Identification and functional characterization of ApisOr23 in pea aphid Acyrthosiphon pisum

Pea aphid,Acyrthosiphon pisum,is a serious pest of many different leguminous plants,and it mainly relies on its odorant receptors(Ors)to discriminate among host species.However,less is known about the role that Ors play in the host plant location.In this study,we identified a novel conserved odorant receptor clade by phylogenetic analysis,and conducted the functional analysis of ApisOr23 in A.pisum.The results showed that the homologous Ors from A.pisum,Aphis glycines and Aphis gossypii share 94.28% identity in amino acid sequences.Moreover,conserved motifs were analyzed using the annotated homologous Or23 from eight aphid species,providing further proof of the high conservation level of the Or23 clade.According to the tissue expression pattern analysis,ApisOr23 was mainly expressed in the antennae.Further functional study using a heterologous Xenopus expression system revealed that ApisOr23 was tuned to five plant volatiles,namely trans-2-hexen-1-al,cis-2-hexen-1-ol,1-heptanol,4’-ethylacetophenone,and hexyl acetate.Among them,trans-2-hexen-1-al,which is one of the main volatile organic compounds released from legume plants,activated the highest response of ApisOr23.Our findings suggest that the conserved Or23 clade in most aphid species might play an important role in host plant detection.

Influence of Garlic Intercropping or Active Emitted Volatiles in Releasers on Aphid and Related Beneficial in Wheat Fields in China

In order to develop biological control of aphids by a "push-pull"approach, intercropping using repellent emitting plants was developed in different crop and associated plant models. Garlic is one of the potential plant that could be inserted in crops to decrease the pest occurrence in neighboring crop plots. In this study, field works were conducted in wheat fields in Langfang Experimental Station, Hebei Province in China from October 2009 to July 2010 during wheat developmental season. The effect of wheat intercropping with garlic but also the volatiles emission on the incidence of the English grain aphid, Sitobion avenae Fabricius (Homoptera: Aphididae) was assessed. Natural beneficial occurrence and global yields in two winter wheat varieties that were susceptible or resistant to cereal aphid were also determined comparing to control plots without the use of garlic plant intercrop nor semiochemical releaser in the fields. S. avenae was found to be lower in garlic oil blend treatment (GOB), diallyl disulfide treatment (DD) and wheat-garlic intercropping treatment (WGI) when compared to the control plots for both two varieties (P<0.01). Both intercropping and application of volatile chemicals emitted by garlic could improve the population densities of natural enemies of cereal aphid, including ladybeetles and mummified aphids. Ladybeetle population density in WGI, GOB and mummified aphids densities in WGI, DD were significantly higher than those in control fields for both two varieties (P<0.05). There were significant interactions between cultivars and treatments to the population densities of S. avenae. The 1 000-grain weight and yield of wheat were also increased compared to the control. Due to their potential alternatives as a biological control agent against cereal aphid, garlic intercropping and related emitted volatiles are expected to contribute to the further improvement of integrated pest management systems and to potentially reduce the amount of traditional synthetic pesticides applied in wheat fields.

麦田间作对麦长管蚜的生态调控作用

[目的]探讨麦田间作对麦长管蚜种群的生态调控作用。[方法]田间调查小麦单作田、小麦与绿豆、小麦与豌豆以8:2行距间作田麦长管蚜种群数量及其时间动态变化;室内利用"Y"型嗅觉仪测定麦长管蚜对小麦、小麦与绿豆、小麦与豌豆不同组合气味的选择性。[结果]麦田间作不能影响麦蚜种群随时间动态变化曲线,但能在一定程度上降低麦长管蚜无翅蚜和有翅蚜的数量。室内麦长管蚜无翅蚜和有翅蚜显著选择寄主植物的气味。当小麦与绿豆或小麦与豌豆组合时对麦长管蚜没有吸引作用。[结论]非寄主植物的气味对寄主植物气味起掩盖作用,干扰蚜虫的寄主定位,这可能是间作低于单作蚜量的原因之一。

