Facile in situ synthesis and characterization of Fe@Si/zeolite Na composites with magnetic core–shell structures from natural materials for enhanced curcumin loading capacity

Curcumin is a natural polyphenol that is used in various traditional medicines.However,its inherent properties,such as its rapid degradation and metabolism,low bioavailability,and short half-life,are serious problems that must be resolved.To this end,a drug carrier incorporating natural magnetic cores in a zeolite framework was developed and applied to the loading of curcumin in ethanol solutions.In this system,curcumin is encapsulated in a zeolite Na(ZNA)magnetic core–shell structure(Fe@Si/ZNA),which can be easily synthesized using an in situ method.Synthesis of Fe_(3)O_(4) nanoparticles was carried out from natural materials using a co-precipitation method.Analysis of the prepared magnetic core–shell structures and composites was carried out using vibrating-sample magnetometery,Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy,transmission electron microscopy,and x-ray diffraction.The cumulative loading of curcumin in the ZNA composite with 9%nanoparticles was found to reach 90.70%with a relatively long half-life of 32.49 min.Stability tests of curcumin loading in the composite showed that adding magnetic particles to the zeolite framework also increased the stability of the composite structure.Adsorption kinetics and isotherm studies also found that the system follows the pseudo-second-order and Langmuir isotherm models.

Spectroscopic Observations of Ten Galactic Wolf-Rayet Stars at Bosscha Observatory:Determination of Stellar Parameters and Mass-loss Rates

We present optical spectra of 10 Galactic Wolf-Rayet(WR)stars that consist of five WN and five WC stars.The optical observation was conducted using a low-resolution spectrograph NEO-R1000(λ/Δλ~1000)at GAO-ITB RTS(27.94 cm,F/10.0),Bosscha Observatory,Lembang.We implemented stellar atmosphere Postdam Wolf-Rayet(PoWR)grid modeling to derive stellar parameters.The normalized optical spectrum can be used to find the best model from the available PoWR grid,then we could derive stellar temperature and transformation radius.To derive luminosity,stellar radius and color excess,we conducted a Spectral Energy Distribution(SED)analysis with additional data on the near-ultraviolet spectrum from the International Ultraviolet Explorer(IUE)database,and UBV and 2MASS JHK broadband filter data.Additional analysis to derive asymptotic terminal wind velocity was conducted from the P-Cygni profile analysis of the high-resolution IUE ultraviolet spectrum.With previously derived parameters,we could determine the mass loss rate of the WR stars.Furthermore,we compared our results with previous work that used PoWR code and the differences are not more than 20%.We conclude that the PoWR spectral grid is sufficient to derive WR stellar parameters quickly and could provide more accurate initial parameter input to the PoWR program code.

Integrated adsorption and photocatalytic removal of methylene blue dye from aqueous solution by hierarchical Nb_(2)O_(5)@PAN/PVDF/ANO composite nanofibers

This work presents the development of hierarchical niobium pentoxide(Nb_(2)O_(5))-based composite nanofiber membranes for integrated adsorption and photocatalytic degradation of methylene blue(MB)pollutants from aqueous solutions.The Nb_(2)O_(5) nanorods were vertically grown using a hydrothermal process on a base electrospun nanofibrous membrane made of polyacrylonitrile/polyvinylidene fluoride/ammonium niobate(V)oxalate hydrate(Nb_(2)O_(5)@PAN/PVDF/ANO).They were characterized using field-emission scanning electron microscopy(FE-SEM),X-ray diffraction(XRD)analysis,and Fourier transform infrared(FTIR)spectroscopy.These composite nanofibers possessed a narrow optical bandgap energy of 3.31 eV and demonstrated an MB degradation efficiency of 96%after 480 min contact time.The pseudo-first-order kinetic study was also conducted,in which Nb_(2)O_(5)@PAN/PVDF/ANO nanofibers have kinetic constant values of 1.29×10^(-2) min^(-1) and 0.30×10^(-2) min^(-1) for adsorption and photocatalytic degradation of MB aqueous solutions,respectively.These values are 17.7 and 7.8 times greater than those of PAN/PVDF/ANO nanofibers without Nb_(2)O_(5) nanostructures.Besides their outstanding photocatalytic performance,the developed membrane materials exhibit advantageous characteristics in recycling,which subsequently widen their practical use in environmental remediation applications.

