Effects of Supplemental Glutamine and Lysine on Growth Performance of Broiler Chickens

The optimum levels of Lysine and Glutamine needed for growth performance and maintenance of the chicken broilers were evaluated in a randomized 3 × 4 factorial arrangement of dietary treatments. The battery cages measured 99 × 66 × 25 cm that can be sufficient for 5 birds. Day old Chicken broilers totaling 180 were assigned to dietary treatments comprising of 3 concentrations of Lysine (0.85, 1.14, and 1.42) each in combination with 4 concentrations of Glutamine (0, 1, 2, and 3). Each dietary treatment was replicated 3 times and each replication had 5 birds. The birds were given feed and water ad libitum with a 23-hour light regimen for a period of 4 weeks. Then, the experimental birds were evaluated for body weight gain, feed consumption, and feed conversion in order to determine their optimum requirement for dietary Lysine and Glutamine. Based on the findings of this study, the highest performance was observed in birds fed the diet supplemented with 1.42 lysine and 1% glutamine, but the highest improvement in feed conversion was observed in diet contain 1.14 and 1.42 with 1% and 3% glutamine, respectively. Birds fed 1.42 lysine and 1% glutamine had the highest total body weight gain and feed consumption. The lysine requirements in the diet for Chicken are between 1.14 and 1.42 with glutamine level of 1%.

Advanced Glycation Endproducts in 35 Types of Seafood Products Consumed in Eastern China

Advanced glycation endproducts(AGEs) have been recognized as hazards in processed foods that can induce chronic diseases such as cardiovascular disease, diabetes, and diabetic nephropathy. In this study, we investigated the AGEs contents of 35 types of industrial seafood products that are consumed frequently in eastern China. Total fluorescent AGEs level and Nε-carboxymethyl-lysine(CML) content were evaluated by fluorescence spectrophotometry and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry(GC-MS), respectively. The level of total fluorescent AGEs in seafood samples ranged from 39.37 to 1178.3 AU, and was higher in canned and packaged instant aquatic products that were processed at high temperatures. The CML content in seafood samples ranged from 44.8 to 439.1 mg per kg dried sample, and was higher in roasted seafood samples. The total fluorescent AGEs and CML content increased when seafood underwent high-temperature processing, but did not show an obvious correlation. The present study suggested that commonly consumed seafood contains different levels of AGEs, and the seafood processed at high temperatures always displays a high level of either AGEs or CML.

Acceptability of a reformulated grain-based food:Implications for increasing whole grain consumption

Idli is a popular Indian breakfast dish consumed by many people all over the world,made from white rice(Oryza sativum)(75%–80%)and black gram(Phaseolus mungo)(20%–25%).Idli’s wide consumption makes it ideal as a model for studying acceptability of a food reformulated with whole grains.The objective was to compare acceptability regarding texture,color and sensory properties when white rice was replaced with brown rice at 5 replacement levels(0%(control),25%,50%,75%and 100%).Textural attributes and L*a*b*color values were measured by a texture analyzer and a Chroma meter,respectively.Informed and blind sensory tests were conducted.Instrumental hardness and gumminess were proportional to the level of whole grain replacement,while springiness and cohesiveness did not vary by replacement level.Liking ratings for overall acceptability were similar at the three lowest levels of brown rice replacement.Although brown rice replacement reduced the liking score for various sensory attributes,especially for 75%and 100%replacements,more than 90%of the panelists preferred brown-rice-blended idli as their first choice.There are ample opportunities to increase whole grain consumption through reformulation of regularly consumed traditional refined grain foods by partial or complete replacement with whole grains.©2013 Beijing Academy of Food Sciences.Production and hosting by Elsevier B.V.All rights reserved.