枫长镰管蚜气味结合蛋白OBP3的cDNA克隆和序列分析及其成虫嗅觉行为反应测定

枫长镰管蚜Drepanosiphum platanoidis是少数几种不分泌E-β-法尼烯(E-β-farnesene,EBF)的蚜虫之一。ApisOBP3是首个被鉴定的特异结合EBF的昆虫气味结合蛋白,来自于豌豆蚜Acyrthosiphum pisum。本研究通过基因克隆技术,在枫长镰管蚜体内获得2个表达ApisOBP3类似蛋白的cDNA序列,长度均为426bp,其中,5'末端的69bp为信号肽编码序列。编码的成熟蛋白分别命名为DplaOBP3-1和DplaOBP3-2,两个蛋白均由119个氨基酸残基组成,序列一致性为95.8%。与ApisOBP3的序列一致性分别为95.8%和98.3%。DplaOBP3-1,DplaOBP3-2及ApisOBP33个蛋白具有数量和位置完全一致的6个保守的半胱氨酸残基。以测得3D结构的马德拉蜚蠊Leucophaea maderae的信息素结合蛋白LmadPBP为模板比较建模,结果显示两个蛋白在疏水中心均具有与ApisOBP3一致的关键疏水残基及芳香族氨基酸残基Tyr84。利用四臂嗅觉仪测定枫长镰管蚜的嗅觉行为反应,结果显示:枫长镰管蚜残体挥发物及外源EBF对该蚜均有显著的驱避作用(P=0.01)。本研究提示,枫长镰管蚜具有种内报警信息素,该蚜残体挥发物即为其种内报警信息素;枫长镰管蚜尽管并不分泌EBF,但具有表达2种OBP3蛋白的基因,并可识别环境中的EBF且对其作出行为反应。

Genetic Variation Among the Geographic Population of the Grain Aphid, Sitobion avenae (Hemiptera: Aphididae) in China Inferred from Mitochondrial COI Gene Sequence

In order to characterize the genetic relationship of the geographic populations of Sitobion avenae (Hemiptera: Aphididae) in China, a 588 bp region of the mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase subunit I (mtDNA-COI) gene was sequenced and analyzed among the different geographic populations. 269 individuals were collected from 17 localities in different wheat-growing areas in China that covered most of the range reported for this species. Within the sequence among these geographic populations, 15 polymorphic sites defined 16 distinct haplotypes, ranging in sequence divergence from 0.2% (one nucleotide) to 1.7% (10 nucleotides). Of the 15 variable sites, 12 were transitional substitutions, 2 were transversional substitutions and 1 was transitional and transversional substitution. Phylogenetic analysis showed that all haplotypes were highly interconnected with each other, in absence of phylogeographic structing. Each of 8 haplotypes was found only at one locality, and the other haplotypes were the widespread distributed in the different localities. The higher genetic diversity was found in the northern China populations than that in the southern China populations. The low genetic differentiation (FST=-0.06945-0.69857) and high migration rate (Nm=0.21575-infinite) of Chinese populations suggest that dispersal over long distance is a major factor in the demography of S. avenae.

A conserved odorant receptor identified from antennal transcriptome of Megoura crassicauda that specifically responds to cis-jasmone

Herbivore-induced plant volatiles(HIPVs)play a key role in the interactions between plants and herbivorous insects,as HIPVs can promote or deter herbivorous insects’behavior.While aphids are common and serious phloem-feeding pests in farmland ecosystems,little is known about how aphids use their sensitive olfactory system to detect HIPVs.In this study,the antennal transcriptomes of the aphid species Megoura crassicauda were sequenced,and expression level analyses of M.crassicauda odorant receptors(ORs)were carried out.To investigate the chemoreception mechanisms that M.crassicauda uses to detect HIPVs,we performed in vitro functional studies of the ORs using 11 HIPVs reported to be released by aphid-infested plants.In total,54 candidate chemosensory genes were identified,among which 20 genes were ORs.McraOR20 and McraOR43 were selected for further functional characterization because their homologs in aphids were quite conserved and their expression levels in antennae of M.crassicauda were relatively high.The results showed that McraOR20 specifically detected cis-jasmone,as did its ortholog ApisOR20 from the pea aphid Acyrthosiphon pisum,while McraOR43 did not respond to any of the HIPV chemicals that were tested.This study characterized the ability of the homologous OR20 receptors in the two aphid species to detect HIPV cis-jasmone,and provides a candidate olfactory target for mediating aphid behaviors.

