Accurate measurement of the average plasma parameters in the edge region,including the temperature and density of electrons and ions,is critical for understanding the characteristics of the scrape-off layer(SOL) and d...Accurate measurement of the average plasma parameters in the edge region,including the temperature and density of electrons and ions,is critical for understanding the characteristics of the scrape-off layer(SOL) and divertor plasma transport in magnetically confined fusion research.On the J-TEXT tokamak,a multi-channel retarding field analyzer(RFA) probe has been developed to study average plasma parameters in the edge region under various poloidal divertor and island divertor configurations.The edge radial profile of the ion-to-electron temperature ratio,τ_(i/e),has been determined,which gradually decreases as the SOL ion self-collisionality,v_(SOL)*,increases.This is broadly consistent with what has been observed previously from various tokamak experiments.However,the comparison of experimental results under different configurations shows that in the poloidal divertor configuration,even under the same v_(SOL)*,τ_(i/e) in the SOL region becomes smaller as the distance from the X-point to the target plate increases.In the island divertor configuration,τ_(i/e) near the O-point is higher than that near the X-point at the same v_(SOL)*,and both are higher than those in the limiter configuration.These results suggest that the magnetic configuration plays a critical role in the energy distributions between electrons and ions at the plasma boundary.展开更多
The resonant magnetic perturbation(RMP)system is a powerful auxiliary system on tokamaks.On the J-TEXT tokamak,a set of new in-vessel coils is designed to enhance the amplitude of the RMP.The new coils are designed to...The resonant magnetic perturbation(RMP)system is a powerful auxiliary system on tokamaks.On the J-TEXT tokamak,a set of new in-vessel coils is designed to enhance the amplitude of the RMP.The new coils are designed to be two-turn saddle coils.These two-turn saddle coils have been optimized in terms of their structure,support,and protection components to overcome the limitations of the narrow in-vessel space,resulting in a compact coil module that can be accommodated in the vessel.To verify the feasibility of this design,an electromagnetic simulation is performed to investigate the electrical parameters and the generated field of the coils.A multi-field coupled simulation is performed to investigate the capacity of heat dissipation.As a result of these efforts,the new RMP coils have been successfully installed on the J-TEXT tokamak.It has significantly enhanced the RMP amplitude and been widely applied in experiments.展开更多
At the EAST tokamak, the ion temperature(T_(i)) is observed to be clamped around 1.25 keV in electron cyclotron resonance(ECR)-heated plasmas, even at core electron temperatures up to 10 keV(depending on the ECR heati...At the EAST tokamak, the ion temperature(T_(i)) is observed to be clamped around 1.25 keV in electron cyclotron resonance(ECR)-heated plasmas, even at core electron temperatures up to 10 keV(depending on the ECR heating power and the plasma density). This clamping results from the lack of direct ion heating and high levels of turbulence-driven transport. Turbulent transport analysis shows that trapped electron mode and electron temperature gradient-driven modes are the most unstable modes in the core of ECR-heated H-mode plasmas. Nevertheless, recently it was found that the T_(i)/T_(e)ratio can increase further with the fraction of the neutral beam injection(NBI) power, which leads to a higher core ion temperature(Ti0). In NBI heating-dominant H-mode plasmas, the ion temperature gradient-driven modes become the most unstable modes.Furthermore, a strong and broad internal transport barrier(ITB) can form at the plasma core in high-power NBI-heated H-mode plasmas when the T_(i)/T_(e)ratio approaches ~1, which results in steep core Teand Tiprofiles, as well as a peaked neprofile. Power balance analysis shows a weaker Teprofile stiffness after the formation of ITBs in the core plasma region, where Ticlamping is broken,and the core Tican increase further above 2 keV, which is 80% higher than the value of Ticlamping in ECR-heated plasmas. This finding proposes a possible solution to the problem of Ticlamping on EAST and demonstrates an advanced operational regime with the formation of a strong and broad ITB for future fusion plasmas dominated by electron heating.展开更多
Aerosol deposition(AD)method is a kind of additive manufacturing technology for fabricating dense films such as metals and ceramics at room temperature.It resolves the challenge of integrating ceramic films onto tempe...Aerosol deposition(AD)method is a kind of additive manufacturing technology for fabricating dense films such as metals and ceramics at room temperature.It resolves the challenge of integrating ceramic films onto temperaturesensitive substrates,including metals,glasses,and polymers.It should be emphasized that the AD is a spray coating technology that uses powder without thermal assistance to generate films with high density.Compared to the traditional sputter-based approach,the AD shows several advantages in efficiency,convenience,better interfacial bonding and so on.Therefore,it opens some possibilities to the field of batteries,especially all-solidstate batteries(ASSBs)and draws much attention not only for research but also for large scale applications.The purpose of this work is to provide a critical review on the science and technology of AD as well as its applications in the field of batteries.The process,mechanism and effective parameters of AD,and recent developments in AD applications in the field of batteries will be systematically reviewed so that a trend for AD will be finally provided.展开更多
Correction to:Nano-Micro Letters(2024)16:112 https://doi.org/10.1007/s40820-024-01327-2 In the supplementary information the following corrections have been carried out:1.Institute of Energy and Climate Research,Mater...Correction to:Nano-Micro Letters(2024)16:112 https://doi.org/10.1007/s40820-024-01327-2 In the supplementary information the following corrections have been carried out:1.Institute of Energy and Climate Research,Materials Synthesis and Processing,Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH,52425 Jülich,Germany.Corrected:Institute of Energy and Climate Research:Materials Synthesis and Processing(IEK-1),Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH,52425 Jülich,Germany.展开更多
