Geophysical Approach for Groundwater Resource Assessment:A Case Study of Oda Community Akure,Southwestern Nigeria

The geophysical investigation for groundwater was carried out at Oda town,Akure south local government area of Ondo State.Fourteen(14)points were sounded using a Schlumberger array with AB/2 of 80 m and the resulting geoelectric parameters were used in the estimation of the aquifer layer parameters of the subsurface.The first layer resistivity value ranges from 29 to 164Ωm and thickness ranges from 0.6 to 2.5 m.The second layer has a resistivity value ranging from 21-1361Ωm with a thickness ranging from 1.5 m to 14.6 m.The third layer resistivity value is from 68 to 297Ωm with thickness ranging from 4 m to 12.4 m.The fourth layer which is the deepest layer has a resistivity value ranging from 180 to 4364Ωm with depth ranging from 4 m to 19.5 m.The parameters interpreted from the geoelectric data were used to generate the aquifer thickness and resistivity maps,with bedrock relief which were combined to produce the groundwater potential map of the area.These maps were used to characterise the study area into low to high groundwater potential zones.The southwestern and eastern parts were identified as productive groundwater potential zones.The result was validated by taking water column depth from eight existing hand-dug wells.A significant correlation was obtained between the groundwater potential model and the well water column.The surveyed area is generally suitable for hand-dug well aside from the north-eastern part where groundwater potential is low and water volume is observed.

Utilization of Artificial Intelligence-Enabled Technologies by Agripreneurs in Ondo State, Nigeria

The research investigated the adoption of artificial intelligence (AI) technol-ogies among agricultural entrepreneurs in Ondo state, Nigeria. A purposive sample of 120 participants involved in agriculture was selected for the study. Socioeconomic characteristics analysis revealed that the mean age of the re-spondents was 48.3 years. A majority (77%) of the respondents were male, and approximately 68% were married. Regarding education, 32.5% had completed secondary education, while 32.5% had tertiary education. The av-erage annual income was 1,166,800 naira, with a significant proportion (71.7%) identifying as Christians. The study found a significant association between respondents’ awareness levels and their adoption of AI-enabled technologies (χ2 = 7.714, p = 0.005). Based on these findings, it is recom-mended that extension officers receive training in the latest agricultural technologies, including those enabled by AI. Furthermore, the study suggests the introduction of easily accessible and user-friendly AI technologies to farmers to enhance their productivity and income with minimal or no cost implications.

Influence of Non-Natural Ageing Temperature on the Microstructural Characteristics and Mechanical Properties of Cast Aluminum 6063 Alloy

This research considered the effect of non-natural aging on the microstructural characteristics and mechanical properties of as-cast aluminum 6063 alloys. The samples were developed through a sand casting process and machined into tensile and impact test samples before carrying out solution heat treatment at 550?C (0.83 Tm) on two parts of the samples while retaining one part as the control. The two parts were further divided into sets denoted A and B and were aged at 180?C (0.27 Tm) and 160?C (0.24 Tm), respectively, for 12 hours. The results showed that sample A has the optimal yield strength and ultimate tensile strength of 192 and 206 MPa, respectively. Likewise, the sample gave the highest impact strength value of about 9.63 J/mm2. The observed results were supported by the optical micrograph, which revealed that the sample has evenly dispersed precipitates in its microstructure. This is deemed responsible for the observed increase in strength of the sample.

Effects of Urban Land Use Change on Selected Public Utilities for Sustainable Development in Akure, Nigeria

Urban landuse change is one of the main driving forces of global environmental change. It is central to the sustainable development debate. The aim of this research is to examine the effects of urban landuse and its impact on selected public utility services in Akure with a view to improve strategies to protect these utilities for sustainable development. The research was conducted using remote sensing, Geographical information System and questionnaire to collect the required data for the purpose of fulfilling the objectives of this study. In this study of analyzing the urban landuse change, 2010 and 2018 IKONOS are used in a post classification comparison analysis to map the landuse changes and identify the conversion process in Akure. The landuse change statistics results obtained revealed that residential landuse has changed rapidly for the periods (2010-2018). The results also show increase in commercial landuses between the same periods. The results of the analysis reveal that the built-up area has been growing rapidly for the periods (2010-2018). Findings show that, housing provision (residential), business purpose (commercial) and educational (institution) are the major causes of land use change in the study areas. To reduce the effect of land use expansion in the study areas, policy measures were recommended which include regulating the growth and spread of development, regional development programs. In our opinion, the information provided by these technologies could help city planners and policy makers to attain and sustain future urban development.