Anxiolytic property of Lactuca sativa,effect on anxiety behaviour induced by novel food and height

Objective:To study anxiolytic property of hydro alchohol extract and to estimate polyphenols present in the extract by HPLC.Methods:To evaluate anxiolytic properly two animal models were used viz.Elevated T maze and hyponeophagia.Diazepam(1 mg/kg body wt.) served as the standard anxiolvtic agent for all the tests.The dried extract of the plant leaf in doses of 100.200 and 400 mg/kg body weight was administered orally to mice for duration of 1? or 30 days and locomotor and anxiolytic activities were performed.Polyphenols was estimated using HPLC. Results:The HPLC analysis of the polyphenols revealed the presence chlorogenic acid,vanillin, epicatechin,caffeic acid,rutin hydrate,sinapic acid,quercetin-3-rhamnoside.p-coumeric acid and quercitin.Time spent and number of entries into the open arm was improved in 30 days treated animals than that of 15 days treated groups,200 and 400 mg/kg body weight treated group showed significant results when comparing with the control group.Conclusions:Te hydro alcohol extract rich in Polyphenols and other secondary metabolites is a potent anxiolytic agent.

Institutional Foods Development Perspectives Review

Development of food service institution has been initiated by industrialization and has grown rapidly over the last half century. Institutional Food Service includes planning, preparation, distribution and supply of foods outside home. Consumer perceptions towards institutional foods are influenced by marketing, advertising and lifestyle changes. Food service systems/catering units promote new processing methods and bulk packaging of food to conquer problems like skilled labour shortage and reduce the operation cost. This review emphasize on the evolution of food services (vending, industrial food services, school lunch, hospital etc.) and its importance. It also highlights the attributes for making institutional foods more acceptable for consumers and their role of human engineering.

A Novel Non Radioactive PCR-DNA Probe for the Detection of Aflatoxin Producing <i>Aspergillus</i>Species from Major Food Crops Grown in India

In the present study, a novel non radioactive digoxigenen labelled PCR-DNA probe was developed targeting nor-1 gene to assess the contamination of aflatoxigenic Aspergillus species in food grain samples from Southern parts of India. The sensitivity of developed PCR-DNA probe was determined to be 10 pg of genomic DNA and 1 pg of purified PCR product. The specificity of the DNA probe was validated by testing against an array of Aspergillus, Fusarium and Penicillium spp. A total of 89 Aspergillus isolates were recovered from 152 grain samples of maize, paddy, and groundnut. Among them, maize had the highest (90%) incidence of toxigenic Aspergillus species. When developed PCR-DNA probe was evaluated onto pure cultures of toxigenic and nontoxigenic Aspergillus species, 60 samples were positive for the nor-1 gene probe. DNA probe results unequivocally matched with the HPLC analysis. In conclusion, the novel PCR-DNA probe developed in this study may find its application in rapid detection of aflatoxin-producing Aspergillus isolates from contaminated cereal grains.

Investigation of the presence of rod-shaped bacteria on food surface via elastic light scattering

We investigated the presence and related signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of rod-shaped bacteria on a produce surface using elastic scattering. The theoretical noise was defined as a scattering signal from a rough produce surface while the signal was defined as a scattering signal from the increasing numbers of rod-shaped bacteria on the produce surface. In this research, we measured the surface topography of a tomato using BioAFM to provide the quantitative nature of the surface roughness which was, in turn, modeled with the discrete dipole approximation (DDA) for an accurate estimation of the background scattering signature. Then we included the DDA model of rod-shaped bacteria and calculated the combined elastic scattering signature in the upper hemispherical space with different polarizations, wavelengths, and incident angles. The total scattering cross-section (TSC) and partial scattering cross-section (PSC) were both computed on six predefined aperture locations. The results indicate that, upon proper selection of the wavelength and incident angle, it was possible to provide the minimum number of bacteria (~32) to provide a differentiable elastic scattering signal from the produce surface.

Review on mechanisms and structure-activity relationship of hypoglycemic effects of polysaccharides from natural resources

Diabetes mellitus(DM)is a common multifactorial disease,causing various complications,such as chronic metabolism.The current therapies for diabetes mellitus are commercial diabetic drugs that have different definite side effect.However,polysaccharides mainly extracted from natural resources,have advantages of safety,accessibility,and anti-diabetic potential.We have summarized recent research of natural polysaccharides with hypoglycemic activities,focusing on different pharmacological mechanisms in various cell and animal models.The relationships of structure-hypoglycemic effect are also discussed in detail.This review could provide a comprehensive perspective for better understanding on development and mechanism of natural polysaccharides against diabetes mellitus,which have been required by clinical studies yet.