Sixteen priority polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons(PAHs) in surface water samples were analyzed by gas chromatograph-mass spectrometer(GC-MS) to study their distribution and characterizing sources.The water samples wer...Sixteen priority polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons(PAHs) in surface water samples were analyzed by gas chromatograph-mass spectrometer(GC-MS) to study their distribution and characterizing sources.The water samples were collected from five sites(J1-J5) in the Jialing River of Chongqing downtown area from September 2009 to August 2010.The results demonstrate that the concentration of total PAHs in three samples upstream are relatively higher than those in other two sites downstream,with average concentration of total PAHs for each site ranging from 811.5 ng/L to 1585.8 ng/L.The 2,3 and 4-ring PAHs for sampling stations account for 13.0%,56.6% and 28.6%,respectively,in total PAHs.There are obvious tendencies of seasonal change for PAHs concentration in surface water.The PAHs concentration in April of wet season is 1 301.6 ng/L,which is 1.3 times the lowest amount of total PAHs in August of flood season.Ratios of specific PAH compounds were used to characterize the possible pollution sources.Experimental results indicate that the PAHs in surface water samples are primarily from pyrolytic PAHs because of factories along these sites,while the direct leakage of petroleum products may be significant for two sites,Jiahua Bridge(J4) and Huanghuayuan Bridge(J5),because of the wharf boat nearby.展开更多
The three-dimensional(3D) magnetic configuration system in the J-TEXT tokamak has featured in many experimental studies.The system mainly consists of three subsystems:the static resonant magnetic perturbation(SRMP) sy...The three-dimensional(3D) magnetic configuration system in the J-TEXT tokamak has featured in many experimental studies.The system mainly consists of three subsystems:the static resonant magnetic perturbation(SRMP) system,the dynamic resonant magnetic perturbation(DRMP) system and the helical coil system.The SRMP coil system consist of two kinds of coils,i.e.three six-loop coils and two five-loop coils.It can suppress tearing modes with a moderate strength,and may also cause mode locking with larger amplitude.The DRMP coil system consists of 12 single-turn saddle coils(DRMP1) and 12 double-turn saddle coils(DRMP2).Its magnetic field can be rotated at a few kHz,leading to either acceleration or deceleration of the tearing mode velocity and the plasma rotation.The helical coil system consists of two closed coils,and is currently under construction to provide external rotational transform in J-TEXT.The 3D magnetic configuration system can suppress tearing modes,preventing and avoiding the occurrence of major disruption.展开更多
We investigate the self-emissions from serial high-temperature superconductor bicrystal Josephson junction arrays embedded in a quasi-optical resonator.A bicrystal substrate is used as a dielectric resonator antenna,w...We investigate the self-emissions from serial high-temperature superconductor bicrystal Josephson junction arrays embedded in a quasi-optical resonator.A bicrystal substrate is used as a dielectric resonator antenna,which increases the coupling strength between the junction array and the electromagnetic(EM)wave.Both three-dimension(3D)electromagnetic simulations and experiments are performed.Strong off-chip radiations are measured from the junction array at 78 GHz and 78 K.The proposed method and the experimental results are important for millimeter wave applications in junction arrays.展开更多
The spectrum effect on the penetration of resonant magnetic perturbation(RMP) is studied with upgraded in-vessel RMP coils on J-TEXT.The poloidal spectrum of the RMP field,especially the amplitudes of 2/1 and 3/1 comp...The spectrum effect on the penetration of resonant magnetic perturbation(RMP) is studied with upgraded in-vessel RMP coils on J-TEXT.The poloidal spectrum of the RMP field,especially the amplitudes of 2/1 and 3/1 components,can be varied by the phase difference between the upper and lower coil rows,ΔΦ=Φ_(top)-Φ_(bottom),where Φ_(top)and Φ_(bottom)are the toroidal phases of the n=1 field of each coil row.The type of RMP penetration is found to be related to ΔΦ,including the RMP penetration of either 2/1 or 3/1 RMP and the successive penetrations of 3/1 RMP followed by the 2/1 RMP.For cases with penetration of only one RMP component,the penetration thresholds measured by the corresponding resonant component are close for variousΔΦ.However,the 2/1 RMP penetration threshold is significantly reduced if the 3/1 locked island is formed in advance.The changes in the rotation profile due to 3/1 locked island formation could partially contribute to the reduction of the 2/1 thresholds.展开更多
In J-TEXT tokamak,fast electron bremsstrahlung diagnostic with 9 chords equipped with multichannel analyzer enables detailed studies of the generation and transport of fast electrons.The spatial profiles and energy sp...In J-TEXT tokamak,fast electron bremsstrahlung diagnostic with 9 chords equipped with multichannel analyzer enables detailed studies of the generation and transport of fast electrons.The spatial profiles and energy spectrum of the fast electrons have been measured in two ECCD cases with either on-axis or off-axis injection,and the profiles processed by Abel-inversion are consistent with the calculated power deposition locations.Moreover,it is observed that the energy of fast electrons increases rapidly after turning off the ECCD,which may be attributed to the acceleration by the recovered loop voltage at low electron density.展开更多
