Axillary presentation from occult breast cancer is uncommon and continues to be a diagnostic and therapeutic challenge to physicians. Once the diagnosis of adenocarcinoma metastatic to an axillary lymph node has been ...Axillary presentation from occult breast cancer is uncommon and continues to be a diagnostic and therapeutic challenge to physicians. Once the diagnosis of adenocarcinoma metastatic to an axillary lymph node has been confi rmed, a preoperative workup should be done. The current experience is based on several relatively small retrospective reviews and case reports. It is diffi cult to determine the best management of occult breast cancer. However, treatment of axillary lymph node dissection is recommended for local control and complete staging information. Treatment of breast should be a choice between breast conservation with whole-breast radiotherapy and mastectomy. Adjuvant systemic treatment should be offered.展开更多
OBJECTIVE Traumatic neuromas are rare benign lesions occurring post-mastectomy,which are usually suspected as tumour recurrences before excision biopsy.We report six cases presenting with palpable nodules post-mastect...OBJECTIVE Traumatic neuromas are rare benign lesions occurring post-mastectomy,which are usually suspected as tumour recurrences before excision biopsy.We report six cases presenting with palpable nodules post-mastectomy,to emphasize the differential diagnosis of traumatic neuroma from recurrent cancer.METHODS Six cases were reviewed.The age of patients ranged from 33 to 61 years.Nodular masses were found close to the mastectomy scar during follow-up over a period of 2.8 to 8 years.RESULTS In one patient three nodular masses were detected.Five patients had received chemotherapy,three of which had also received ra-diotherapy.Ultrasound examinations showed a well-circumscribed,homoge-neous,hypo-echoic subcutaneous nodular lesion in four cases,and a poorly defined hypo-echoic nodule with good conduction in two cases.No obvious distant metastases had been identified.Each patient underwent surgical excisional biopsy.All of nodules had a diameter less than 1 cm.Histopatho-logical examination showed proliferation of nerve fibre bundles,which were disordered,oriented and well circumscribed in fibro-adipose tissue.CONCLUSION It was concluded that all of the lesions were traumatic neuromas,independent from the initial tumor.Traumatic neuromas occur-ring in mastectomy scars are difficult to distinguish from a tumor recurrence.Although radiological evaluation of the mass with ultrasound is of value,the diagnosis can only be confirmed following a histopathological evaluation.展开更多
IntroductionPoland＇s syndrome is a rare congenital anomaly, characterized by abnormalities of the chest wall, breast, spine and upper limb. The incidence of this syndrome has been estimated to be 1：30000. The pathog...IntroductionPoland＇s syndrome is a rare congenital anomaly, characterized by abnormalities of the chest wall, breast, spine and upper limb. The incidence of this syndrome has been estimated to be 1：30000. The pathogenesis is still unclear.展开更多
Glucose is one of major nutrients and its catabolism provides energy and/or building bricks for cell proliferation. Glucose deficiency results in cell death. However, the underlying mechanism still remains elusive. By...Glucose is one of major nutrients and its catabolism provides energy and/or building bricks for cell proliferation. Glucose deficiency results in cell death. However, the underlying mechanism still remains elusive. By using our recently developed method to monitor real-time cellular apoptosis and necrosis, we show that glucose deprivation can directly elicit necrosis, which is promoted by mito- chondrial impairment, depending on mitochondrial adenosine triphosphate （ATP） generation instead of ATP depletion. We demon- strate that glucose metabolism is the major source to produce protons. Glucose deficiency leads to lack of proton provision while mitochondda[ electron transfer chain continues consuming protons to generate energy, which provokes a compensatory lysosomal proton efflux and resultant increased lysosomal pH. This [ysosomal aikaUnization can trigger apoptosis or necrosis depending on the extent of alkalinization. Taken together, our results build up a metabolic connection between glycolysis, mitochondrion, and iysosome, and reveal an essential role of glucose metabolism in maintaining proton homeostasis to support cell survival.展开更多
文摘Axillary presentation from occult breast cancer is uncommon and continues to be a diagnostic and therapeutic challenge to physicians. Once the diagnosis of adenocarcinoma metastatic to an axillary lymph node has been confi rmed, a preoperative workup should be done. The current experience is based on several relatively small retrospective reviews and case reports. It is diffi cult to determine the best management of occult breast cancer. However, treatment of axillary lymph node dissection is recommended for local control and complete staging information. Treatment of breast should be a choice between breast conservation with whole-breast radiotherapy and mastectomy. Adjuvant systemic treatment should be offered.
文摘OBJECTIVE Traumatic neuromas are rare benign lesions occurring post-mastectomy,which are usually suspected as tumour recurrences before excision biopsy.We report six cases presenting with palpable nodules post-mastectomy,to emphasize the differential diagnosis of traumatic neuroma from recurrent cancer.METHODS Six cases were reviewed.The age of patients ranged from 33 to 61 years.Nodular masses were found close to the mastectomy scar during follow-up over a period of 2.8 to 8 years.RESULTS In one patient three nodular masses were detected.Five patients had received chemotherapy,three of which had also received ra-diotherapy.Ultrasound examinations showed a well-circumscribed,homoge-neous,hypo-echoic subcutaneous nodular lesion in four cases,and a poorly defined hypo-echoic nodule with good conduction in two cases.No obvious distant metastases had been identified.Each patient underwent surgical excisional biopsy.All of nodules had a diameter less than 1 cm.Histopatho-logical examination showed proliferation of nerve fibre bundles,which were disordered,oriented and well circumscribed in fibro-adipose tissue.CONCLUSION It was concluded that all of the lesions were traumatic neuromas,independent from the initial tumor.Traumatic neuromas occur-ring in mastectomy scars are difficult to distinguish from a tumor recurrence.Although radiological evaluation of the mass with ultrasound is of value,the diagnosis can only be confirmed following a histopathological evaluation.
文摘IntroductionPoland＇s syndrome is a rare congenital anomaly, characterized by abnormalities of the chest wall, breast, spine and upper limb. The incidence of this syndrome has been estimated to be 1：30000. The pathogenesis is still unclear.
文摘Glucose is one of major nutrients and its catabolism provides energy and/or building bricks for cell proliferation. Glucose deficiency results in cell death. However, the underlying mechanism still remains elusive. By using our recently developed method to monitor real-time cellular apoptosis and necrosis, we show that glucose deprivation can directly elicit necrosis, which is promoted by mito- chondrial impairment, depending on mitochondrial adenosine triphosphate （ATP） generation instead of ATP depletion. We demon- strate that glucose metabolism is the major source to produce protons. Glucose deficiency leads to lack of proton provision while mitochondda[ electron transfer chain continues consuming protons to generate energy, which provokes a compensatory lysosomal proton efflux and resultant increased lysosomal pH. This [ysosomal aikaUnization can trigger apoptosis or necrosis depending on the extent of alkalinization. Taken together, our results build up a metabolic connection between glycolysis, mitochondrion, and iysosome, and reveal an essential role of glucose metabolism in maintaining proton homeostasis to support cell survival.
