Policy Implications for Carbon Trading Market Establishment in China in the 12th Five-Year Period

Based on the survey of international emissions trading system （ETS） and quantitative analysis, policy suggestions on establishing a carbon ETS in China are presented in this study. Sectors sensitive to carbon prices, e.g., the power generation sector and the iron and steel industry, are given priority to be covered by the ETS. Interregional carbon trading should be carried out as early as possible. The cap of the ETS should be based on China＇s carbon intensity reduction target with the floor carbon price for the market being set in the beginning. Suggestions on the infrastructure of ETS are also proposed, including the national wide carbon measuring, reporting, verification system building. account registration system and the legislation to national

Effect of condensation latent heat release on the relative vorticity tendency in extratropical cyclones:a case study

Taking an extratropical cyclone that produced extreme precipitation as the research object,this paper calculates the contribution of condensation latent heat release(LHR)to relative vorticity tendency based on the complete-form vertical vorticity tendency equation.The results show that the heating rate of convectional condensation LHR can reach up to about 40 times that of stable condensation LHR.Both the stable and convectional heating centers are higher than 700 hPa,which would cause∂Q/∂z>0 and a positive vorticity source in the lower troposphere.The vertical gradient of stable condensation LHR contributes little to the growth of relative vorticity,while the relative vorticity tendency associated with the vertical gradient of convectional condensation LHR can be an order of magnitude higher than the former.The positive vorticity source is always located right below the latent heating center,and its maximum value can always be found in the lower troposphere.Convectional LHR is the primary factor for cyclone development from the perspective of diabatic heating.The horizontal gradient of total condensation LHR can contribute about 65%of the actual vorticity growth,but the effect of the vertical gradient of convectional condensation(LHR)can reach twice as much.The adiabatic heating from LHR can cause vorticity tendency directly.However,it can also change the vertical and horizontal gradient of potential temperature,which can further induce vorticity tendency.

The Impact of Climate Change on China＇s Grain Market and Food Security-- A CGE Model Approach

This paper examines the impact of climate change on China＇s grain production and food security. The research is one of the four studies on future conditions of China＇s food production system under the influence of climate change using numerical simulation methods, carried out under a national 973 project entitled ＂impacts of climate change on food systems in China and its adaptation＂. The other three studies focus on changes in cultivated land area and food production, while this study incorporates their grain yield results into a general equilibrium model to simulate future conditions of the grain market. Our simulation analysis arrives at the impact of climate change by comparing such economic variables as grain production, consumption, and GDP growth rate between a baseline scenario and two climate change scenarios. Our results are summarized as follows： （1） In 2050, the total grain production will reach 689.683 million tons--584.264 million tons of total grain consumption and 42.808 million tons of exports. Without considering losses and inventory demand, in 2050 China＇s grain supply and demand will remain well balanced, with a slight surplus expected. （2） Climate change is expected to benefit China＇s macro economy and individual sectors. In comparison with the baseline scenario of no climate change, real wage, real GDP, investment, household consumption, exports, and other macroeconomic indicators will rise under the climate change scenarios. As far as the agricultural, manufacturing, and service sectors are concerned, production, consumption, imports, and exports will each be favorably affected by climate change. （3） The favorable impact of climate change on China＇s macroeconomy and individual sectors under the high emissions scenario （A2） is stronger than that under the low emissions scenario （B2）. （4） In the grain market, climate change is expected to increase supply, reduce imports, increase supply, and demand; and supply will increase more than demand does. All in all, if taking into the fertilization effect of CO2 account, climate change is expected to strengthen China＇s grain supply and safeguard food security.

The global crisis and its impact on China's economy

The outbreak of the subprime mortgage crisis is a historic event,marking the end of the excessive consumption model and laissez-faire capitalism.It also marked the collapse of the old economic structure,ushering in a period of dramatic adjustment and turbulence.For the next few years,China may suffer a significant drop in domestic and foreign demand as well as industrial growth rate.The subprime mortgage crisis has reduced resident income expectancy,therefore slashing people's spending on entertainment,tourism,education,communication,etc.However,in the long term,China has huge potential for economic growth.In order to reduce the risks and seize the opportunities,we need to take positive measures to stimulate domestic demand,accelerate economic restructuring,and maintain stable and rapid economic growth.