To extend the operation region of the Joint-Texas Experimental tokamak(J-TEXT) to the divertor configuration and even the H-mode,the divertor configuration discharge has been realized for the first time in the J-TEXT ...To extend the operation region of the Joint-Texas Experimental tokamak(J-TEXT) to the divertor configuration and even the H-mode,the divertor configuration discharge has been realized for the first time in the J-TEXT tokamak.Along with the establishment of a power supply for the divertor configuration,the construction of relevant diagnostics,and the installation of the divertor target on the high-field side,divertor discharge has been tested.Through the equilibrium calculation and position stability analysis,the control strategy has evolved to be more stable.High-density experiments and auxiliary heating experiments have been carried out on the divertor configuration.The special midplane single-null(MSN) divertor configuration is shown to be more stable than the limiter configuration in the density limit condition and can reach a higher density in the experiment.In the ECRH experiment,the power injection enhances the electron temperature and density,while more heat outflux is loaded on the divertor target tiles and causes more intensive recycling and impurity release.The future plan for the divertor configuration operation in the J-TEXT tokamak is also included.展开更多
Electron cyclotron current drive(ECCD) efficiency research is of great importance for the neoclassical tearing mode(NTM) stabilization.Improving ECCD efficiency is beneficial for the NTM stabilization and the ECCD pow...Electron cyclotron current drive(ECCD) efficiency research is of great importance for the neoclassical tearing mode(NTM) stabilization.Improving ECCD efficiency is beneficial for the NTM stabilization and the ECCD power threshold reduction.ECCD efficiency has been investigated on the J-TEXT tokamak.The electron cyclotron wave(ECW) power scan was performed to obtain the current drive efficiency.The current drive efficiency is derived to be approximately η_(0)=(0.06-0.16)×10^(19)A m^(-2)W^(-1)on the J-TEXT tokamak.The effect of the residual toroidal electric field has been included in the determination of the current drive efficiency,which will enhance the ECCD efficiency.At the plasma current of I_(p)=100 kA and electron density of n_(e)=1.5×10^(19)m^(-3),the ratio of Spitzer conductivity between omhic(OH)and ECCD phases is considered and the experimental data have been corrected.The correction results show that the current drive efficiency η_(1)caused by the fast electron hot conductivity decreases by approximately 79%.It can be estimated that the driven current is approximately 24 kA at 300 kW ECW power.展开更多
Developing advanced magnetic divertor configurations to address the coupling of heat and particle exhaust with impurity control is one of the major challenges currently constraining the further development of fusion r...Developing advanced magnetic divertor configurations to address the coupling of heat and particle exhaust with impurity control is one of the major challenges currently constraining the further development of fusion research.It has therefore become the focus of extensive attention in recent years.In J-TEXT,several new divertor configurations,including the high-field-side single-null poloidal divertor and the island divertor,as well as their associated fundamental edge divertor plasma physics,have recently been investigated.The purpose of this paper is to briefly summarize the latest progress and achievements in this relevant research field on J-TEXT from the past few years.展开更多
The application of resonant magnetic perturbation(RMP)coils could break the initial axisymmetry and change the magnetic topology in tokamak systems.To understand the plasma equilibrium response to the RMP fields,three...The application of resonant magnetic perturbation(RMP)coils could break the initial axisymmetry and change the magnetic topology in tokamak systems.To understand the plasma equilibrium response to the RMP fields,three-dimensional(3 D)non-linear magnetohydrodynamics equilibrium calculations have been carried out using the HINT code for an RMP field-penetration experiment on J-TEXT.The HINT code does not assume perfectly nested flux surfaces,and is able to consider directly the change of magnetic topology due to the RMP field penetrations.Correlations between 3 D equilibrium calculations and experimental observations are presented.The magnetic topologies calculated by HINT were compared with the field topologies obtained from a vacuum approximation method.It turns out that the effects of redistribution of plasma pressure and current due to the formation of magnetic islands at various resonant rational surfaces should be considered self-consistently for understanding the change of magnetic structure.Such changes include changes in the shape and size of magnetic islands,and the distribution of stochastic fields around the magnetic islands and at the plasma boundary,which plays an important role for plasma-wall interactions.展开更多
The development of reliable and affordable all-solid-state sodium metal batteries(ASS-SMBs)requires suitable solid-state electrolytes with cost-efficient processing and stabilized electrode/electrolyte interfaces.Here...The development of reliable and affordable all-solid-state sodium metal batteries(ASS-SMBs)requires suitable solid-state electrolytes with cost-efficient processing and stabilized electrode/electrolyte interfaces.Here,an integrated porous/dense/porous Na_(5)YSi_(4)O_(12)(NYS)trilayered scaffold is designed and fabricated by tape casting using aqueous slurries.In this template-based NYS scaffold,the dense layer in the middle serves as a separator and the porous layers on both sides accommodate the active materials with their volume changes during the charge/discharge processes,increasing the contact area and thus enhancing the utilization rate and homogenizing the current distribution.The Na/NYS/Na symmetric cells with the Pb-coated NYS scaffold exhibit significantly reduced interfacial impedance and superior critical current density of up to 3.0 mA cm^(-2)against Na metal owing to enhanced wettability.Furthermore,the assembled Na/NYS/S full cells operated without external pressure at room temperature showed a high initial discharge capacity of 970 mAh g^(-1)and good cycling stability with a capacity of 600 mAh g^(-1)after 150 cycles(based on the mass of sulfur).This approach paves the way for the realization of economical and practical ASS-SMBs from the perspective of ceramic manufacturing.展开更多