Subinhibitory Levels of Fluoroquinolones Result in Enrichment of the Membrane Proteome of Staphylococcus aureus

Staphylococcus aureus is a common marine foodborne pathogen.In this study,antibiotics ciprofloxacin and enrofloxacin were used to induce drug-resistance in S.aureus.The differentially expressed proteins(DEPs)were analyzed and compared with those in the bacteria cultured without antibiotics.The primary proteomic alterations were in the levels of cell membrane components and proteins related to lysine and folic acid biosynthesis,which were all significantly up-regulated.The minimal inhibitory concentrations(MIC)for both test drugs were elevated to 10μg m L^(-1)following serial passaging.These results indicated that,for both ciprofloxacin and enrofloxacin,drug-resistance were developed even in the subinhibitory levels and the primary response was a major alteration in the cell membrane proteome.These changes were similar to those observed in S.aureus cultured with super-MIC levels of these antibiotics.The current study provides a theoretical basis for in-depth study of the related changes of marine foodborne pathogens in subinhibitory concentrations that are commonly found in situ.

Evaluation of the Nutritional Value and Acute Toxicity of the Seeds of the Fruit of Annona muricata L. (Sursop) Consumed in Kinshasa

In this paper, the author aimed to determine the nutritional value of soursop (Annona muricata L. fruit) consumed in Kinshasa as well as the study of the acute toxicity of its seeds. The fruit of Annona muricata L. was sampled according to the ISO 7002 standard for agricultural and food products. The selected fruits were ripe, without physical damage. The usual analytical methods allowed the determination of the nutritional value of the fruit pulp of Annona muricata L. The water content was measured by the method of loss of mass on drying. The total amount of ash was determined by incineration in the oven at 550°C. The mineral elements were determined by inductively coupled plasma spectrometry (ICP0). The determination of acute toxicity was carried out on 25 female mice of the NMRI SUISSE species according to OECD 425 guidelines. For 100 grams of fresh material from the fruit pulp, we noted a very high water content of 84% ± 6%. We also note a particularly high amount of carbohydrates with a rate of 12.2% ± 2%. Protein and lipid content were relatively low at 1% ± 0.01% and 0.7% ± 0.3% respectively. The dietary fiber content was 0.8% ± 0.2%. An energy value of 49.3 Kcal per 100 grams of pulp was determined. The LD 50 obtained was 3320 mg/kg, indicating slight toxicity of soursop seeds. The results of this study show that the white pulp of the fruit of Annona muricata L. consumed in Kinshasa is rich in carbohydrates when we compare it to others biomolecules. It also contains dietary fiber and mineral salts making soursop an excellent constituent of a weight loss diet with a low energy intake.

Detection and quantification of Pb and Cr in oysters using laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy

The quantitative determination of heavy metals in aquatic products is of great importance for food security issues.Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy(LIBS)has been used in a variety of foodstuff analysis,but is still limited by its low sensitivity when targeting trace heavy metals.In this work,we compare three sample enrichment methods,namely drying,carbonization,and ashing,for increasing detection sensitivity by LIBS analysis for Pb and Cr in oyster samples.The results demonstrate that carbonization can remove a significant amount of the contributions of organic elements C,H,N and O;meanwhile,the signals of the metallic elements such as Cu,Pb,Sr,Ca,Cr and Mg are enhanced by3–6 times after carbonization,and further enhanced by 5–9 times after ashing.Such enhancement is not only due to the more concentrated metallic elements in the sample compared to the dried ones,but also the unifying of the matter in carbonized and ashed samples from which higher plasma temperature and electron density are observed.This condition favors the detection of trace elements.According to the calibration curves with univariate and multivariate analysis,the ashing method is considered to be the best choice.The limits of detection of the ashing method are 0.52 mg kg-1 for Pb and0.08 mg kg-1 for Cr,which can detect the presence of heavy metals in the oysters exceeding the maximum limits of Pb and Cr required by the Chinese national standard.This method provides a promising application for the heavy metal contamination monitoring in the aquatic product industry.

