Association Between Diurnal Temperature Range and Respiratory Tract Infections

Objective This study aimed to assess the association between emergency-room visits for respiratory tract infection （RTI） with diurnal temperature range （DTR）, a weather parameter closely associated with urbanization and global climate change. Methods We conducted a semiparametric time-series analysis to estimate the percentage increase in emergency-room visits for RTI associated with changes in DTR after adjustment for daily weather conditions （temperature and relative humidity） and outdoor air pollution. Results DTR was significantly associated with daily emergency-room visits for RTI. An increase of 1 ~C in the current-day （LO） and in the 2-day moving average （L01） DTR corresponded to a 0.94% [95% confidence interval （CI）, 0.34%-1.55%] and 2.08% （95% CI, 1.24%-2.93%） increase in emergency-room visits for RTI, respectively. Conclusion DTR was associated with increased risk of RTI. More studies are needed to understand the impact of DTR on respiratory health.

Impact of Temperature on Mortality in Three Major Chinese Cities

Objective To study the relation between temperature and mortality by estimating the temperature-related mortality in Beijing, Shanghai, and Guangzhou. Methods Data of daily mortality, weather and air pollution in the three cities were collected. A distributed lag nonlinear model was established and used in analyzing the effects of temperature on mortality. Current and future net temperature-related mortality was estimated. Results The association between temperature and mortality was J-shaped, with an increased death risk of both hot and cold temperature in these cities. The effects of cold temperature on health lasted longer than those of hot temperature. The projected temperature-related mortality increased with the decreased cold-related mortality. The mortality was higher in Guangzhou than in Beijing and Shanghai. Conclusion The impact of temperature on health varies in the 3 cities of China, which may have implications for climate policy making in China.

Ambient Temperature and Outpatient Visits for Acute Exacerbation of Chronic Bronchitis in Shanghai: A Time Series Analysis

The association between ambient temperature and acute exacerbation of chronic bronchitis （AECB） was still unknown. Therefore, we performed an epidemiological study in a large hospital of Shanghai to explore the relationship about temperature and outpatient visit for AECB. We adopted a quasi-Poisson generalized additive models and distributed lag nonlinear models to estimate the accumulative effects of temperature on AECB across multiple days. We found significant non-linear effects of cold temperature on hospital visits for AECB, and the potential effect of cold temperature might last more than 2 weeks. The relative risks of extreme cold （first percentiles of temperature throughout the study period） and cold （10th percentile of temperature） temperature over lags 0-14 d were 2.98 [95% confidence intervals （CI）： 1.77, 5.04] and 1.63 （95% Ch 1.21, 2.19）, compared with the 25th percentile of temperature. However, we found no positive association between hospital visits and hot weather. This study showed that exposure to both extreme cold and cold temperatures were associated with increased outpatient visits for AECB in a large hospital of Shanghai.

Association between Ambient Air Pollution and Outpatient Visits for Acute Bronchitis in a Chinese City

Objective To investigate the short-term association between outdoor air pollution and outpatient visits for acute bronchitis,which is a rare subject of research in the mainland of China.Methods A time-series analysis was conducted to examine the association of outdoor air pollutants with hospital outpatient visits in Shanghai by using two-year daily data（2010-2011）.Results Outdoor air pollution was found to be associated with an increased risk of outpatient visits for acute bronchitis in Shanghai.The effect estimates of air pollutants varied with the lag structures of the concentrations of the pollutants.For lag06,a 10 μg/m3 increase in the concentrations of PM10,SO2,and NO2 corresponded to 0.94%（95% CI：0.83%,1.05%）,11.12%（95% CI：10.76%,11.48%）,and 4.84%（95% CI：4.49%,5.18%） increases in hospital visits for acute bronchitis,respectively.These associations appeared to be stronger in females（P〈0.05）.Between-age differences were significant for SO2（P〈0.05）,and between-season differences were also significant for SO2（P〈0.05）.Conclusion Our analyses have provided the first evidence that the current air pollution level in China has an effect on acute bronchitis and that the rationale for further limiting air pollution levels in Shanghai should be strengthened.

Short-term Effects of Air Pollution on Mortality in a Heavily Polluted Chinese City

Since the London fog in 1952, numerous epidemioLogical studies have revealed that both short-term and long-term exposure to air pollutants is associated with the development of diseases[1]. Up to date, the assessment of air quality on health and air quality standard establishment in developing countries were mainly relied on extrapolation based on the results from long-term cohort studies conducted in Europe and North America.