Analysis of Spatiotemporal Trends and Variability in Precipitation Extremes over Tanzania during 1981-2023

This study examines the spatiotemporal trends and variability of precipitation extremes across Tanzania from 1981 to 2023, focusing on role of oceanic systems and large-scale climate phenomena. The analysis employed standardized extreme precipitation indices recommended by the Expert Team on Climate Change Detection and Indices. Spatial and temporal patterns were evaluated using empirical orthogonal function analysis, while Pearson correlation coefficients and the Mann-Kendall test were used to determ8ine the significance of trends and relationships. The results highlight pronounced spatial contrasts, with central and southern regions experiencing more intense and frequent extreme rainfall, including consecutive wet days, heavy precipitation events, and higher daily rainfall intensities. These regions exhibit significant upward trends, indicating heightened vulnerability to extreme wet conditions, while the northern areas experience fewer wet spells and lower overall precipitation. The first principal component captures a pattern of intensified precipitation in the southern and central regions, whereas the second principal component reveals a north-south gradient characterized by sustained moderate rainfall in the north and intense, short-duration rainfall in the south. Large-scale climate oscillations, including the Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation, the El Niño-Southern Oscillation, the Indian Ocean Dipole, and the Pacific Decadal Oscillation, play a critical role in shaping regional precipitation extremes. These phenomena influence the frequency, spatial distribution, and intensity of rainfall through mechanisms such as atmospheric pressure anomalies, moisture convergence, and cyclonic activity. For instance, high-pressure systems in the North Pacific suppress rainfall, while cyclonic systems in the eastern Indian Ocean enhance convective activity and moisture availability.

Geospatial web services pave new ways for server-based on-demand access and processing of Big Earth Data

Big Earth Data has experienced a considerable increase in volume in recent years due to improved sensing technologies and improvement of numerical-weather prediction models.The traditional geospatial data analysis workflow hinders the use of large volumes of geospatial data due to limited disc space and computing capacity.Geospatial web service technologies bring new opportunities to access large volumes of Big Earth Data via the Internet and to process them at server-side.Four practical examples are presented from the marine,climate,planetary and earth observation science communities to show how the standard interface Web Coverage Service and its processing extension can be integrated into the traditional geospatial data workflow.Web service technologies offer a time-and cost-effective way to access multidimensional data in a user-tailored format and allow for rapid application development or time-series extraction.Data transport is minimised and enhanced processing capabilities are offered.More research is required to investigate web service implementations in an operational mode and large data centres have to become more progressive towards the adoption of geo-data standard interfaces.At the same time,data users have to become aware of the advantages of web services and be trained how to benefit from them most.

A user perspective on future cloud-based services for Big Earth data

Cloud-based services introduce a paradigm shift in how users access,process and analyse Big Earth data.A key challenge is to align the current state of how users access,process and analyse the data with trends and roadmaps large data organisations layout.In addition,due to the increased availability of open data,a more diverse user base wants to take advantage of Earth science data leading to new user requirements.We run a web-based survey among Big Earth data users to better understand the motivation to migrate to cloud-based services as well as the challenges and opportunities that might arise.Results show an overall interest in moving to cloud-based services but air an insufficient literacy in cloud systems and a lack of trust due to security concerns and opacity of emerging costs.These gaps demand efforts on three levels.First,cloud services shall be targeted at intermediate users instead of policy-and decision-makers and over-engineered systems with a high level of abstraction should be avoided.Second,more substantial capacity-building efforts are required to decrease the existing gap in cloud skills and uptake.Third,a cloud certification mechanism could help in building up overall trust in cloud-based services.

Driving factors of carbon dioxide emissions in China： an empirical study using 2006-2010 provincial data

The rapid urbanization of China has increased pressure on its environmental and ecological well being. In this study, the temporal and spatial profiles of China＇s carbon dioxide emissions are analyzed by taking heterogeneities into account based on an integration of the extended stochastic impacts using a geographically and temporally weighted regression model on population, affluence, and technology. Population size, urbanization rate, GDP per capita, energy intensity, industrial structure, energy consumption pattern, energy prices, and economy openness are identified as the key driving factors of regional carbon dioxide emissions and examined through the empirical data for 30 provinces during 2006-2010. The results show the driving factors and their spillover effects have distinct spatial and temporal heterogeneities. Most of the estimated time and space coefficients are consistent with expectation. According to the results of this study, the heterogeneous spatial and temporal effects should be taken into account when designing policies to achieve the goals of carbon dioxide emissions reduction in different regions.