Strawberry(Fragaria×ananassa)fruits are an excellent source of L-ascorbic acid(AsA),a powerful antioxidant for plants and humans.Identifying the genetic components underlying AsA accumulation is crucial for enhan...Strawberry(Fragaria×ananassa)fruits are an excellent source of L-ascorbic acid(AsA),a powerful antioxidant for plants and humans.Identifying the genetic components underlying AsA accumulation is crucial for enhancing strawberry nutritional quality.Here,we unravel the genetic architecture of AsA accumulation using an F1 population derived from parental lines‘Candonga’and‘Senga Sengana’,adapted to distinct Southern and Northern European areas.To account for environmental effects,the F1 and parental lines were grown and phenotyped in five locations across Europe(France,Germany,Italy,Poland and Spain).Fruit AsA content displayed normal distribution typical of quantitative traits and ranged five-fold,with significant differences among genotypes and environments.AsA content in each country and the average in all of them was used in combination with 6,974 markers for quantitative trait locus(QTL)analysis.Environmentally stable QTLs for AsA content were detected in linkage group(LG)3A,LG 5A,LG 5B,LG 6B and LG 7C.Candidate genes were identified within stable QTL intervals and expression analysis in lines with contrasting AsA content suggested that GDP-L-Galactose Phosphorylase FaGGP(3A),and the chloroplast-located AsA transporter gene FaPHT4;4(7C)might be the underlying genetic factors for QTLs on LG 3A and 7C,respectively.We show that recessive alleles of FaGGP(3A)inherited from both parental lines increase fruit AsA content.Furthermore,expression of FaGGP(3A)was two-fold higher in lines with high AsA.Markers here identified represent a useful resource for efficient selection of new strawberry cultivars with increased AsA content.展开更多
Reservoir computing has been an intriguing paradigm in the field of artificial intelligence and machine learning that draws inspiration from the complex dynamics of recurrent neural networks found in biological system...Reservoir computing has been an intriguing paradigm in the field of artificial intelligence and machine learning that draws inspiration from the complex dynamics of recurrent neural networks found in biological systems. Unlike traditional neural networks, reservoir computing separates the training of a fixed, randomly connected ‘reservoir’layer from a simpler ‘readout’ layer. This distinctive architecture allows the reservoir to process information in a highly dynamic and nonlinear manner.展开更多
Room temperature sputtered inorganic nickel oxide(NiO_(x))is one of the most promising hole transport layers(HTL)for perovskite-sillion 2-terminal tandem solar cells with the aid of ultrathin and compact organic layer...Room temperature sputtered inorganic nickel oxide(NiO_(x))is one of the most promising hole transport layers(HTL)for perovskite-sillion 2-terminal tandem solar cells with the aid of ultrathin and compact organic layers to passivate the surface defects.In this study,the aromatic solvent with different substituent groups was used to regulate the conformation of poly[bis(4-phenyl)(2,4,6-trimethylphenyl)am ine](PTAA)layer.As a result,the single-junction perovskite solar cell(PSC)gained a power conversion efficiency(PCE)of 20.63%,contributing to a 27.21%efficiency for monolithic perovskite/silicon(double-side polished)2-terminal tandem solar cell,by applying the alkyl aromatic solvent to enhance theπ-πstacking of PTAA molecular chains.The tandem solar cell can maintain 95%initial efficiency after aging over 1000 h.This study provides a universal approach for improving the photovoltaic performance of NiO_(x)/polymer-based perovskite/silicon tandem solar cells and other single junction inverted PSCs.展开更多
For three-dimensional vector fields,the governing formula of invariant manifolds grown from a hyperbolic cycle is given in cylindrical coordinates.The initial growth directions depend on the Jacobians of Poincaré...For three-dimensional vector fields,the governing formula of invariant manifolds grown from a hyperbolic cycle is given in cylindrical coordinates.The initial growth directions depend on the Jacobians of Poincarémap on that cycle,for which an evolution formula is deduced to reveal the relationship among Jacobians of different Poincarésections.The evolution formula also applies to cycles in arbitrary finite n-dimensional autonomous continuous-time dynamical systems.Non-Möbiusian/Möbiusian saddle cycles and a dummy X-cycle are constructed analytically as demonstration.A real-world numeric example of analyzing a magnetic field timeslice on EAST is presented.展开更多
基金supported by the National Magnetic Confinement Fusion Energy R&D Program of China (No.2018YFE0309100)National Natural Science Foundation of China (No.51821005)。
文摘Accurate measurement of the average plasma parameters in the edge region,including the temperature and density of electrons and ions,is critical for understanding the characteristics of the scrape-off layer(SOL) and divertor plasma transport in magnetically confined fusion research.On the J-TEXT tokamak,a multi-channel retarding field analyzer(RFA) probe has been developed to study average plasma parameters in the edge region under various poloidal divertor and island divertor configurations.The edge radial profile of the ion-to-electron temperature ratio,τ_(i/e),has been determined,which gradually decreases as the SOL ion self-collisionality,v_(SOL)*,increases.This is broadly consistent with what has been observed previously from various tokamak experiments.However,the comparison of experimental results under different configurations shows that in the poloidal divertor configuration,even under the same v_(SOL)*,τ_(i/e) in the SOL region becomes smaller as the distance from the X-point to the target plate increases.In the island divertor configuration,τ_(i/e) near the O-point is higher than that near the X-point at the same v_(SOL)*,and both are higher than those in the limiter configuration.These results suggest that the magnetic configuration plays a critical role in the energy distributions between electrons and ions at the plasma boundary.
