.0333 cells (cervical uterine). From the statistical analyses with Anova the number of lymphocytes CD8+ was very significant differences between benign and malignant of the breast or cervical uterine tissue (p < 0.001). The conclusion of this research is that there is a significant increase of the number of lymphocytes CD8+ expression in cancer tissue.