Microbial Assessment of Turkey (<i>Meleagris ocellata</i>L.) and Duck (<i>Anas platyrhynchos</i>L.) Faeces (Droppings) in Akure Metropolis

This study was carried out to determine the occurrence of bacteria and fungi in populations of turkey and duck faeces. The prevalence of bacteria and fungi in the faeces of domesticated turkey and ducks (Meleagris ocellata and Anas platyrhynchos) in the City of Akure (Nigeria) was investigated. Five different locations were sampled in Akure Metropolis in April for each of turkey and duck faeces using standard microbiological methods. The microbial load for bacteria ranged from 16.23 × 105 to 30.04 × 105 cfu/g and 12.60 × 105 to 46.01 × 105 cfu/g for turkey and duck faeces respectively while the fungal count ranged from 12.38 × 105 to 28.05 × 105 s/g and 10.60 × 105 to 34.09 × 105 s/g for turkey and duck faeces respectively. The following bacteria were isolated from turkey faeces: Azomonas agilis, Bacillus cereus, Escherichia coli, Proteus vulgaris, Sarcina maxima, Thiocapsa lumicola, Staphylococcus aureus, Enterococcus spp., Xanthomonas fragariae and Streptococcus spp. while Aeromonas hydrophila, Bacillus cereus, Echerichia coli, Proteus vulgaris, Lactobacillus spp., Sarcina maxima, Streptobacillus moniliformis, Staphylococcus aureus, Enterococcus spp and Streptococcus spp. were isolated from duck faces. Bacteria common to both turkey and duck faeces are Bacillus cereus, Escherichia coli, Proteus vulgaris, Sarcina maxima, Staphylococcus aureus, Enterococcus spp. and Streptococcus spp. The fungal species isolated includes Mucor spp., Cladosporium spp., Aspergillus fumigatus and Aspergillus flavus, Alternaria sp., Candida spp., Fusarium spp., Varicosporium elodea and Penicillium spp. Some of the isolated microorganisms are of major importance in the natural environment as well as food and drug production. It could be concluded that turkey and duck faeces are a potential human health hazard and that accumulation of their droppings may pose a public health risk and can cause illness.

The Use of Microbial Biotechnology in Value Addition to Cassava Wastes as Feed for Pigs: Prospects and Challenges

Cassava peels were fermented through a combination of two lactic acid bacteria (Lactobacillus coryneformis and Lactobacillus delbrueckii) and a fungus (Aspergillus fumigatus) using solid substrate fermentation (SSF) technique for five consecutive days. The enhanced product designated as microbially fermented cassava peel (MFCP) was used at graded levels in the feed formulation for growing pigs. Four iso-nitrogenous and iso-caloric diets were formulated with MFCP at 0% (T1), 20% (T2), 40% (T3) and 60% (T4) inclusion levels. Twenty-four boarlings of an average initial weight of 37.15 kg were used in a fourteen-week trial to test the effect of these graded levels of MFCP on growth performance, digestive and reproductive physiology of the experimental animals. The result showed significant differences (P < 0.05) in mean daily feed consumption. Pigs in T3 had the highest feed intake (2.24 ± 0.05 kg), while pigs in T4 had the lowest (1.78 ± 0.04 kg). The final highest live weight was in T3 (72.00 kg) and the least in T4 (58.17 kg). The feed conversion ratios also showed significant differences (P < 0.05) among treatment means. The result obtained from gut morphometry showed that animals in T1 had the highest stomach weight (full and empty), while animals in T3 had the least rate of gastric emptying (81.50%). Animals in T3 and T4 had the longest small intestine (16.21 m and 15.35 m, respectively), while those in T4 had the longest colon (4.24 m). Animals in T1 and T2 had more numbers of gastric glands, while animals in T3 and T4 had more parietal cells. The reproductive indices revealed that animals in T1 were better in terms of the weight and relative weight of vesicular and Cowper’s gland, while animals in T4 had the highest value of the weight and relative weight of prostate gland. Proximate analyses of the ileal digesta revealed that the rate of nutrient absorption was highest in T3 and T1 and lowest in T4. Histological examination of the testes revealed normal testicular architecture in the control diet. The testes of animals fed 0%, 20% and 40% MFCP diets exhibited normal and intact lumen, Sertoli cells, and germ cells. However, animal fed 60% MFCP diet revealed massive disruption and degeneration of germinal epithelium, and complete erosion of the seminiferous tubules. It could be concluded that feeding pigs at 40% MFCP would enhance feed consumption, nutrient absorption and improve the growth rate of pigs. Using MFCP beyond 40% level on swine diet could compromise gut health through diarrhoeagenic disposition of the digesta in the distal colon and modification of the parietal and chief cells of the gastric glands. The hypertrophy of the prostate gland and vacuolization of the seminiferous tubules of pigs fed the 60% MFCP diet indicated a probable reduced reproductive performance.