Diurnal Temperature Range as a Novel Risk Factor for Sudden Infant Death

Objective To assess the relationship between diurnal temperature range （DTR） and sudden infant death （SID） between 2001 and 2004 in Shanghai,China.Methods We conducted a time‐stratified case‐crossover analysis to estimate the percent increase of SID associated with changes in DTR after adjustment for daily weather conditions （temperature and relative humidity） and outdoor air pollution.Results DTR was significantly associated with daily SID.An increase of 1 °C in the current‐day （L0） and in the 2‐day moving average （L01） DTR corresponds to a 1.56% （95% CI：0.97%,2.15%） and a 1.89% （95% CI：1.17%,2.60%） increase in SID,respectively.Conclusion An increased DTR was associated with an increased risk of SID in Shanghai.More studies are needed to understand the effect of DTR on infant deaths.

ITS and 16S rRNA Gene Revealed Multitudinous Microbial Contaminations of Residential Air Conditioning Filters in Megacity Shanghai,China

Air conditioning is a crucial participant in indoor air circulation and harmful microorganism transmission.To elucidate microbial contamination in air conditioning systems,bacteria,fungi,and pollens in residential air conditioning(AC)filters in Shanghai were revealed.The concentrations of fungal ITS(1,972,037±5,025,505 copies/cm^(2))in most filter samples were considerably higher than the 16S rRNA gene(21,587±21,461 copies/cm^(2)).The multitudinous bacteria determined a higher richness,whereas the trend was not in line with fungi,owing to Aspergillus flourishing,with an average of 43.75%.Numerous bacteria that may often be prevalent in human skin,mucous membranes,and intestines,such as Enhydrobacter,Micrococcus,Staphylococcus,Streptococcus,and Haemophilus,were also discovered in AC filters.The pollens were affiliated with Streptophyta at phylum,and Humulus was the most abundant genus(mean value 67.84%),raising the possibility of allergic responses.This study provides a better understanding of the microbial characteristics of AC filters,enables more rational approaches for microbe contaminant control,and ultimately improves human health in megacities.

Particle number concentration, size distribution and chemical composition during haze and photochemical smog episodes in Shanghai

The aerosol number concentration and size distribution as well as size-resolved particle chemical composition were measured during haze and photochemical smog episodes in Shanghai in 2009. The number of haze days accounted for 43%, of which 30% was severe （visibility 〈 2 km） and moderate （2 km 〈 visibility 〈 3 km） haze, mainly distributed in winter and spring. The mean particle number concentration was about 17,000/cm3 in haze, more than 2 times that in clean days. The greatest increase of particle number concentration was in 0.5-1μm and 1-10 μm size fractions during haze events, about 17.78 times and 8.78 times those of clean days. The largest increase of particle number concentration was within 50-100 nm and 100-200 nm fractions during photochemical smog episodes, about 5.89 times and 4.29 times those of clean days. The particle volume concentration and surface concentration in haze, photochemical smog and clean days were 102, 49, 15 μm3/cm3 and 949, 649, 206 μm2/cm3, respectively. As haze events got more severe, the number concentration of particles smaller than 50 nm decreased, but the particles of 50-200 nm and 0.5-1μm increased. The diurnal variation of particle number concentration showed a bimodal pattern in haze days. All soluble ions were increased during haze events, of which NH4, SO24- and NO3 increased great/y, followed by Na＋, IC, Ca2＋ and CI-. These ions were very different in size-resolved particles during haze and photochemical smog episodes.