基金supported by Hubei Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China(No.BZQ22006)Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(No.CZY20028)+1 种基金National Magnetic Confinement Fusion Energy R&D Program of China(No.2018YFE0309102)National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.51821005)。
文摘The resonant magnetic perturbation(RMP)system is a powerful auxiliary system on tokamaks.On the J-TEXT tokamak,a set of new in-vessel coils is designed to enhance the amplitude of the RMP.The new coils are designed to be two-turn saddle coils.These two-turn saddle coils have been optimized in terms of their structure,support,and protection components to overcome the limitations of the narrow in-vessel space,resulting in a compact coil module that can be accommodated in the vessel.To verify the feasibility of this design,an electromagnetic simulation is performed to investigate the electrical parameters and the generated field of the coils.A multi-field coupled simulation is performed to investigate the capacity of heat dissipation.As a result of these efforts,the new RMP coils have been successfully installed on the J-TEXT tokamak.It has significantly enhanced the RMP amplitude and been widely applied in experiments.
基金supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.12135015)the Users with Excellence Program of Hefei Science Center,CAS(No.2021HSCUE012)+3 种基金the National Key R&D Program of China(No.2022Y FE03010003)the Major Science and Technology Infrastructure Maintenance and Reconstruction Projects of the Chinese Academy of Sciences 2021the Special Funds for Improving Conditions for Scientific Research in National Scientific Institutions 2022the China Scholarship Council。
文摘At the EAST tokamak, the ion temperature(T_(i)) is observed to be clamped around 1.25 keV in electron cyclotron resonance(ECR)-heated plasmas, even at core electron temperatures up to 10 keV(depending on the ECR heating power and the plasma density). This clamping results from the lack of direct ion heating and high levels of turbulence-driven transport. Turbulent transport analysis shows that trapped electron mode and electron temperature gradient-driven modes are the most unstable modes in the core of ECR-heated H-mode plasmas. Nevertheless, recently it was found that the T_(i)/T_(e)ratio can increase further with the fraction of the neutral beam injection(NBI) power, which leads to a higher core ion temperature(Ti0). In NBI heating-dominant H-mode plasmas, the ion temperature gradient-driven modes become the most unstable modes.Furthermore, a strong and broad internal transport barrier(ITB) can form at the plasma core in high-power NBI-heated H-mode plasmas when the T_(i)/T_(e)ratio approaches ~1, which results in steep core Teand Tiprofiles, as well as a peaked neprofile. Power balance analysis shows a weaker Teprofile stiffness after the formation of ITBs in the core plasma region, where Ticlamping is broken,and the core Tican increase further above 2 keV, which is 80% higher than the value of Ticlamping in ECR-heated plasmas. This finding proposes a possible solution to the problem of Ticlamping on EAST and demonstrates an advanced operational regime with the formation of a strong and broad ITB for future fusion plasmas dominated by electron heating.
基金supported by National University of Singapore (Chongqing) Research InstituteNational University of Singapore+2 种基金Chongqing Postdoctoral Research Special FundingOverseas Postdoctoral Research Start-up FundingNatural Science Foundation of Chongqing, China (cstc2021jcyj-msxmX0086)
文摘Aerosol deposition(AD)method is a kind of additive manufacturing technology for fabricating dense films such as metals and ceramics at room temperature.It resolves the challenge of integrating ceramic films onto temperaturesensitive substrates,including metals,glasses,and polymers.It should be emphasized that the AD is a spray coating technology that uses powder without thermal assistance to generate films with high density.Compared to the traditional sputter-based approach,the AD shows several advantages in efficiency,convenience,better interfacial bonding and so on.Therefore,it opens some possibilities to the field of batteries,especially all-solidstate batteries(ASSBs)and draws much attention not only for research but also for large scale applications.The purpose of this work is to provide a critical review on the science and technology of AD as well as its applications in the field of batteries.The process,mechanism and effective parameters of AD,and recent developments in AD applications in the field of batteries will be systematically reviewed so that a trend for AD will be finally provided.