Synergistic Effect of Combined Antibiotics against Some Selected Multidrug Resistant Human Pathogenic Bacteria Isolated from Poultry Droppings in Akure, Nigeria

Antibiotic resistant bacteria pass between humans, between animals and between humans and animals in both directions, the use of antibiotics in poultry has contributed to multiple antibiotic resistant in pathogenic bacteria and use of two antibiotics might prevent the emergence of resistance to either. In this study, synergistic effect of combined antibiotics against multidrug resistant human pathogenic bacterial isolates from poultry droppings in Akure, Nigeria was examined. Collection of samples, isolation and identification of bacteria were carried out using standard microbiological method, antibiotic sensitivity test was performed by disc diffusion method and zone of inhibition was used to interpret the sensitivity test as resistant, susceptible or intermediate while combined effects of two antibiotics were investigated by macrobroth dilution and checkerboard assay methods while the synergetic effects of combined antibiotics were calculated using Fractional Inhibitory Concentration (FIC) and percentage synergistic interaction was calculated. All the ten (10) species of bacterial isolates were multidrug resistant and are less resistant to ofloxacin. The highest percentage synergistic interactions observed were Ofloxacin + Amoxicillin (90%), Ciprofloxacin + Amoxicillin (90%), Tetracycline + Amoxicillin (70%), Tetracycline + Augmentin (80%), Cotrimoxazol + Amoxicillin (50%), Cotrimoxazol + Augmentin (70%), Chloramphenicol + Amoxicillin (70%) and Chloramphenicol + Augmentin (80%). Poultry droppings is a potential source of human pathogenic bacteria, high frequency of multiple antibiotic resistance bacteria observed in this study is of great treat to man as this may cause the treatment of infection caused by these bacteria to be difficult. Combination of beta-lactam antibiotic with fluoroqunolones, tetracycline, Chloramphenicol and Cotrimoxazole was synergetic and this will reduce dose related toxicity and prevent resistance to single antibiotic.

Comparison of Thickness and Depth Resolution Power of Wenner and Schlumberger Arrays: A Case Study of Temidire Quarters, Akure, Nigeria

An electrical resistivity sounding investigation was carried out within the vicinity of some hand dug wells at Temidire Quarters in Akure, Ondo State, Nigeria. The aim of this study was to compare depth and thickness resolution power of Schlumberger and Wenner arrays. The investigation involved twenty-four vertical electrical soundings (VES) which consisted of twelve Schlumberger array VES and twelve Wenner array VES. The VES results delineated geoelectric layers beneath each VES locations, their layer resistivities, layer thicknesses and depth to aquifer layer(s). Depth to aquifer layer was also determined from static water level measurement and this aided the aquifer layer delineation from VES results. The geoelectric sounding results showed that the study area is dominated by a KH-curve type which consists of top soil, clay/weathered layer, fractured basement and fresh basement. Results from both Schlumberger and Wenner array data were correlated with the static water level measurement;Schlumberger array was found to have higher correlation value than Wenner array.

Groundwater Potential Evaluation in a Typical Basement Complex Environment Using GRT Index—A Case Study of Ipinsa-Okeodu Area, near Akure, Nigeria

This study is aimed at evaluating groundwater potential of Ipinsa-Okeodu area, near Akure, Southwestern Nigeria. A multi-criteria model was developed for achieving this aim;the GRT model which is based on geology of each sounding point, resistivity, and thickness of the aquifer across the study area was successfully used to evaluate the aquifer potential of the area for future groundwater development programme in the area. Geophysical investigation involving vertical electrical sounding was carried out across the study area. A total of one hundred and two (102) vertical electrical soundings (VES) data were acquired using Schlumberger array with maximum half-current electrode separation of 150 m. Three to five geoelectric layers were delineated across the study area. The predominant curve types are KH, H, K and A. The maps of aquifer layer resistivity and aquifer layer thickness were generated and synthesized with the geology of the study area in producing the GRT model map/groundwater potential map. The groundwater potential map shows that the area is characterized by five groundwater potential zones;poor, low, moderate, good and high. The northwestern regions, north central and part of the southwestern regions are high groundwater potential zones, the northern and most part of southeastern zone are of moderate potential, while small portion in the southeastern and northern zones are of low groundwater potential.