Population genetic structure of Sitobion miscanthi in China

The wheat aphid, Sitobion miscanthi, is one of the most destructive pests of wheat plants in the temperate regions of China. Little is known about the genetic structure evolution of the different geographic populations of S. miscanthi with its migration. In this study, we investigated the population genetic structure and demographic history of S. miscanthi by analysing 18 geographical populations across China using one mitochondrial gene, COI;one nuclear gene, EF-1α;and two endosymbiont Buchnera genes, gnd and trpA. Analysis of data from the various groups showed high haplotype diversity and low nucleotide variation. SAMOVA analysis did not find a correlation between genetic distance and geographic distance. However, areas with high population diversity exhibited high haplotype diversity. Therefore, we speculate that there are two main natural migration pathways of S. miscanthi in China. One is from Yunnan to the Sichuan Basin, and the other is from Wuhan, Xinyang and Jiaodong Peninsula areas to the northwest. Based on this hypothesis, we inferred that these aphid populations appear first in the southwestern and southern regions and spread to the north with the help of the southeastern and southwestern monsoons, which occur in spring and summer. In autumn, the aphids spread southward with the northeastern and northwestern monsoons.

Pheromones emitted by both female and male moths regulate coordination between the sexes for Agriphila aeneociliella (Lepidoptera: Crambidae)

The complex and efficient sex pheromone communication system in insects is essential for reproduction and for reproductive isolation of species.In moths,sex pheromone communication starts with male attraction to compounds emitted by females;only a few species act in the reverse.However,how the pheromones that are emitted by both sexes co-regulate and coordinate mate finding and mating remains unknown.Here,we identified both the male and female pheromones of Eastern Grass Veneer moth,Agriphila aeneociliella(Lepidoptera:Crambidae),and demonstrated their efficiency in manipulating behavioral responses of the opposite sex.Combining data from analysis of gas chromatography-electroantennogram detection,gas chromatography-mass spectrometry,and olfactory behavior assays,the female pheromone of A.aeneociliella was identified as(Z,Z,Z)-9,12,15-octadecatrienal and(Z)-9-hexadecenyl acetate,while the male pheromone was determined to be 1-nonanal.Both the 2 individual components of the female pheromone and their binary mixture were significantly attractive to males,and the 1-nonanal male pheromone induced strong electrophysiological responses in females and induced attraction of females in a Y-tube olfactory test.Depending on the concentration of 1-nonanal,its addition to the binary mixture of the female pheromone either enhanced(10^(−3) or 10^(−2)μg/μL)or reduced(1μg/μL)the aphrodisiac effect of the mixture on males.In wind-tunnel bioassays,different concentrations of pheromones,including the binary mixture of female pheromone and the mixture of male and female pheromones,had significant effects on male behavior.Our findings suggested that the blend of both female and male pheromones plays a significant role in the sexual communication system in some moths.

Fast-GC Quantification of Harmonine,the Major Defense Alkaloid of the Multicolored Asian Ladybird Harmonia axyridis(Pallas)

These last few years the multicolored Asian ladybird, Harmonia axyridis (Pallas), previously introduced in Europe and North America as a biological control agent, has swiftly spread out on those territories and turns out to be a pest in several ways. In order to improve understanding of several key points of the biology of this ladybird, a novel fast-GC method of quantification of harmonine, the main defense alkaloid of H. axyridis, has been designed and validated using the accuracy profile concept for concentrations ranging from 13 to 264 μg/individual. This method allows quantifying harmonine in a single insect with a maximal error risk of 20%. For ladybirds collected in spring, mean harmonine concentration observed was 106.6 μg/individual with a very high standard deviation of 80.2 μg/individual, which can easily be explained by the strong asymmetry of the results distribution. Males and females seem equally chemically protected as the harmonine concentration did not significantly differ between sexes. This method is currently used to improve our comprehension of several key points of H. axyridis biology including aggregation behavior and aposematism.

Role of terpenes from aphid-infested potato on searching and oviposition behavior of Episyrphus balteatus

应付病原体和昆虫攻击，植物开发防卫的不同机制，在两个直接(物理、化学) 并且间接方法(到食虫的 beneficials 的吸引人的 volatiles ) 。植物当时能表示由吸引草食动物食肉动物便于害虫的“自顶向下”的控制的特点。这里，我们由分析不稳定的模式调查土豆植物的间接防卫机制健康并且 aphid-infestedplants。在由 Myzus persicae 的射出的萜烯模式的重要变化大批出没于寄植物被观察。用稳固的阶段 MicroExtraction (SPME ) 和 GCMS，(E)-beta-farnesene (EBF ) 看起来被大批出没于蚜虫的土豆并且不由健康植物射出。为了在蚜虫以后估计这些不稳定的版本的 theinfochemical 角色，在 aphidophagous predatorsEpisyrphus balteatus 上损坏， hover 苍蝇 foraging 行为用观察员 5.0 软件被估计(Noldus， Wageningen，荷兰) 。没有蚜虫的土豆植物也被用作控制在食肉动物的不稳定的来源行为的学习。当大批出没于蚜虫的植物导致了有效寻找并且公认字义行为导致时生蛋，健康土豆植物的 kairomonal 效果都没被观察，在网笼子导致更长的不动持续时间和更短的寻找时期。E 的 Highoviposition 率。当大批出没于蚜虫的土豆被使用时， balteatus 被观察(每放并且每 48.9eggs 意味着女性) 。在另一方面，没有鸡蛋被 hover 苍蝇在 healthyaphid 免费的植物上生产。E。balteatus foraging 和繁殖行为在综合蚜虫害虫管理在与 activeinfochemical 分子的潜在的使用的关系根据从大批出没于蚜虫的植物的不稳定的排放被讨论。