Properties of Eco-Friendly Oriented Strand Board Produced from Oil Palm Trunk

Despite its considerable potential,oil palm trunk(OPT)remains underutilized,largely owing to the cyclical replanting process that occurs every 25–30 years.This study aimed to address this issue by developing an ecofriendly oriented strand board(OSB)using vascular bundles(VBs)from oil palm,both in binderless form and with the incorporation of natural adhesives made from sucrose and ammonium dihydrogen phosphate(ADP).The VB was extracted from OPT using a pressure cooker and mixed with a sucrose-ADP solution at various ratios.The mixture was then pressed at temperatures of 180°C and 200°C for 10 min to form boards,which were evaluated based on the Japanese Industrial Standard(JIS)A 5908 for particleboards.Binderless OSB was also manufactured without the use of any adhesive components.Fourier-transform infrared(FTIR)spectroscopy was conducted to evaluate the VB and its board.The results indicated that the mechanical properties of the binderless OSB met the JIS A 5908 Type 8 requirements.Furthermore,the addition of sucrose-ADP improved the physical and mechanical properties of the board,with an optimal sucrose-to-ADP ratio of 85:15.The OSB with the best properties met the JIS A 5908 Type 13 requirements.The FTIR results indicated that carbonyl groups,furan rings,and lignin played important roles in the bonding properties of the OSB.In conclusion,this research demonstrated the potential of VBs as a raw material for producing environmentally friendly OSB,both in binderless form and with the use of sucrose-ADP.

Effects of climate anomaly on rainfall, groundwater depth, and soil moisture on peatlands in South Sumatra, Indonesia

Climate anomalies can cause natural disasters such as severe fires and floods on peatlands in South Sumatra.Factors that affect the natural disasters on peatlands include rainfall,groundwater level,and soil moisture.This paper aims to study the effect of the climate anomalies in 2019 and 2020 and effects of these influencing factors on peatlands in South Sumatra.The data used in this study was derived from insitu measurement at two SESAME’s measurement stations in the study area.The results indicate that in the 2019 dry season,the rainfall was minimal,the lowest groundwater table depth was-1.14 m and the lowest soil moisture was 3.4%.In the 2020 dry season,rainfall was above the monthly average of 100 mm,the lowest groundwater level was-0.44 m,and the lowest soil moisture was 26.64%.There is also a strong correlation between soil moisture and groundwater table depth.The correlation between the two is stronger when there is less rainfall.

Optimization of nucleic acid extraction methods for rapid detection in pandemic situations or diseases with high prevalence

Nucleic acid extraction(NAE)is an essential component of many assays used for diagnostic and research purposes.During a pandemic,performing NAE is associated with significant challenges due to material shortages,high costs,limited laboratory facilities,and the time required.This delays patient diagnosis and treatment,particularly in countries that do not produce NAE devices.Here,we tested several procedures to speed up the extraction process using common laboratory reagents,finding that heat-based nucleic acid extraction of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2(SARS-COV2)is a detection method that can be easily implemented in laboratories,even those without centrifugation facilities.

Implementing and evaluating an automatic centroid moment tensor procedure for the Indonesia region and surrounding areas

The purpose of this research was to suggest an applicable procedure for computing the centroid moment tensor(CMT)automatically and in real time from earthquakes that occur in Indonesia and the surrounding areas.Gisola software was used to estimate the CMT solution by selecting the velocity model that best suited the local and regional geological conditions in Indonesia and the surrounding areas.The data used in this study were earthquakes with magnitudes of 5.4 to 8.0.High-quality,real-time broadband seismographic data were provided by the International Federation of Digital Seismograph Networks Web Services(FDSNWS)and the European Integrated Data Archive(EIDA)Federation in Indonesia and the surrounding areas.Furthermore,the inversion process and filter adjustment were carried out on the seismographic data to obtain good CMT solutions.The CMT solutions from Gisola provided good-quality solutions,in which all earthquake data had A-level quality(high quality,with good variant reduction).The Gisola CMT solution was justified with the Global CMT(GCMT)solution by using the Kagan angle value,with an average of approximately 11.2°.This result suggested that the CMT solution generated from Gisola was trustworthy and reliable.The Gisola CMT solution was typically available within approximately 15 minutes after an earthquake occurred.Once it met the quality requirement,it was automatically published on the internet.The catalog of local and regional earthquake records obtained through this technology holds great promise for improving the current understanding of regional seismic activity and ongoing tectonic processes.The accurate and real-time CMT solution generated by implementing the Gisola algorithm consisted of moment tensors and moment magnitudes,which provided invaluable insights into earthquakes occurring in Indonesia and the surrounding areas.