Identifying Factors Hindering the Adoption of Expanded Polystyrene for Building Construction in Akure, Nigeria

Housing provision has become a global issue as the need for affordable housing kept increasing in various communities especially in Akure, Nigeria. This has emerged due to various economic, socio-cultural and environmental factors which has increased pressure on conventional building materials thereby leading to the invention of alternative building materials. This paper looks at the barriers to the adoption of expanded polystyrene (EPS) for building construction in Akure, Nigeria. The methodology adopted elicited information through structured questionnaire which assessed the socio-economic characteristics of the respondents, their level of awareness of EPS and its application in building construction, the rate at which they specify EPS for designs and construction and the hindrances to its adoption for building construction. A total of 60 questionnaires were administered on the architects in practice and in the academia environment but 45 were retrieved. This was the bases to which the conclusion of this research was made. The outcome of the research shows that lack of awareness is a key hindrance to the adoption of EPS for construction as most architects in Akure do not know much about expanded polystyrene, thereby, cannot fully decipher its qualities and/or suitability for construction. As such, most questions pertaining the durability, cost implication or client’s preference could not be answered by the architects since their knowledge on the subject matter is minimal. However, those who knows about EPS confirms its flexibility, quick construction time and its environmental friendliness but stated that EPS is not readily available like other conventional materials. As such, their specification always goes towards the available materials.

The Evolving Roles of Landscaping in Campus Space Management: Ekiti State University, Ado-Ekiti, Nigeria in Focus

The aesthetic quality of most of the universities’ campus environment in Nigeria deserves attention considering the inadequate, misused and mismanagement of the campuses’ open spaces. This has exerted a major strain on the welfare and productivity of people (staff and students) in the universities. This study identifies the evolving positive roles of landscape in campus space management with a particular reference to the Ekiti State University, Ado-Ekiti, Nigeria. Random sampling method was adopted to collect data and information from the students, staff and heads of Planning and Horticulture Units of the institution. The results show that, challenges facing landscape planning in the university include inadequate finance, inadequate facilities, management problem and attitudinal problem of landscape users. The study recommends proper use and management of open space, landscape elements, outdoor rooms with various spatial qualities, and provision of enough funds to Planning and Horticulture units for landscape planning and environmental improvements.

Implication of Household’s Income Composition on Infrastructure Maintenance in Residential Core of Akure,Nigeria

This study examines the implication of household income composition on infrastructure maintenance in the residential core of Akure,Nigeria with a view to providing suggestive recommendations that will remedy identified problems in the research locale.With regards to this,an estimated of 1%research population,amounting to 425,were served with questionnaires using systematic random sampling technique with replacement.Findings revealed that residents in the study area are low income earners with larger population influenced by market proximity,low prices of staple food items and affordable but tumbledown housing.Likewise,essential facilities are in poor state owing to poor maintenance.Besides,household income induced variables considered in the study,which accounted for 75.6%of the challenges limiting routine facilities maintenance in the study area.The study recommends skill acquisition training,resource collaborative efforts and soft loans scheme to boost the income generation of residents in this locale.

A Study on Anthropogenic Activities Influencing Flood Vulnerability in Ala Riverfront Residential Areas of Akure, Nigeria

This research investigates anthropogenic activities influencing flood vulnerability in Ala riverfront residential areas of Akure,Nigeria with a view to identifying area susceptible to flood hazard in the river basin and to suggest possible mitigation measures.With respect to data gathering for the study,265 questionnaires which amounted to 1%of the research population were administered using simple random sampling.Findings from the survey revealed erection of buildings on riparian land and indiscriminate dumping of wastes into river bodies as factors responsible for the blockage of river channels and waterways.It also exposed resident’s poor dispositions to flood forecasts and non-adherence to other management measures.The study concludes by recommending public enlightenment campaign to reducing denizen’s vulnerability to flood disaster.There is the need for provision of waste management and drainage facilities as well as regular dredging of the watercourse to stimulate its absorptive capacity in the event of heavy downpour.It further suggests creation of artificial lake as natural basin to collect huge volume of water discharged from all watersheds leading to the river.Ultimately,stringent efforts of environmental and town planning officers are needed to enforce total compliance to all intended management regulations to check the menace.