中国城市中大气分粒级的粒子数浓度与每日死亡率

[背景]大气颗粒物-9健康结局之间的相关性已在全球范围内广为报道。然而，有关不同粒径颗粒物对健康影响的研究却十分有限。[目的]以中国沈阳为例，探索不同粒径颗粒物的数量浓度（particle number concentrations，PNCs）与每日死亡率之间的关系。[方法]研究时间为2006年12月1日至2008年11月30日，分别收集每日死因别死亡率和直径为0．25~10岬颗粒物的每日PNCs。用基于半泊松回归的广义相加模型来评估PNCs-9死亡率之间的相关性，同时采用自然样条平滑函数校正随时间变化的协变量、长期趋势及季节性趋势。[结果]在研究时间内，归因于非意外的自然死亡、心血管疾病和呼吸系统疾病的平均每日死亡数分别为67、32和7。直径为0．25-0．50gm的颗粒物PNCs与总死亡率和心血管疾病死亡率明显相关，但与呼吸系统疾病死亡率无明显相关性。与冷季相比，暖季里PNCs效应估计值较大，并且效应值随着颗粒物粒径的减小而增加。0．25～0．28p,m、O．35～0．40μm和0．45—0．50gm的颗粒物PNCs每增加1个IQR浓度，与之相关的总死亡风险分别增大2．41％（95％CI：1．23％～3．58％）、1．31％（95％CI：0．52％～2．09％）和0．45％（95％CI：0．04％-0．87％）。校正大气颗粒物和气态污染物的质量浓度后，这种相关性仍然保持稳定。[结论]研究结果提示，直径〈0．5μm的颗粒物可能是空气污染颗粒中导致不良健康影响的最主要成分，并且对健康的不利影响随着颗粒直径的减小而增加。

Hygroscopicity and optical properties of alkylaminium sulfates

The hygroscopicity and optical properties of alkylaminium sulfates （AASs） were investigated using a hygroscopicity tandem differential mobility analyzer coupled to a cavity ring-down spectrometer and a nephelometer. AAS particles do not exhibit a deliquescence phenomenon and show a monotonic increase in diameter as the relative humidity （RH） ascends. Hygroscopic growth factors （GFs） for 40, 100 and 150 nm alkylaminium sulfate particles do not show an apparent Kelvin effect when RH is less than 45%, whereas GFs of the salt aerosols increase with initial particle size when RH is higher than 45%. Calculation using the Zdanovskii-Stokes-Robinson mixing rule suggests that hygroscopic growth of triethylaminium sulfate-ammonium sulfate mixtures is non-deliquescent, occurring at very low RH, implying that the displacement of ammonia by amine will significantly enhance the hygroscopicity of （NH4）2SO4 aerosols. In addition, light extinction of AAS particles is a combined effect of both scattering and absorption under dry conditions, but is dominated by scattering under wet conditions.

Development of a stationary ca,-bon emission inventory for Shanghai using pollution source census data

This study utilizes 521,631 activity data points from the 2007 Shanghai Pollution Source Census to compile a stationary carbon emission inventory for Shanghai. The inventory generated from our dataset shows that a large portion of Shanghai＇s total energy use consists of coal-oriented energy consumption. The elec- tricity and heat production industries, iron and steel mills, and the petroleum refining industry are the main carbon emitters. In addition, most of these industries are located in Baoshan District, which is Shanghai＇s largest contributor of carbon emissions. Policy makers can use the enterprise- level carbon emission inventory and the method designed in this study to construct sound carbon emission reduction policies. The carbon trading scheme to be established in Shanghai based on the developed carbon inventory is also introduced in this paper with the aim of promoting the monitoring, reporting and verification of carbon trading. Moreover, we believe that it might be useful to consider the participation of industries, such as those for food processing, beverage, and tobacco, in Shanghai＇s carbon trading scheme. Based on the results contained herein, we recommend establishing a comprehensive carbon emission inventory by inputting data from the pollution source census used in this study.

Diverse bacterial populations of PM_(2.5) in urban and suburb Shanghai,China

Airborne bacteria play key roles in terrestrial and marine ecosystems and human health,yet our understanding of bacterial communities and their response to the environmental variables lags significantly behind that of other components of PM_(2.5).Here,atmospheric fine particles obtained from urban and suburb Shanghai were analyzed by using the qPCR and Illumina Miseq sequencing.The bacteria with an average concentration of 2.12× 10^(3 )cells/m^(3),were dominated by Sphingomonas,Curvibacter,Acinetobacter,Bradyrhizobium,Methylobacterium,Halomonas,Aliihoeflea,and Phyllobacterium,which were related to the nitrogen,carbon,sulfur cycling and human health risk.Our results provide a global survey of bacterial community across urban,suburb,and high-altitude sites.In Shanghai(China),urban PM2.5 harbour more diverse and dynamic bacterial populations than that in the suburb.The structural equation model explained about 27%,41%,and 20%^78%of the variance found in bacteria diversity,concentration,and discrepant genera among urban and suburb sites.This work furthered the knowledge of diverse bacteria in a coastal Megacity in the Yangtze river delta and emphasized the potential impact of environmental variables on bacterial community structure.