Characterization of the infectivity of an Indonesian Zika virus strain in mammalian cell lines

Objective:To characterize the infection patterns and growth characteristics of the Zika virus(ZIKV)strain JMB-185 from Indonesia in various mammalian cell lines.Methods:ZIKV was grown in human(A549,HEK293,HepG2,Huh7,Jurkat,and THP-1)and non-human mammalian(RAW264.7,Vero,and Vero76)cell lines.Viral replication kinetics were measured using plaque assay,while intra-and extracellular viral RNA concentrations were assessed using RT-PCR.Flow cytometry was used to quantify the infected cells and cell viability was measured using an MTT assay.The ability of ZIKV to infect cell lines was visualized using a fluorescence immunostaining assay.Results:This ZIKV strain preferentially infected the lung,kidney,and liver cell lines A549,HEK293,Huh7,Vero,and Vero76,but not the immune cells Jurkat,RAW264.7,and THP-1.By contrast,the ZIKV showed no sign of infection in HepG2 cells,while maintaining viral titer over 3 days post-infection,with no infection recorded in immunostaining,no increase in viral RNA,and no indication of cell deterioration.Conclusions:The Indonesian ZIKV strain has a similar infection profile as other strains,except for its poor infectivity on HepG2 cells.Information on the growth characteristics of Indonesia ZIKV will help expand our understanding of the biology of ZIKV which will be useful for various applications including antiviral discovery.

Targeting harmful effects of non-excitatory amino acids as an alternative therapeutic strategy to reduce ischemic damage

The involvement of the excitatory amino acids glutamate and aspartate in ce rebral ischemia and excitotoxicity is well-documented.Nevertheless,the role of non-excitatory amino acids in brain damage following a stroke or brain trauma remains largely understudied.The release of amino acids by necrotic cells in the ischemic core may contribute to the expansion of the penumbra.Our findings indicated that the reversible loss of field excitato ry postsynaptic potentials caused by transient hypoxia became irreversible when exposed to a mixture of just four non-excitatory amino acids(L-alanine,glycine,L-glutamine,and L-serine)at their plasma concentrations.These amino acids induce swelling in the somas of neurons and astrocytes during hypoxia,along with permanent dendritic damage mediated by N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors.Blocking N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors prevented neuronal damage in the presence of these amino acids during hypoxia.It is likely that astroglial swelling caused by the accumulation of these amino acids via the alanine-serine-cysteine transporter 2 exchanger and system N transporters activates volume-regulated anion channels,leading to the release of excitotoxins and subsequent neuronal damage through N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor activation.Thus,previously unrecognized mechanisms involving non-excitatory amino acids may contribute to the progression and expansion of brain injury in neurological emergencies such as stroke and traumatic brain injury.Understanding these pathways co uld highlight new therapeutic targets to mitigate brain injury.

Optimization of Cooperative RelayingMolecular Communications for Nanomedical Applications

Recently,nano-systems based on molecular communications via diffusion(MCvD)have been implemented in a variety of nanomedical applications,most notably in targeted drug delivery system(TDDS)scenarios.Furthermore,because the MCvD is unreliable and there exists molecular noise and inter symbol interference(ISI),cooperative nano-relays can acquire the reliability for drug delivery to targeted diseased cells,especially if the separation distance between the nano transmitter and nano receiver is increased.In this work,we propose an approach for optimizing the performance of the nano system using cooperative molecular communications with a nano relay scheme,while accounting for blood flow effects in terms of drift velocity.The fractions of the molecular drug that should be allocated to the nano transmitter and nano relay positioning are computed using a collaborative optimization problem solved by theModified Central Force Optimization(MCFO)algorithm.Unlike the previous work,the probability of bit error is expressed in a closed-form expression.It is used as an objective function to determine the optimal velocity of the drug molecules and the detection threshold at the nano receiver.The simulation results show that the probability of bit error can be dramatically reduced by optimizing the drift velocity,detection threshold,location of the nano-relay in the proposed nano system,and molecular drug budget.