Upshot of Sprawl Incidence on Pattern of Land Use Changes and Building Physiognomies in Akure Region, Nigeria

This study investigates the upshot of sprawl incidence on pattern of land use changes and building physiognomies in Akure and its environs.Using social survey research method(SSRM)to investigate the upshot,data were gathered via structured questionnaires on selected households in the region,involving Akure municipal and eight contiguous communities.Basically,the survey method involves interview,personal observation and photo-snaps to elucidate existing situation in the region.Average households’population in Akure municipal was estimated at 95,232 while 14,794 was estimated in the selected eight contiguous communities.From this,a sample of 1%was systematically selected,which amounted to 1100 sampled households.Findings show regular massive inflow of people into the city due to unguided expansions that have serious sway on land use determinant in the city and its contiguous communities.It also has significant influence on variation in building arrangements and facility distribution across the region.To mitigate this,the study advocates proactive efforts of stakeholders in urban management to employing inventive measures over private and public lands in logical manners.It also suggests the espousal of regional development programs to checkmate the rate of peoples’incursion into Akure,being the state capital.Local government headquarters and other major towns in the region should be reinforced with functional basic facilities to curtail the excessive influx into the city.

Mechanisms of medicinal plants in the treatment of diabetic wound

Wound repair is noticeably prolonged in a diabetic state due to a faulty inflammatory process and an underlying neuropathy.Several medicinal plants and their products have been of prime importance for the management of wounds over the years.Various mechanisms whereby medicinal plants elicit their action in wound repair are revealed and some plants are proven to be experimentally effective in enhancing wound closure and achieving healing.The mechanisms identified include hyperglycemic control,alleviation of physiological inflammation,controlled oxidative stress,infection control,and influence on gene expression.Information in this review was sourced from research and review articles in electronic databases such as Web of Science,Scopus,PubMed,and Google Scholar.

Assessment of ERA5 and ERA-Interim in Reproducing Mean and Extreme Climates over West Africa

In situ data in West Africa are scarce,and reanalysis datasets could be an alternative source to alleviate the problem of data availability.Nevertheless,because of uncertainties in numerical prediction models and assimilation methods,among other things,existing reanalysis datasets can perform with various degrees of quality and accuracy.Therefore,a proper assessment of their shortcomings and strengths should be performed prior to their usage.In this study,we examine the performance of ERA5 and ERA-interim(ERAI)products in representing the mean and extreme climates over West Africa for the period 1981-2018 using observations from CRU and CHIRPS.The major conclusion is that ERA5 showed a considerable decrease in precipitation and temperature biases and an improved representation of inter-annual variability in much of western Africa.Also,the annual cycle is better captured by ERA5 in three of the region’s climatic zones;specifically,precipitation is well-reproduced in the Savannah and Guinea Coast,and temperature in the Sahel.In terms of extremes,the ERA5 performance is superior.Still,both reanalyses underestimate the intensity and frequency of heavy precipitations and overestimate the number of wet days,as the numerical models used in reanalyses tend to produce drizzle more often.While ERA5 performs better than ERAI,both datasets are less successful in capturing the observed long-term trends.Although ERA5 has achieved considerable progress compared to its predecessor,improved datasets with better resolution and accuracy continue to be needed in sectors like agriculture and water resources to enable climate impact assessment.

Development of mathematically motivated hybrid soft computing models for improved predictions of ultimate bearing capacity of shallow foundations

Ultimate bearing capacity(UBC)is a key subject in geotechnical/foundation engineering as it determines the limit of loads imposed on the foundation.The most reliable means of determining UBC is through experiment,but it is costly and time-consuming which has led to the development of various models based on the simplified assumptions.The outcomes of the models are usually validated with the experimental results,but a large gap usually exists between them.Therefore,a model that can give a close prediction of the experimental results is imperative.This study proposes a grasshopper optimization algorithm(GOA)and salp swarm algorithm(SSA)to optimize artificial neural networks(ANNs)using the existing UBC experimental database.The performances of the proposed models are evaluated using various statistical indices.The obtained results are compared with the existing models.The proposed models outperformed the existing models.The proposed hybrid GOA-ANN and SSA-ANN models are then transformed into mathematical forms that can be incorporated into geotechnical/foundation engineering design codes for accurate UBC measurements.