Testing semiochemicals from aphid, plant and conspecific： attraction of Harmonia axyridis

Harmonia axyridis 智慧女神雅典娜(翘目：Coccinellidae ) 是影响几个行业协会的动力学和作文的一个侵略硬币。现在，没有生物控制方法是可得到的减少这有害 coccinellid 的人口。引诱剂和 semiochemicals 似乎是到是最好的选择，但是仅仅很少研究在这亚洲女士甲壳虫上测试了 semiochemicals 的影响。在这个工作，通过风隧道实验，从蚜虫的 semiochemicals (Z， E-nepetalactone，[E ]-- 从 coccinellids 的 farnesene， -pinene 和 -pinene),([-]--caryophyllene) 并且从荨麻 Urtica dioica L。作为潜在的引诱剂被评估。荨麻不稳定的混合物([Z ]-3-hexenol 并且[E ]-2-hexenal) 用一台 Clevenger 仪器被提取？并且由 headspace 气体 chromatographymass 光谱学识别了。当时，在风隧道实验，蚜虫警报 pheromone 的主要部件以及蚜虫的一个部件，性 pheromone 强烈吸引了亚洲女士甲壳虫的两性(-)-- caryophyllene 仅仅吸引了很少个人并且没在男性上有影响。象(Z)-3-hexenol 一样的荨麻摘录面向到气味的男性和女性采购原料。就算，(E)-2-hexenal 被显示没在女性上有效果这片绿叶不稳定的吸引的男性。因为 Z， E-nepetalactone 在风隧道实验作为最有效的引诱剂被识别，这不稳定也在一块土豆地里被测试在哪儿 H。axyridis 被显示了对这 semiochemical 作出回应。这研究加亮那 Z， E-nepetalactone 面向了亚洲女士甲壳虫 H。在天赋下面的 axyridis 调节，显示这不稳定的混合物能当然为有效生物控制帮助对这个侵略硬币来临。

Aphidophagous guilds on nettle （Urtica dioica） strips close to fields of green pea, rape and wheat

普通荨麻(Urtica dioica L.) 是长期、大都会的植物种并且被知道是为昆虫的大差异的食物的来源。在agro生态系统理解荨麻的重要性，一个地实验在 Gembloux (比利时)在一个试验性的农场被执行在靠近的旱田罪在蚜虫和 aphidophagous 人口上学习荨麻边缘脱衣的效果，也就是小麦( Triticum aestivwn L.)，绿豌豆( Pisum sativum L.)和强奸( Brassicae 马来麝L.)。蚜虫和相关有益的人口每周被估计，从三月到 2005 年 8 月，由在每旱田罪的二个阴谋的视觉观察。更高的许多 aphidophagous beneficials 在荨麻脱衣被收集什么时候与旱田罪相比。特别地，食肉的 anthocorids，米尔标志和绿草蜻蛉的存在仅仅在荨麻上被观察。不过，最丰富的蚜虫食肉的家庭， Coccinellidae，在两环境，在荨麻脱衣并且在庄稼地里被散布。地边缘比旱田罪支持了 Harmonia axyridis 的显著地更高的密度。相反，旱田罪，绿豌豆特别地，支持了 Coccinella septempunctata 的更高的密度。aphidophagous 种类的分发，主要瓢虫，在综合害虫管理上在与寄植物和相关蚜虫种类和他们的潜在的效果的关系被讨论。