文摘Correction to:Nano-Micro Letters(2024)16:112 https://doi.org/10.1007/s40820-024-01327-2 In the supplementary information the following corrections have been carried out:1.Institute of Energy and Climate Research,Materials Synthesis and Processing,Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH,52425 Jülich,Germany.Corrected:Institute of Energy and Climate Research:Materials Synthesis and Processing(IEK-1),Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH,52425 Jülich,Germany.
基金Project(41101457) supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of ChinaProject(2009-122) supported by the Fund of Chongqing Municipal Construction Commission, China
文摘Sixteen priority polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons(PAHs) in surface water samples were analyzed by gas chromatograph-mass spectrometer(GC-MS) to study their distribution and characterizing sources.The water samples were collected from five sites(J1-J5) in the Jialing River of Chongqing downtown area from September 2009 to August 2010.The results demonstrate that the concentration of total PAHs in three samples upstream are relatively higher than those in other two sites downstream,with average concentration of total PAHs for each site ranging from 811.5 ng/L to 1585.8 ng/L.The 2,3 and 4-ring PAHs for sampling stations account for 13.0%,56.6% and 28.6%,respectively,in total PAHs.There are obvious tendencies of seasonal change for PAHs concentration in surface water.The PAHs concentration in April of wet season is 1 301.6 ng/L,which is 1.3 times the lowest amount of total PAHs in August of flood season.Ratios of specific PAH compounds were used to characterize the possible pollution sources.Experimental results indicate that the PAHs in surface water samples are primarily from pyrolytic PAHs because of factories along these sites,while the direct leakage of petroleum products may be significant for two sites,Jiahua Bridge(J4) and Huanghuayuan Bridge(J5),because of the wharf boat nearby.
基金supported by the National Magnetic Confinement Fusion Energy R&D Program of China(Nos.2018YFE0309100 and 2018YFE0310300)National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.12075096,11905077,11905078,11905079,11905080,12047526 and 51821005)
文摘The three-dimensional(3D) magnetic configuration system in the J-TEXT tokamak has featured in many experimental studies.The system mainly consists of three subsystems:the static resonant magnetic perturbation(SRMP) system,the dynamic resonant magnetic perturbation(DRMP) system and the helical coil system.The SRMP coil system consist of two kinds of coils,i.e.three six-loop coils and two five-loop coils.It can suppress tearing modes with a moderate strength,and may also cause mode locking with larger amplitude.The DRMP coil system consists of 12 single-turn saddle coils(DRMP1) and 12 double-turn saddle coils(DRMP2).Its magnetic field can be rotated at a few kHz,leading to either acceleration or deceleration of the tearing mode velocity and the plasma rotation.The helical coil system consists of two closed coils,and is currently under construction to provide external rotational transform in J-TEXT.The 3D magnetic configuration system can suppress tearing modes,preventing and avoiding the occurrence of major disruption.
基金by the National High Technology Research and Development Program of China under Grant Nos 2006AA03Z213 and 2009AA03Z208the National Basic Research Program of China under Grant No 2006CB601006.
文摘We investigate the self-emissions from serial high-temperature superconductor bicrystal Josephson junction arrays embedded in a quasi-optical resonator.A bicrystal substrate is used as a dielectric resonator antenna,which increases the coupling strength between the junction array and the electromagnetic(EM)wave.Both three-dimension(3D)electromagnetic simulations and experiments are performed.Strong off-chip radiations are measured from the junction array at 78 GHz and 78 K.The proposed method and the experimental results are important for millimeter wave applications in junction arrays.
基金supported by the National Magnetic Confinement Fusion Energy R&D Program of China(Nos.2019YFE03010004,2018YFE0309100)the National Key R&D Program of China(No.2017YFE0301100)National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.11905078,12075096 and 51821005)
文摘The spectrum effect on the penetration of resonant magnetic perturbation(RMP) is studied with upgraded in-vessel RMP coils on J-TEXT.The poloidal spectrum of the RMP field,especially the amplitudes of 2/1 and 3/1 components,can be varied by the phase difference between the upper and lower coil rows,ΔΦ=Φ_(top)-Φ_(bottom),where Φ_(top)and Φ_(bottom)are the toroidal phases of the n=1 field of each coil row.The type of RMP penetration is found to be related to ΔΦ,including the RMP penetration of either 2/1 or 3/1 RMP and the successive penetrations of 3/1 RMP followed by the 2/1 RMP.For cases with penetration of only one RMP component,the penetration thresholds measured by the corresponding resonant component are close for variousΔΦ.However,the 2/1 RMP penetration threshold is significantly reduced if the 3/1 locked island is formed in advance.The changes in the rotation profile due to 3/1 locked island formation could partially contribute to the reduction of the 2/1 thresholds.
基金the National Key R&D Program of China(Nos.2017YFE0302000,2018YFE0309103,2019YFE030-10004,2017YFE0300501,2018YFE0310300,2018YFE0309100)National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.11775089,51821005,11905077 and 11575068)the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(No.2019M652615)。
文摘In J-TEXT tokamak,fast electron bremsstrahlung diagnostic with 9 chords equipped with multichannel analyzer enables detailed studies of the generation and transport of fast electrons.The spatial profiles and energy spectrum of the fast electrons have been measured in two ECCD cases with either on-axis or off-axis injection,and the profiles processed by Abel-inversion are consistent with the calculated power deposition locations.Moreover,it is observed that the energy of fast electrons increases rapidly after turning off the ECCD,which may be attributed to the acceleration by the recovered loop voltage at low electron density.