Optimizing Household Wastes (Rice, Vegetables, and Fruit) as an Environmentally Friendly Electricity Generator

The high consumption of electricity and issues related to fossil energy have triggered an increase in energy prices and the scarcity of fossil resources.Consequently,many researchers are seeking alternative energy sources.One potential technology,the Microbial Fuel Cell(MFC)based on rice,vegetable,and fruit wastes,can convert chemical energy into electrical energy.This study aims to determine the potency of rice,vegetable,and fruit waste assisted by Cu/Mg electrodes as a generator of electricity.The method used was a laboratory experiment,including the following steps:electrode preparation,waste sample preparation,incubation of the waste samples,construction of a reactor using rice,vegetable,and fruit waste as a source of electricity,and testing.The tests included measuring electrical conductivity,electric current,voltage,current density,and power density.Based on the test results,the maximum current and voltage values for the fruit waste samples were 5.53 V and 11.5 mA,respectively,with a current density of 2.300 mA/cm^(2) and a power density of 12.719 mW/cm^(2).The results indicate the potential for a future development.The next step in development involves determining the optimum conditions for utilizing of rice,vegetable,and fruit waste.The results of the electrical conductivity test on rice,vegetable,and fruit waste samples were 1.51,2.88,and 3.98 mS,respectively,with the highest electrical conductivity value found in the fruit waste sample.

Characterization and Modification of Indonesian Natural Zeolite for Hydrocracking of Waste Lubricant Oil into Liquid Fuel Fraction

Modification and characterization of natural zeolite under some various methods for hydrocracking catalyst of waste lubricant to gasoline and diesel fractions have been conducted. Natural zeolite from Klaten was activated using hydrothermal treatment at temperature 500 ℃ for 6 h （produced ZAAHd）, the ZA sample was treated with hydrothermal followed by Microwave （produced ZAAHdM）, the ZA sample was treated with HCI 3 N at temperature of 90 ℃ for 30 min （produced ZAAH）, the ZAAH sample was heated in to microwave （produced ZAAHM）, the ZAAHM was treated hydrothermal （produced ZAAHMHd）, the ZAAHMHd sample was heated in to microwave （produced ZAAHMHdM）, soaking of natural zeolit activated by HCl-microwave-hydrothermal-microwave in NH4NO3 1 N which was stirred using stirer at room temperature for 24 h （produced ZAAHMHdMN） and the ZAAHMHdMN sample was heated into microwave （ZAAHMHdMNM）. The heating process by microwave was conducted at 550 watt for 15 rain. Catalyst characterization involved determination of the number of total acid sites using gravimetric method with vapour adsorption of NH3 and pyridine, catalyst crystallinity by XRD （X-ray diffraction） and TO4 （T= Si and AI） site by infra red spectrophotometer （IR）. Hydrocracking of waste lubricants oil was performed in a fixed bed reactor of stainless steel at temperature of 450 ℃, H2 flow rate of 15 mL/min., feed/catalyst ratio of 5. Liquid products of the hydrocracking were analyzed using GC （gas chromatography）. The characterization results showed that various modification of natural zeolite increased acidity and dealumination degree of the catalysts. Products of the hydrocracking were liquid, coke, and gas fractions. Liquid products consisted of gasoline fraction （C5-C12）, diesel fraction （C12-C20）, and heavy oil fraction （〉 C20）.Thc conversion of liquid products was increased with the increase of catalyst acidity. The greatest liquid product conversion was produced by the ZAAHMHdMNM catalyst, i.e., 56.80%, with selectivity towards gasoline, diesel, and heavy oil fractions was 88.37%, 8.61% and 3.02%, respectively. The increase of catalyst acidity increased the selectivity of gasoline fraction.

Effect of sucrose and potassium nitrate on biomass and saponin content of Talinum paniculatum Gaertn. hairy root in balloon-type bubble bioreactor