植物防御信号物质JA/SA对桃蚜解毒酶谷胱甘肽-S-转移酶及唾液腺基因C002表达诱导反应

茉莉酸(JA)与水杨酸(SA)为植物体内重要的防御反应信号物质,在植株受到机械损伤或病虫害侵害时可作为信号物质,激活下游相关防御反应.为应对植株的防御反应,昆虫通常通过提高自身相关解毒酶活性或分泌唾液蛋白调节寄主防御反应以增强对寄主植株适应性.本研究以桃蚜(Myzus persicae(Sulzer))体内的重要解毒酶谷胱甘肽-S-转移酶(GST)的sigma型及唾液腺特异表达基因C002为研究对象,分别以含有5 mmol/L JA或10 mmol/L SA的人工饲料直接饲喂桃蚜,在不同的取食时间点收集蚜虫,通过荧光定量PCR检测JA或SA对目的基因sigma GST及C002表达诱导反应.结果发现,当桃蚜直接取食含有JA或SA的人工饲料后,sigma GST及C002表达量都显著升高.表明,桃蚜可直接利用寄主植株防御反应信号物质JA或SA,提高体内相关解毒酶或者唾液蛋白基因表达量,以提高对寄主防御的适应性.为进一步开展桃蚜对植物防御反应适应性研究提供新的思路.

小麦品种(系)对不同地理种群荻草谷网蚜的抗性

采用田间成株期自然感蚜法和室内苗期接虫法,鉴定12个小麦品种(系)对5个不同地区荻草谷网蚜Sitobion miscanthi(Takahashi)种群的抗性。结果表明,小麦品种(系)室内苗期的抗性表现与田间成株期基本一致;Amigo、KOK、北京837、铭贤169和红芒红对5个地理种群荻草谷网蚜的抗性表现相同,丰产3、中4无芒、JP①、晋麦31、L1、885479-2和小白冬麦对5个地理种群荻草谷网蚜种群的抗性表现则存在差异。研究表明我国荻草谷网蚜对抗蚜作物品种具有致害性分化。

Bacteria may contribute to distant species recognition in ant-aphid mutualistic relationships

在蚂蚁和蚜虫种类之间的 Mutualistic 相互作用是可观的历史、当代的调查的题目，主要好处正在清洗并且为蚜虫的保护和为蚂蚁的充满糖类的蜜露。然而，问题至于影响这种关系的不稳定的 semiochemical 因素留下了。最近的研究加亮细菌的蜜露的角色在蚂蚁吸引力的不稳定的混合物。这里，远地区别 2 蚜虫种类的蚂蚁能力用双向 olfactometer 基于细菌的蜜露 semiochemicals 排出物被调查。两 mutualistic 蚜虫蚜虫属 fabae L。并且 nonmyrmecophilous 蚜虫 Acyrthosiphon pisum 哈里斯被发现为蚂蚁 Lasius 尼日尔漂亮 L。吸引力的水平在两试金是类似的(控制对蚜虫种类之一) 。不管多么当给在这之间的一种选择时 2 蚜虫种类，蚂蚁为蚜虫属 fabae 显示出重要偏爱。主要从细菌的起源，蜜露 volatiles 被知道是在蚂蚁吸引力的一个关键元素。用一样的 olfactometry 协议，蜜露射出的 volatiles 的相对优美从每蚜虫种收集了，由从各个孤立的细菌，蜜露被调查。再次，蚂蚁显著地比较喜欢蚜虫属 fabae 蜜露和细菌释放的 volatiles。这个信息建议微生物引起的蜜露 volatiles 使蚂蚁能远地区别蚜虫种类。这些结果加强在昆虫 symbioses 学习出现和微生物的潜在的影响的兴趣。

Honeydew volatile emission acts as a kairomonal message for the Asian lady beetle Harmonia axyridis （Coleoptera： Coccinellidae）

提炼 axyridis 智慧女神雅典娜在它被介绍了的大多数领土被看作侵略的种的亚洲女士甲壳虫 Harmonia。因为蚜虫蜜露为许多蚜虫食肉动物和 parasitoids 充当引诱剂，这个工作的目的是收集并且鉴别不稳定的混合物免除了分泌产品蚜虫评估这些 semiochemicals 怎么能影响 H。axyridis foraging 行为。12 不稳定的化学药品包括四白酒，三个酉同类，三醛， pyrazine 和 monoterpene 从 Megoura viciae Buckton 蜜露被识别。volatiles 3-methyl-1-butanol 和 3-methyl-butanal 作为免除 M 的二很丰富的 semiochemicals 被加亮。viciae 蜜露。Vicia faba L。与粗略的蜜露对待的工厂与位于工厂的 40% 吸引的甲壳虫吸引了超过 80% 测试个人。四不稳定的混合物(3-hydroxy-2-butanone， 3-methyl-butanal， 3-methyl-1-butanol 和柠檬油精) 也被加亮向气味来源吸引超过 75% coccinellids 并且在工厂上定位他们中的大约 35% 个。自从 89% H，柠檬油精是最有效的引诱剂。axyridis 对这气味作出回应。象人工的蜜露的作文一样的识别 semiochemicals 的使用能当然是有用的控制亚洲女士甲壳虫 H 的疏开。axyridis。

