Playing a Bridging Role

THE 2008 financial crisis changed the course of global economic development.The intro­duction of quantitative easing monetary pol­icy by major Western economies has caused the dramatic volatility in international financial markets,and the decline in exchange rates have be­come one of the major external risks to the develop­ment of many emerging and developing economies.More and more emerging countries are real­izing that the global economic system dominated by the West can no longer serve the needs of the world’s current development and therefore there is an urgent need to create a new system of economic governance,one that is more equitable,fair,and inclusive.

Playing a Bridging Role

The 2008 financial crisis changed the course of global economic development.The introduction of quantitative easing monetary policy by major Western economies has caused the dramatic volatility in international financial markets,and the decline in exchange rates have become one of the major external risks to the development of many emerging and developing economies.More and more emerging countries are realising that the global economic system dominated by the West can no longer serve the needs of the world’s current development and therefore there is an urgent need to create a new system of economic governance,one that is more equitable,fair and inclusive.

Imagination in Entrepreneurship: An Inspiration from Heidegger

Bloom’s taxonomy is widely used in educational research to categorize the cognitive skills required to answer exam questions.For this study,we analyzed how students categorize exam questions(high-level question or low-level question,)gathered data as to their rationale for categorization,and compared their categorizations to those of experts.We found that students consistently rank high-level questions incorrectly.We analyzed student reasons for their categorizations,and found that for many of the incorrectly categorized questions the students referred to reasons related to Cognitive Load Theory.This shows that cognitive load prevents students from accurately assessing the cognitive level of an exam question.Thus,extra cognitive load in exam questions may prevent those questions from accurately measuring the skills and knowledge of the student.This points to the need for instructors to eliminate cognitive load from their exams.

Comparison Between North-South Aid and South-South Cooperation:Based on the Analysis of the New Development Finance Institutions

According to the different players, development cooperation is often divided into North-South Aid and South-South Cooperation, both of which have a history of several decades. Since the beginning of the 21st century, the rise of a number of emerging economies has brought South-South Cooperation into a new stage, which can be seen from the establishment of some new development finance institutions led by developing countries. BRICS Bank, Asia Infrastructure Investment Bank(AIIB) and Silk Road Fund are three important new development finance institutions. Compared with the traditional development finance institutions like World Bank and International Monetary Fund(IMF), they have their own concepts of development cooperation, which are different from the traditional ones. First, the new finance institutions pay more attention to the equality between partners, not imposing conditions and respecting the ownership of development partners. Second, the new development finance institutions value the market philosophy, which means that they emphasize the importance of field investigation and implement development cooperation in accordance with the actual needs of the partners and the comparative advantages of the providers. Finally, the new development finance institutions focus their resources on problem-solving and avoid doctrines-imposing. They believe that it is easier for the developing countries to achieve development through a gradual and bottom-up model. Although there are differences between the traditional and new development finance institutions, the latter is not parallel to or substitute of the former.They can cooperate with each other and provide better public goods for international cooperation through inclusive competition.

Resilience Building and Collaborative Governance for Climate Change Adaptation in Response to a New State of More Frequent and Intense Extreme Weather Events

The weather conditions of the summer of 2022 were very unusual,particularly in Eastern Asia,Europe,and North America.The devasting impact of climate change has come to our attention,with much hotter and drier conditions,and with more frequent and intense flooding events.Some extreme events have reached a dangerous level,increasingly threatening human lives.The interconnected risks caused by these extreme disaster events are triggering a chain effect,forcing us to respond to these crises through changes in our living environment,which affect the atmosphere,the biosphere,the economy including the availability of energy,our cities,and our global society.Moreover,we have to confront the abnormal consequences of untypical,rapid changes of extreme events and fast switches between extreme states,such as from severe drought to devastating flooding.Recognizing this new situation,it is crucial to improve the adaptation capacity of our societies in order to reduce the risks associated with climate change,and to develop smarter strategies for climate governance.High-quality development must be science-based,balanced,safe,sustainable,and climate-resilient,supported by the collaborative governance of climate mitigation and adaptation.This article provides some recommendations and suggestions for resilience building and collaborative governance with respect to climate adaptation in response to a new planetary state that is characterized by more frequent and severe extreme weather events.

Cross-Border Migration and Human Trafficking in Ethiopia:Contributing Factors,Policy Responses and the Way Forward

The overriding objective of this research was to assess the status,major origins and contributing factors of cross-border migration and human trafficking in Ethiopia with the intention of identifying key policy lessons to address the problem.To meet the intended objectives,desk review and key informant interview data gathering techniques were employed.The results of the assessment disclosed that Ethiopia is one of the largest origins(transit and destination as well)of the trafficked persons from Africa.The most common drivers are found to be an amalgam of socioeconomic,political and environmental factors.It was also found that the journey is often dangerous leading to physical assault,sexual abuse,abduction,robbery,drug/alcohol trafficking and even death.In most destination areas,illegal migrants face restricted mobility,exploitative working conditions and harassment of different kinds.The ultimate mechanism to address the problem was found to be adequate job creation and poverty reduction through intensified development efforts involving governmental and non-governmental organizations and the private sector.Furthermore,enhanced democratization of the government system,political tolerance,good governance,improved access to legal travel authorization(visa)for safe migration,awareness creation campaigns,improved monitoring of the private employment agencies and increased cooperation among stakeholders were found to be vital solutions to minimize and halt illicit cross-border human trafficking from Ethiopia.