基金supported by the National MCF Energy R&D Program of China(Nos.2018YFE0301104 and 2018YFE0310300)National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.51821005)
文摘To extend the operation region of the Joint-Texas Experimental tokamak(J-TEXT) to the divertor configuration and even the H-mode,the divertor configuration discharge has been realized for the first time in the J-TEXT tokamak.Along with the establishment of a power supply for the divertor configuration,the construction of relevant diagnostics,and the installation of the divertor target on the high-field side,divertor discharge has been tested.Through the equilibrium calculation and position stability analysis,the control strategy has evolved to be more stable.High-density experiments and auxiliary heating experiments have been carried out on the divertor configuration.The special midplane single-null(MSN) divertor configuration is shown to be more stable than the limiter configuration in the density limit condition and can reach a higher density in the experiment.In the ECRH experiment,the power injection enhances the electron temperature and density,while more heat outflux is loaded on the divertor target tiles and causes more intensive recycling and impurity release.The future plan for the divertor configuration operation in the J-TEXT tokamak is also included.
基金supported by the National Magnetic Confinement Fusion Energy R&D Program of China(No.2019YFE03010004)the National Key R&D Program ofChina(No.2018YFE0309100)National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.11775089,11905077,51821005)
文摘Electron cyclotron current drive(ECCD) efficiency research is of great importance for the neoclassical tearing mode(NTM) stabilization.Improving ECCD efficiency is beneficial for the NTM stabilization and the ECCD power threshold reduction.ECCD efficiency has been investigated on the J-TEXT tokamak.The electron cyclotron wave(ECW) power scan was performed to obtain the current drive efficiency.The current drive efficiency is derived to be approximately η_(0)=(0.06-0.16)×10^(19)A m^(-2)W^(-1)on the J-TEXT tokamak.The effect of the residual toroidal electric field has been included in the determination of the current drive efficiency,which will enhance the ECCD efficiency.At the plasma current of I_(p)=100 kA and electron density of n_(e)=1.5×10^(19)m^(-3),the ratio of Spitzer conductivity between omhic(OH)and ECCD phases is considered and the experimental data have been corrected.The correction results show that the current drive efficiency η_(1)caused by the fast electron hot conductivity decreases by approximately 79%.It can be estimated that the driven current is approximately 24 kA at 300 kW ECW power.
基金supported by the National MCF Energy R&D Program of China(Nos.2018YFE0309100 and 2018YFE0310300)the National Key R&D Program of China(No.2017YFE0302000)National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.51821005)
文摘Developing advanced magnetic divertor configurations to address the coupling of heat and particle exhaust with impurity control is one of the major challenges currently constraining the further development of fusion research.It has therefore become the focus of extensive attention in recent years.In J-TEXT,several new divertor configurations,including the high-field-side single-null poloidal divertor and the island divertor,as well as their associated fundamental edge divertor plasma physics,have recently been investigated.The purpose of this paper is to briefly summarize the latest progress and achievements in this relevant research field on J-TEXT from the past few years.
基金supported by the National Key R&D Program of China(No.2018YFE0309100)by National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.51821005)。
文摘The application of resonant magnetic perturbation(RMP)coils could break the initial axisymmetry and change the magnetic topology in tokamak systems.To understand the plasma equilibrium response to the RMP fields,three-dimensional(3 D)non-linear magnetohydrodynamics equilibrium calculations have been carried out using the HINT code for an RMP field-penetration experiment on J-TEXT.The HINT code does not assume perfectly nested flux surfaces,and is able to consider directly the change of magnetic topology due to the RMP field penetrations.Correlations between 3 D equilibrium calculations and experimental observations are presented.The magnetic topologies calculated by HINT were compared with the field topologies obtained from a vacuum approximation method.It turns out that the effects of redistribution of plasma pressure and current due to the formation of magnetic islands at various resonant rational surfaces should be considered self-consistently for understanding the change of magnetic structure.Such changes include changes in the shape and size of magnetic islands,and the distribution of stochastic fields around the magnetic islands and at the plasma boundary,which plays an important role for plasma-wall interactions.
基金the China Scholarship Council(CSC,No.201906200023)the MatKat Foundation.Aikai Yang,whose CSC grant application is affiliated with Nankai University(Tianjin,China)the Key Laboratory of Advanced Energy Materials Chemistry(Ministry of Education)at Nankai University.Partial financial support from the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research(BMBF)within the project“HeNa”(support code 13XP0390B)is also gratefully acknowledged.