Performances of local poultry breed fed black soldier fly larvae reared on horse manure

In poultry,feed based on maggots,like larvae of black soldier fly(Hermetia illucens) is an attractive option to substitute current ingredients which are expensive and often in direct or indirect competition with human food.Little information is currently available on the utility of these larvae in poultry feed,so goals of this study were to determine whether larvae could be reared on horse manure under traditional farming conditions and to evaluate the growth performances of a local poultry fed these larvae and the fatty acids profiles of their meat.After freezing and thawing,larvae were introduced in the feed of Ardennaise chickens between 30 and 80 days of age.Birds in the control group received a commercial standard feed,while those in the treatment group received the same commercial feed in which 8% was substituted with whole fresh larvae corresponding to 2% on a dry matter basis.Means ± standard errors of larval length and weight were 20.67 ± 2.21 mm and 0.14 ± 0.02 g,respectively.Mean larval percentages of dry matter and of substances extractable in diethyl ether were 24.6% and 23.1%,respectively.Larval fatty acids profiles were predominantly composed of lauric acid(28.1%) and palmitic acid(22.0%).Least squares means of weekly weights of chicken,adjusted for the effects of sex,replication and initial weights,were significantly higher(P < 0.05) by 77.03 ± 53.37 g in larvae-fed than in control chickens.All other measurements were not statistically different between larvae-fed and control chicken,including fatty acid profiles,protein content and w6/w3 ratio.

Aggregation behavior of Harmonia axyridis under non-wintering conditions

侵略多种色彩的亚洲 ladybeetle， Harmonia axyridis (智慧女神雅典娜)( 翘目：Coccinellidae ) ，在冬季期间在住所内聚集避免冷天气。这适应行为打扰业主，因为聚集的大量个人，它导致过敏反应。这种的迁移的飞行模式很好被记录了，与优先地向突出、高的颜色对比元素移动的个人一起。然而，这种涉及聚集地点的选择的因素还得被阐明。这里，我们评估了(i) 的影响个人的密度并且(ii ) 由 H 的决定上的可得到的躲蔽处的类型。axyridis 将在躲蔽处下面安定并且聚集。在实验室进行的双选择生物鉴定表明了相互的吸引力的存在到 conspecifics。我们也发现优先地在红下面解决的个人与透明躲蔽处相比盖住躲蔽处，并且躲蔽处的类型在 conspecifics 之中超过了社会相互作用的效果。而且，这个实验在冬季得非的条件下面被执行，提供在这种的那集合行为能也发生在那些特定的条件下面的第一条证据。

Do aphids actively search for ant partners？

蚜虫蚂蚁 mutualistic 关系是未必要求因为任何一个都不合伙，但是证据是如此的相互作用提供他们强壮的优点以全球健康。当蚂蚁活跃地用不稳定的暗示也就是寻找他们的 mutualistic 搭挡，这大部分被假定时；是否 winged 蚜虫(即， aphids&rsquo;最活动的形式) 能选择蚂蚁经常的区域到目前为止没被调查。蚂蚁经常的地点将确实通过蚂蚁包括一个更低的 predation 压力为这些蚜虫提供几个优点存在和与邻居蚂蚁殖民地建立 mutuaslistic 相互作用的提高的机会。在这块地里，蚜虫殖民地经常在蚂蚁巢附近在更高的密度被观察，它可能被连接到 ants&rsquo; 保证的更好的幸存服务。不过，这能也从 winged 蚜虫的一个优先的机构导致蚂蚁经常的区域。我们上次测试了这通过不同 ethological 试金和表演的假设容许的 myrmecophilous 黑人豆子蚜虫，蚜虫属 fabae L. ，不向蚂蚁经常的植物优先地为主人植物面向它的搜索。然而，我们的结果建议蚂蚁减少离开最新开拓殖民地于的植物的 winged 蚜虫的数字。因此，涉及和蚜虫的容许的 myrmecophilous 相互作用的蚂蚁看起来由保证最新确定的殖民地而非由基于蚂蚁殖民地的最近由蚜虫搭挡导致一种故意的植物选择的一个更好的机构和幸存在这块地里贡献结构蚜虫人口。