Objective:To increase biomass and saponin production in hairy root culture of Talinum paniculatum Gaertn.(T.paniculatum)in balloon-type bubble bioreactor(BTBB).Methods:Hairy roots which were collected from leaf explants of T.paniculatum were infected by Agrobacterium rhizogenes strain LB510.The hairy roots were cultivated at400 m L Murashige and Skoog liquid medium without growth regulator(MS0)in1 000 m L BTBB.Each BTBB had 2 g hairy roots as initial inoculum and these cultures were treated with various concentrations of sucrose(3%,4%,5%,6%w/v)and potassium nitrate(0.5,1.0,1.5 and 2.0 strength of MS medium).Cultures were maintained for 14days.Fresh and dry weights of hairy roots at the end of culture were investigated.Results:Various concentrations of sucrose influenced the biomass accumulation of hairy roots.Maximum biomass was reached by MS medium supplemented with 6%sucrose and it was approximately threefold higher than control.Culture supplemented with potassium nitrate at 2.0 strength of MS0 could increase biomass accumulation of hairy roots until 0.14 g dry weight and it was almost threefold higher than control.However,the maximum saponin content was obtained by MS medium supplemented with 5%sucrose and 2.0 strength potassium nitrate of MS.Conclusions:Based on this research,those conditions can be used to produce biomass and saponin of hairy root of T.paniculatum in the large scale.

Triterpenoid of avocado (Persea americana) seed and its cytotoxic activity toward breast MCF-7 and liver HepG2 cancer cells

Objective:To determine the structure of triterpenoid isolated from avocado seeds and the cytotoxic effect on MCF-7 and Hep G2 cells.Methods:The powder sample was macerated with ethanol,followed with separation of the extract by column chromatography.The target compound was monitored on thin layer chromatography plate and reagent Lieberman–Buchard.The isolated compound was characterized by spectral analysis,mainly ultraviolet,infrared,and liquid chromatographymass spectroscopy and their spectroscopic data with those reported in literature were compared.In vitro cytotoxic activity was investigated against Vero,MCF-7,and Hep G2 cell lines using MTT assay.Results:A triterpenoid compound was isolated from ethanol extract.The extracts,fraction(F3),and the isolated compound showed a significant cytotoxic activity against all investigated cell lines.MTT assay showed that the triterpenoid isolate inhibited cell proliferation of MCF-7 and Hep G2 cell line with the IC50 values of 62 mg/m L and 12 mg/m L,respectively,and was safe to normal cells.Conclusions:The results of the present study reveal that triterpenoid from avocado seeds have the potential for further development as anticancer agents.

Effect of gear teeth finishing method on properties of teeth surface layer and its resistance to pitting wear creation

This work presented the characteristics of two gear teeth finishing methods, due to the properties of gear teeth surface layer obtained at the tooth working depth. These methods are: 1) the teeth carburization, hardening to a hardness of HRC 60-62 and then grinding, 2) the soft gear shaving as the final mechanical treatment and then carburizing and hardening to the hardness of HRC60-62. This work included the test results of the contact fatigue strength carried out on the circulating power system. The Wohler curves were plotted due to the obtained results, as the basis for the practical evaluation of the considered gear finishing methods. The parameters like volume distribution of the voids, content of the retained austenite, compressive residual stress value, but also the results of contact fatigue strength tests, are more favorable for the teeth shaving method than for the teeth grinding method.

Nanofibrillation of Bacterial Cellulose Using High-Pressure Homogenization and Its Films Characteristics

The microstructure of bacterial cellulose nanofibers(BCNs)film affects its characteristic.One of several means to engineer the microstructure is by changing the BCNs size and fiber distribution through a high-pressure homogenizer(HPH)process.This research aimed to find out the effects of repetition cycles on HPH process towards BCNs film characteristics.To prepare BCNs films,a pellicle from the fermentation of pineapple peels waste with Acetobacter xylinum(A.xylinum)was extracted,followed by crushing the pellicle with a high-speed blender,thereafter,homogenized using HPH at 150 bar pressure with variations of 5,10,15,and 20 cycles.The BCNs films were then formed through the casting process and drying in the oven at 60°C for 8 h followed by structural,morphological,and optical properties investigation using X-ray diffraction(XRD),scanning electron microscopy(SEM)and Fourier transform infrared(FTIR)spectrometer along with BCNs films porosity,tensile and roughness test.The research showed that the effect of HPH cycle on BCNs resulted in the highest film tensile strength by 109.15 MPa with the lowest surface roughness(Ra)of 0.93±0.10μm at 10 cycles.The HPH process is effective in controlling BCNs film porosity level.The HPH cycles influence the crystalline index and crystallite size,slightly.