High Fischer ratio oligopeptides in food:sources,functions and application prospects

High Fischer ratio oligopeptides(HFROs)are a group of oligopeptides containing high levels of branched-chain amino acids(BCAA)and low levels of aromatic amino acids(AAA).HFROs have received a lot of attention as they are believed to have significant physiological activities,including antioxidant,liver damage repair,anti-fatigue,anti-tumor and energy supply to the body.HFROs are available from a wide range of sources and both plant and animal proteins can be used to prepare HFROs but the physiological tolerability and rejection of special populations needs to be considered.Enzymatic hydrolysis is the most common method for the preparation of HFROs,but optimization of the separation and purification process is still needed in the future.Diseases caused by disruptions in the balance of BCAA and AAA in the blood,such as hepatic encephalopathy,can be treated by supplementing HFROs with drugs or food.In addition,HFROs are able to reduce fatigue feedback and assist in the treatment of phenylketonuria at the molecular nutrient level.The aim of this review is to review recent research on HFROs and provide new perspectives on the high value use of crops and the development of novel functional and special medical purpose foods.

福氏志贺菌mdoC基因对其在洗菜水中生长及生物膜形成的影响

【目的】研究福氏志贺菌mdoC基因对细菌在不同洗菜水中生长及生物膜形成的影响。【方法】以福氏志贺菌野生型和敲除mdoC基因的opgC突变体为出发菌株,采用生长曲线法和结晶紫染色法,在低渗透压及正常渗透压的菠菜、芹菜、生菜及白菜洗菜水中,研究福氏志贺菌野生型和opgC突变体生长及生物膜的产生能力。【结果】在不同洗菜水中,福氏志贺菌opgC突变体生长速率明显较野生型慢,加盐提高渗透压之后,野生型和opgC突变体稳定生长期均提前。野生型和opgC突变体的生物膜产量在菠菜水、生菜水和白菜水中有显著区别;提高渗透压之后,福氏志贺菌野生型在菠菜水中的生物膜产量显著提高,而在生菜水和白菜水中生物膜产量显著下降,opgC突变体在菠菜水、生菜水和白菜水中生物膜产量均显著提高。【结论】低渗条件下,福氏志贺菌mdoC基因的缺失显著地延缓了细菌生长。提高渗透压后,在菠菜、生菜和白菜洗菜水中,mdoC基因的缺失促进了生物膜的形成。

The Anti-allergic Activity of Polyphenol Extracted from Five Marine Algae

Natural polyphenol has been widely believed to be effective in allergy remission. Currently, most of the natural polyphenol products come from terrestrial sources such as tea, grape seeds among others, and few polyphenols have been developed from algae for their anti-allergic activity. The aim of the study was to screen some commercial seaweed for natural extracts with anti-allergic activity. Five algae including Laminaria japonica, Porphyra sp., Spirulina platensis, Chlorella pyrenoidosa and Scytosiphon sp. were extracted with ethanol, and the extracts were evaluated for total polyphenol contents and anti-allergic activity with the hyaluronidase inhibition assay. Results showed that the total polyphenol contents in the ethanol extracts ranged from 1.67% to 8.47%, while the highest was found in the extract from Scytosiphon sp. Hyaluronidase inhibition assay showed that the extracts from Scytosiphon sp. had the lowest IC50, 0.67 mg m L-1, while Chlorella pyrenoidosa extract had the highest IC50, 15.07 mg m L-1. The anti-allergic activity of Scytosiphon sp. extract was even higher than the typical anti-allergic drug Disodium Cromoglycate(DSCG)(IC50 = 1.13 mg m L-1), and was similar with natural polyphenol from Epigallocatechin gallate(EGCG)(IC50 = 0.56 mg m L-1). These results indicated that the ethanol extract of Scytosiphon sp. contains a high concentration of polyphenol with high anti-allergic activity. Potentially Scytosiphon sp. can be developed to a natural anti-allergic compound for allergy remission.

