男性健康离不开为人父

现代医学已开始逐步了解男性健康现象。“男性健康”这一理念有别于“女性健康”，它往往立足于以下方面存在的性别差异：生殖系统疾病、心血管病等部分受到性激素影响的疾病以及预期寿命（男性〈女性）。本文抓住男性健康的概念，对为人父这一许多男性生活中的重要环节进行了概述。

The Contestation of Tech Ethics: A Sociotechnical Approach to Technology Ethics in Practice

This article introduces the special issue“Technology Ethics in Action:Critical and Interdisciplinary Perspectives”.In response to recent controversies about the harms of digital technology,discourses and practices of“tech ethics”have proliferated across the tech industry,academia,civil society,and government.Yet despite the seeming promise of ethics,tech ethics in practice suffers from several significant limitations:tech ethics is vague and toothless,has a myopic focus on individual engineers and technology design,and is subsumed into corporate logics and incentives.These limitations suggest that tech ethics enables corporate“ethics-washing”:embracing the language of ethics to defuse criticism and resist government regulation,without committing to ethical behavior.Given these dynamics,I describe tech ethics as a terrain of contestation where the central debate is not whether ethics is desirable,but what“ethics”entails and who gets to define it.Current approaches to tech ethics are poised to enable technologists and technology companies to label themselves as“ethical”without substantively altering their practices.Thus,those striving for structural improvements in digital technologies must be mindful of the gap between ethics as a mode of normative inquiry and ethics as a practical endeavor.In order to better evaluate the opportunities and limits of tech ethics,I propose a sociotechnical approach that analyzes tech ethics in light of who defines it and what impacts it generates in practice.

Data Science as Political Action:Grounding Data Science in a Politics of Justice

In response to public scrutiny of data-driven algorithms,the field of data science has adopted ethics training and principles.Although ethics can help data scientists reflect on certain normative aspects of their work,such efforts are ill-equipped to generate a data science that avoids social harms and promotes social justice.In this article,I argue that data science must embrace a political orientation.Data scientists must recognize themselves as political actors engaged in normative constructions of society and evaluate their work according to its downstream impacts on people’s lives.I first articulate why data scientists must recognize themselves as political actors.In this section,I respond to three arguments that data scientists commonly invoke when challenged to take political positions regarding their work.In confronting these arguments,I describe why attempting to remain apolitical is itself a political stance-a fundamentally conservative one-and why data science’s attempts to promote“social good”dangerously rely on unarticulated and incrementalist political assumptions.I then propose a framework for how data science can evolve toward a deliberative and rigorous politics of social justice.I conceptualize the process of developing a politically engaged data science as a sequence of four stages.Pursuing these new approaches will empower data scientists with new methods for thoughtfully and rigorously contributing to social justice.

Local Import Competition in a Lumpy Country

This paper examines the effects of a fall in the price of an imported good in a region of a country that is specialized in producing that good. The context is a ＂lumpy country＂ model in which factors are unable to move between locations, although in this case I assume that only labor is immobile, and that the other factor, capital, is perfectly mobile between regions. With mobile capital, the lumpy-country equilibrium can be anywhere in the factor-price equalization set, but my focus is on a region that initially produces only one good, on the border of that set. When the price of that good falls due to import competition, it would be possible for both factors to reallocate partially into production of the other good, but I assume instead that some capital simply leaves the region, so that it continues to produce only the same good that it did before. The result of this is a fall in the real wage of labor, just as under Stolper-Samuelson assumptions. I then look at production also of a non-traded good, and find that the same import competition that cheapened the traded good also cheapens the nontraded good. The result is that the region shrinks, losing capital and producing less of both goods unless the substitution in favor of the nontraded good expands its consumption out of a smaller income.