Performance of Common Reed(Phragmites australis)in a Constructed Wetland for Greywater Treatment in Akure,Nigeria

Shortage of freshwater is becoming a growing problem in both dry and semi-dry regions of the world,hence the need to make use of other source of water for agricultural production.The study was conducted to examine the performance of common reed in a constructed wetland for greywater treatment in Akure,Nigeria.Raw greywater was collected from Jadesola Hostel,Federal University of Technology,Akure,and pretreated through a combination of gravel of diameters<32 mm,24 mm and 16 mm with fine sand of diameter 0.2 mm arranged accordingly.The filtered water was thereafter released to a plastic constructed wetland(CW)which also consisted of same combination of layers of gravel and sand with common reed planted on it for complete treatment.The raw and treated greywater were analyzed for Biochemical Oxygen Demand(BOD),Chemical Oxygen Demand(COD),Total Dissolved Solid(TDS),and heavy metals.It was discovered that CW planted with common reed was effective in the treatment of greywater with reduction in BOD by 91.4%,COD by 91.5%and TDS by 38.7%.CW had appreciable removal effect on heavy metals with reduction in:manganese(Mn)from 0.100 ppm to 0.012 ppm,iron(Fe)from 0.014 ppm to 0.002 ppm,lead(Pb)from 0.05 ppm to 0.001 ppm and zinc(Zn)from 0.154 ppm to 0.148 ppm.Therefore,the use of common reed in constructed wetland for greywater treatment is recommended for farmers involved in irrigation with greywater,especially during dry seasons,and most importantly under the rising global water scarcity due to climate change.

Traffic Regulation at Critical Intersections: A Case Study of Odole Intersection, Akure, Ondo State, Nigeria

Traffic congestion on major roads consequent upon existing bottlenecks at intersections is a major problem in Akure Metropolis. To change this trend, this research was carried out in order to design effective traffic control mechanisms at the “troubled spots” in the metropolis. Odole intersection was identified as one of the critical intersections during a reconnaissance survey and as such, selected for study. Data on geometric features were collected using Oedometer and Google Earth software. Peak and off-peak traffic volume data were collected between 7:30 and 8:30 am and between 12.00 noon and 1.00 pm respectively every other day using Cine camera. Furthermore, discharge headway and delay data were collected using stop watch. The geometric and traffic data collected were analysed using Microsoft Excel. An appraisal of Odole Intersection indicated that the major contributors to traffic are Motorcycles (70.88%) and Passenger Cars (28.72%). Other modes of transportation account for about 0.4% of vehicles traversing the intersection. The critical traffic volume at the intersection was over 4000 veh/hr and the average delay was 22 seconds. An Average delay of 22 seconds at the intersection was an indication that the operating level of service was C (i.e. fairly stable traffic condition with average delays attributable to traffic control by personnel). By juxtaposing the results of geometric and traffic data analyses with the pros and cons of various traffic control mechanisms, traffic control by signalisation was selected and designed to suit Odole intersection. In tandem with the results of this research, appropriate measures have been recommended to ameliorate traffic and commuting problems in the metropolis.

Effectiveness of Rice Husk and Sugarcane Bagasse Ashes Blended Cement in Improving Properties of Concrete

This paper emphasized the use of rice husk ash (RHA) and sugarcane bagasse ash (SBA) in improving concrete properties, and also their combined effects on workability, compressive strength, flexural strength, permeability and water absorption capacity. Thus, in this study, the water-to-cement ratio was kept constant (0.45), the binder materials content for conventional mix was kept constant at (350 kg/m3) and the partial replacement of cement with RHASBA used was 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, and 30% by weight of cement. The maximum compressive strength was noted at a 5% replacement level of cement with RHASBA. The Results showed that the optimum replacement of cement with RHASBA in concrete was 5%, which was found to increase the compressive strength by 15%, flexural strength by 3.4%, lowered permeability by 50%, lowered sorptivity by 11.34% as compared with control concrete at 90 days of curing time. The micro-structural test results further established that RHA and SBA have a high content of SiO2 which enables them to be more reactive in concrete and also revealed that the presence of RHASBA depletes Ca(OH)2 crystals, converting it into CaH2O4Si (C-S-H gel) leading to the strengthening of bond within the concrete matrix.