Anxiolytic property of hydro-alcohol extract of Lactuca sativa and its effect on behavioral activities of mice

Lactuca sativa, belonging to the Asteraceae family, is a leafy vegetable known for its medicinal properties. This study aimed to understand the mechanism of Lactuca sativa extract with respect to pharmacological action. We investigated the anxiolytic effects of hydro-alcoholic extract of leaves of Lactuca sativa on mice. The behav- ioral tests performed on mice models to assess anti-anxiety properties were： open field test （OFT）, elevated plus maze test （EPM）, elevated T maze test, and marble burying test. Increased locomotor activity and time spent in the ＂open-ann＂ were observed in extract fed group. Malondialdehyde （MDA） and nitrite levels were decreased, cata- lase and glutathione levels were increased in Lactuca sativa treated mice. The data obtained in the present study suggests that the extract of Lactuca sativa can afford significant protection against anxiolytic activity.

Identification and Characterization of a New IgE-binding Protein in Mackerel (Scomber japonicus) by MALDI-TOF-MS

As fish is one source of the ‘big eight’ food allergens,the prevalence of fish allergy has increased over the past few years.In order to better understand fish allergy,it is necessary to identify fish allergens.Based on the sera from fish-allergenic patients,a 28 kDa protein from local mackerel (Scomber japonicus),which has not been reported as a fish allergen,was found to be reactive with most of the patients’ sera.The 28 kDa protein was analyzed by MALDI-TOF-MS (Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption/Ionization Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry).Mascot search in NCBI database (Date: 08/07/2010) showed that the top protein matched,i.e.triosephosphate isomerase (TPI) from Xiphophorus maculatus and Poecilia reticulata,had a mowse (molecular weight search) score of 98.In addition,TPI from Epinephelus coioides also matched this mackerel protein with a mowse score of 96.Because TPI is con-sidered as an allergen in other non-fish organisms,such as lychee,wheat,latex,archaeopotamobius (Archaeopotamobius sibiriensis) and crangon (Crangon crangon),we consider that it may also be an allergen in mackerel.

Isolation, cloning and sequencing of AFLP markers related to disease-resistance traits in Fenneropenaeus chinensis

Amplified fragment length polymorphisms (AFLP) technique was used to analyze the fingerprint- ing of four successive generations of Fenneropenaeus chinensis to reveal their disease-resistance traits. Some loci showed quite different genetic frequencies due to artificial selection, which implied that these fragments were putative markers related to the disease-resistance trait. We developed a simple and effective method to fur- ther characterize these AFLP fragments. Specific AFLP bands were cut directly from polyacrylamide gels, re-amplified, cloned and sequenced. Eight putative genetic markers were sequenced and their sizes ranged from 63 to 209 bp. The sequences were submitted to dbGSS (database of Genome Sequence Survey); and the BLAST analysis showed low similarity to the function genes, indicating these markers were tightly linked to a dis- ease-resistance trait but were not functional genes.

Chlorogenic acid loaded chitosan nanoparticles with sustained release property,retained antioxidant activity and enhanced bioavailability

In this study,chlorogenic acid(CGA),a phenolic compound widely distributed in fruits and vegetables,was encapsulated into chitosan nanoparticles by ionic gelation method.The particles exhibited the size and zeta potential of 210 nm and 33 mV respectively.A regular,spherical shaped distribution of nanoparticles was observed through scanning electron microscopy(SEM)and the success of entrapment was confirmed by FTIR analysis.The encapsulation efficiency of CGA was at about 59%with the loading efficiency of 5.2%.In vitro ABTS assay indicated that the radical scavenging activity of CAG was retained in the nanostructure and further,the release kinetics study revealed the burst release of 69%CGA from nanoparticles at the end of 100th hours.Pharmacokinetic analysis in rats showed a lower level of Cmax,longer Tmax,longer MRT,larger AUC0et and AUC0e∞for the CGA nanoparticles compared to free CGA.Collectively,these results suggest that the synthesised nanoparticle with sustained release property can therefore ease the fortification of food-matrices targeted for health benefits through effective delivery of CGA in body.