文摘The development of reliable and affordable all-solid-state sodium metal batteries(ASS-SMBs)requires suitable solid-state electrolytes with cost-efficient processing and stabilized electrode/electrolyte interfaces.Here,an integrated porous/dense/porous Na_(5)YSi_(4)O_(12)(NYS)trilayered scaffold is designed and fabricated by tape casting using aqueous slurries.In this template-based NYS scaffold,the dense layer in the middle serves as a separator and the porous layers on both sides accommodate the active materials with their volume changes during the charge/discharge processes,increasing the contact area and thus enhancing the utilization rate and homogenizing the current distribution.The Na/NYS/Na symmetric cells with the Pb-coated NYS scaffold exhibit significantly reduced interfacial impedance and superior critical current density of up to 3.0 mA cm^(-2)against Na metal owing to enhanced wettability.Furthermore,the assembled Na/NYS/S full cells operated without external pressure at room temperature showed a high initial discharge capacity of 970 mAh g^(-1)and good cycling stability with a capacity of 600 mAh g^(-1)after 150 cycles(based on the mass of sulfur).This approach paves the way for the realization of economical and practical ASS-SMBs from the perspective of ceramic manufacturing.
基金supported by the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation program(GoodBerrygrant agreement number 679303)Agencia Estatal de Investigación(PID2019-111496RR-I00/AEI/10.13039/501100011033)and PR.AVA.AVA2019.034(IFAPA,FEDER funds)。
文摘Strawberry(Fragaria×ananassa)fruits are an excellent source of L-ascorbic acid(AsA),a powerful antioxidant for plants and humans.Identifying the genetic components underlying AsA accumulation is crucial for enhancing strawberry nutritional quality.Here,we unravel the genetic architecture of AsA accumulation using an F1 population derived from parental lines‘Candonga’and‘Senga Sengana’,adapted to distinct Southern and Northern European areas.To account for environmental effects,the F1 and parental lines were grown and phenotyped in five locations across Europe(France,Germany,Italy,Poland and Spain).Fruit AsA content displayed normal distribution typical of quantitative traits and ranged five-fold,with significant differences among genotypes and environments.AsA content in each country and the average in all of them was used in combination with 6,974 markers for quantitative trait locus(QTL)analysis.Environmentally stable QTLs for AsA content were detected in linkage group(LG)3A,LG 5A,LG 5B,LG 6B and LG 7C.Candidate genes were identified within stable QTL intervals and expression analysis in lines with contrasting AsA content suggested that GDP-L-Galactose Phosphorylase FaGGP(3A),and the chloroplast-located AsA transporter gene FaPHT4;4(7C)might be the underlying genetic factors for QTLs on LG 3A and 7C,respectively.We show that recessive alleles of FaGGP(3A)inherited from both parental lines increase fruit AsA content.Furthermore,expression of FaGGP(3A)was two-fold higher in lines with high AsA.Markers here identified represent a useful resource for efficient selection of new strawberry cultivars with increased AsA content.
文摘Reservoir computing has been an intriguing paradigm in the field of artificial intelligence and machine learning that draws inspiration from the complex dynamics of recurrent neural networks found in biological systems. Unlike traditional neural networks, reservoir computing separates the training of a fixed, randomly connected ‘reservoir’layer from a simpler ‘readout’ layer. This distinctive architecture allows the reservoir to process information in a highly dynamic and nonlinear manner.
基金supported by the National Key R&D Program of China(2018YFB1500103)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(62104082)+1 种基金the Guangdong Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation(2022A1515010746,2022A1515011228)the Science and Technology Program of Guangzhou(202201010458)。
文摘Room temperature sputtered inorganic nickel oxide(NiO_(x))is one of the most promising hole transport layers(HTL)for perovskite-sillion 2-terminal tandem solar cells with the aid of ultrathin and compact organic layers to passivate the surface defects.In this study,the aromatic solvent with different substituent groups was used to regulate the conformation of poly[bis(4-phenyl)(2,4,6-trimethylphenyl)am ine](PTAA)layer.As a result,the single-junction perovskite solar cell(PSC)gained a power conversion efficiency(PCE)of 20.63%,contributing to a 27.21%efficiency for monolithic perovskite/silicon(double-side polished)2-terminal tandem solar cell,by applying the alkyl aromatic solvent to enhance theπ-πstacking of PTAA molecular chains.The tandem solar cell can maintain 95%initial efficiency after aging over 1000 h.This study provides a universal approach for improving the photovoltaic performance of NiO_(x)/polymer-based perovskite/silicon tandem solar cells and other single junction inverted PSCs.
基金supported by National Magnetic Confined Fusion Energy R&D Program of China(No.2022YFE03030001)National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.12275310 and 12175277)+1 种基金the Science Foundation of Institute of Plasma Physics,Chinese Academy of Sciences(No.DSJJ-2021-01)the Collaborative Innovation Program of Hefei Science Center,CAS(No.2021HSCCIP019).
文摘For three-dimensional vector fields,the governing formula of invariant manifolds grown from a hyperbolic cycle is given in cylindrical coordinates.The initial growth directions depend on the Jacobians of Poincarémap on that cycle,for which an evolution formula is deduced to reveal the relationship among Jacobians of different Poincarésections.The evolution formula also applies to cycles in arbitrary finite n-dimensional autonomous continuous-time dynamical systems.Non-Möbiusian/Möbiusian saddle cycles and a dummy X-cycle are constructed analytically as demonstration.A real-world numeric example of analyzing a magnetic field timeslice on EAST is presented.