Structure,Dynamic-Mechanical and Acoustic Properties of Oil Palm Trunk Modified by Melamine Formaldehyde

The performance of oil palm trunk wastes from Banjarbaru of South Kalimantan was improved with the help of chemical modification in a two-step treatment.The first was formalization with formaldehyde solution with varying pH,and the second was impregnation with melamine-formaldehyde resin under 5 bar pressure for an hour.In these processes,the samples were cured at 120℃ for 10 min and then dried in an oven at(103±2)℃ in order to attain a moisture content of less than 6%.These treatments improved the physical properties(density,moisture content,and volume swelling),mechanical resistance,dynamic-mechanical and acoustic performance of the woods.The combination of impregnation and formalization changed the structure and the morphology of the woods such that the surface became flatter and denser.This was confirmed by results from FTIR,SEM,and DMA.Samples with alkaline modification displayed the best results for dimensional stability,storage modulus,and damping factor in varied frequencies.The treatments in this study also heightened acoustic performances as evidenced by the resulting characteristics of sound absorption coefficient and acoustic impedance.

A 10-year wave energy resource assessment and trends of Indonesia based on satellite observations

Wave energy resource assessment and trends around Indonesian’s ocean has been carried out by means of analyzing satellite observations. Wave energy flux or wave power can be approximated using parameterized sea states derived from satellite data. Unfortunately, only some surface parameters can be measured from remote sensing satellites, for example for ocean surface waves: significant wave height. Others, like peak wave period and energy period are not available, but can instead be estimated using empirical models. The results have been assessed by meteorological season. The assessment shows clearly where and when the wave power resource is promising around Indonesian’s ocean. The most striking result was found from June to August, in which about 30–40 kW/m(the 90 th percentile: 40–60 kW/m, the 99th percentile: 50–70 kW/m) wave power energy on average has been found around south of the Java Island. The significant trends of wave energy at the 95% level have also been studied and it is found that the trends only occurred for the extreme cases, which is the 99th percentile(i.e.,highest 1%). Wave power energy could increase up to 150 W/m per year. The significant wave heights and wave power have been compared with the results obtained from global wave model hindcast carried out by wave model WAVEWATCH III. The comparisons indicated excellent agreements.

Reusable high performance of calcined Mg/Al hydrotalcite for the removal of Navy Blue and Yellow F3G dyes

Water pollution with dye chemicals from apparel industries is a serious problem in the world.Since most of dyes are potentially have toxic and carcinogenic effects on human,it is important to remove them before they are discharged to the environment.Among many methods available for dyes removal in water,adsorption is the easiest and economically feasible that has no major obstacle for practical applications.In the present study,we tested calcined Mg/Al hydrotalcite(Mg/Al CHT)prepared by coprecipitation technique as an adsorbent for the removal of Navy Blue(NB)and Yellow F3G(YF3G)dyes.Mg/Al CHT was characterized by using a Fourier transform infrared(FTIR)spectrometer,an X-ray diffractometer(XRD)and a scanning electron microscope(SEM).The results showed that Mg/Al CHT was highly effective as an adsorbent for the removal of NB and YF3G under mild-acidic condition(pH 4)with removal capacities(b)according to Langmuir isotherm model were 7.97×10^(–4) and 5.80×10^(–4)mol·g^(-1),respectively.Kinetics study showed that the adsorption of NB and YF3D on Mg/Al CHT followed pseudosecond order with rate constant(k_(p2))11.57×10^(3) and 11.75×103 g·mol^(-1)·min-1,respectively.The spent adsorbent can be easily regenerated by simply calcining it at 450℃ for 3 h.Adsorption test on the mixture of NB and YF3G showed that the adsorption capacity of Mg/Al CHT was eightfold higher than that of Mg/Al HT and the value was maintained with repeated use.

Identification of antigenic proteins from salivary glands of female Anopheles maculatus by proteomic analysis

Objective: To identify antigenic proteins from the salivary glands of female Anopheles maculatus using a proteomic approach to find the biomarker candidate for serological tools.Methods: The identification of antigenic proteins of Anopheles maculatus salivary gland used these techniques: one-dimensional gel electrophoresis(sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis), western blot, and liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry.Results: The proteins that have molecular weight(MW) 43 and 34 k Da were the antigenic protein. Computational bioinformatic analysis by Mascot Server revealed seven novel hypothetical proteins(MW: 43 k Da) and two novel hypothetical proteins(MW:34 k Da). Further analysis(BLASTP, antigenicity, epitope mapping, and specificity analysis) showed that two novel proteins were identified as apolipoprotein D and cathepsin D in Anopheles darlingi.Conclusions: The identified proteins are potential to be developed as a biomarker of mosquito bite's exposure.