Women comprise 20% of world’s billion smokers. Especially troubling is raising prevalence of tobacco use among girls. In fact, it is expected that 20% of women in developing/developed countries will be smokers by 202...Women comprise 20% of world’s billion smokers. Especially troubling is raising prevalence of tobacco use among girls. In fact, it is expected that 20% of women in developing/developed countries will be smokers by 2025. This study analytically compares knowledge, attitudes, and practices of tobacco use, by gender, among 4 sub-populations in Alexandria, Egypt. Methods: A cross sectional approach was used for 4 subgroups (high school students, university students, shopping malls/clubs’ attendees, employees of health-related facilities), 1000 each (total sample size = 4000). A modified version of WHO questionnaire was used for data collection. Results: Smoking prevalence was generally higher among males (29%-44%) compared to females (2% - 9%) in the studied groups. Cafeterias were preferable smoking places for both genders, especially among high school/university students. Most smokers in the 4 subgroups reported that most or all their friends were smokers. Mean knowledge scores were found to be higher among male employees/high school students, compared to females in the same sub-groups. Mean attitude scores towards smoking were higher among females (i.e. against smoking) in the 4 sub-samples. Conclusion & Recommendations: Tobacco use among males is generally higher among males, but females seem to be catching up. Social gatherings seem to attract many youngsters, of both genders, to smoke in public, especially waterpipe (which is a growing epidemic of tobacco use in our communities). Mass community- and gender-based health awareness campaigns are needed, using different channels, including school-based health education interventions, at the earliest age possible.展开更多
Objective To calculate couple-year of protection （CYP） by conversion coefficient （F） of tubectomy and vasectomy in urban and rural regions of Iran. Methods A total of 103 450 married women aged 10-49 years in 2005...Objective To calculate couple-year of protection （CYP） by conversion coefficient （F） of tubectomy and vasectomy in urban and rural regions of Iran. Methods A total of 103 450 married women aged 10-49 years in 2005 across urban and rural regions of lran were sampled by multi stage cluster sampling. The data were collected by household survey and direct interview and analyzed by STATA8.0 software and survey analysis commands. Results Mean age of the women at the time of tubectomy estimated 31.9 years and conversion coefficient of tubectomy was 17.1 ±0.1. Mean age of women at the time of her husband vasectomy estimated 31.48 years and its conversion coefficient was 17. 5 ± 0. 1. Cluster analysis defined different regions of Iran on the basis of evaluated conversion coefficients of tubectomy and vasectomy which both of them presented seven clusters. Literacy of women and total coverage of family planning in a region had a direct relationship with this conversion coefficient （P〈0.05）. Conclusion The variations observed in the conversion coefficients and their dissimilarity among different regions of Iran may be due to a variety of fundamental factors of which literacy and culture are of important factors.展开更多
文摘Women comprise 20% of world’s billion smokers. Especially troubling is raising prevalence of tobacco use among girls. In fact, it is expected that 20% of women in developing/developed countries will be smokers by 2025. This study analytically compares knowledge, attitudes, and practices of tobacco use, by gender, among 4 sub-populations in Alexandria, Egypt. Methods: A cross sectional approach was used for 4 subgroups (high school students, university students, shopping malls/clubs’ attendees, employees of health-related facilities), 1000 each (total sample size = 4000). A modified version of WHO questionnaire was used for data collection. Results: Smoking prevalence was generally higher among males (29%-44%) compared to females (2% - 9%) in the studied groups. Cafeterias were preferable smoking places for both genders, especially among high school/university students. Most smokers in the 4 subgroups reported that most or all their friends were smokers. Mean knowledge scores were found to be higher among male employees/high school students, compared to females in the same sub-groups. Mean attitude scores towards smoking were higher among females (i.e. against smoking) in the 4 sub-samples. Conclusion & Recommendations: Tobacco use among males is generally higher among males, but females seem to be catching up. Social gatherings seem to attract many youngsters, of both genders, to smoke in public, especially waterpipe (which is a growing epidemic of tobacco use in our communities). Mass community- and gender-based health awareness campaigns are needed, using different channels, including school-based health education interventions, at the earliest age possible.
文摘Objective To calculate couple-year of protection （CYP） by conversion coefficient （F） of tubectomy and vasectomy in urban and rural regions of Iran. Methods A total of 103 450 married women aged 10-49 years in 2005 across urban and rural regions of lran were sampled by multi stage cluster sampling. The data were collected by household survey and direct interview and analyzed by STATA8.0 software and survey analysis commands. Results Mean age of the women at the time of tubectomy estimated 31.9 years and conversion coefficient of tubectomy was 17.1 ±0.1. Mean age of women at the time of her husband vasectomy estimated 31.48 years and its conversion coefficient was 17. 5 ± 0. 1. Cluster analysis defined different regions of Iran on the basis of evaluated conversion coefficients of tubectomy and vasectomy which both of them presented seven clusters. Literacy of women and total coverage of family planning in a region had a direct relationship with this conversion coefficient （P〈0.05）. Conclusion The variations observed in the conversion coefficients and their dissimilarity among different regions of Iran may be due to a variety of fundamental factors of which literacy and culture are of important factors.
