This study deals with an extensive evaluation focusing on phylogenetic and chemotaxonomic infrageneric relationships of the genus Annulohypoxylon(Xylariaceae,Ascomycota),whose species are ubiquitously associated with ...This study deals with an extensive evaluation focusing on phylogenetic and chemotaxonomic infrageneric relationships of the genus Annulohypoxylon(Xylariaceae,Ascomycota),whose species are ubiquitously associated with seed plants as endophytes and saprotrophs in all forested areas of the world.Using evidence from phylogenetic,chemotaxonomic and morphological data,various varieties within the genus are raised to species level,leading to the new combinations for A.areolatum(:A.bovei var.microsporum),A.macrosporum(:A.leptascum var.macrosporum),and A.microdiscum(:A.moriforme var.microdiscum).Annulohypoxylon substygium nom.nov.is applied for A.stygium var.annulatumand the four new tropical and subtropical species A.massivum,A.violaceopigmentum,A.viridistratum and A.yungensis are introduced.Furthermore,A.leucadendri is excluded from the genus as its morphological characters disagree with the generic concept,the recently erected A.palmicola is synonymized with A.leptascum and A.austrobahiense has been reassigned to the genus Hypoxylon.In addition,the key taxa A.annulatum and A.truncatum have been reinvestigated and epitypes have been defined.For the first time,a dichotomous key to the genus is provided.A phylogenetic b-tubulin tree in conjunction with stromatal HPLC profiles clearly shows that Annulohypoxylon comprises two distinct lineages.The A.cohaerens/multiforme group might eventually warrant segregation into a new genus as further molecular data become available.展开更多
Species and generic recognition in the order Xylariales has been uncertain due to lack of molecular data from authentic cultures,as well as overlapping morphological characteristics.In this study,we revise the famili...Species and generic recognition in the order Xylariales has been uncertain due to lack of molecular data from authentic cultures,as well as overlapping morphological characteristics.In this study,we revise the families Graphostromataceae,Hypoxylaceae,Lopadostomataceae and Xylariaceae in Xylariales.Our study is based on DNA sequence data derived from living cultures of fresh isolates,data from GenBank and morphological observation of type and worldwide herbarium specimens.We also collected new specimens from Germany,Italy and Thailand.Combined analyses of ITS,LSU,RPB2 and b-tubulin sequence data were used to reconstruct the molecular phylogeny of the above families.Generic and familiar boundaries between these families are revised and presented in an updated combined phylogenetic tree.We accept six genera in Graphostromataceae,19 genera in Hypoxylaceae,four in Lopadostomataceae and 37 genera in Xylariaceae.Five genera previously treated in Xylariaceae are placed in Amphisphaeriales genera incertae sedis and seven genera are placed in Xylariales genera incertae sedis.Two genera are placed in Sordariomycetes genera incertae sedis,while four genera are placed as Xylariomycetidae genera incertae sedis.Three genera are considered as doubtful.Barrmaelia and Cannonia,presently included in Xylariaceae are transferred to Diatrypaceae and Coniochaetales respectively,based on their morphology and phylogeny.Areolospora and Myconeesia are excluded from Xylariaceae and synonymized with Phaeosporis and Anthostomella respectively.Updated descriptions and illustrations are provided for all taxa with notes provided on each genus.Excluded and doubtful genera are listed with notes on their taxonomy and phylogeny.Taxonomic keys are provided for all revised families with morphological details for genera within the families.展开更多
Asymmetries in bilateral organisms attract a lot of curiosity given that they are conspicuous departures from the norm.They allow the investigation of the integration at different levels of biological organization.Her...Asymmetries in bilateral organisms attract a lot of curiosity given that they are conspicuous departures from the norm.They allow the investigation of the integration at different levels of biological organization.Here we study whether and how behavioral and asymmetrical anatomical traits coevolved and work together.We ask if asymmetry is determined locally for each trait or at a whole individual level in a species bearing conspicuous asymmetrical genitalia.Asymmetric genitalia evolved in many species;however,in most cases the direction of asymmetry is fixed.Therefore,it has been rarely determined if there is an association between the direction of asymmetry in genitalia and other traits.In onesided livebearer fish of the genus Jenynsia(Cyprinodontiformes,Anablepidae),the anal fin of males is modified into a gonopodium,an intromittent organ that serves to inseminate females.The gonopodium shows a conspicuous asymmetry,with its tip bending either to the left or the right.By surveying 13 natural populations of Jenynsia lineata,we found that both genital morphs are equally common in wild populations.In a series of experiments in a laboratory population,we discovered asymmetry and lateralization for multiple other traits;yet,the degree of integration varied highly among them.Lateralization in exploratory behavior in response to different stimuli was not associated with genital morphology.Interestingly,the direction of genital asymmetry was positively correlated with sidedness of mating preference and the number of neuromasts in the lateral line.This suggests integration of functionally linked asymmetric traits;however,there is no evidence that asymmetry is determined at the whole individual level in our study species.展开更多
Vespertilionidae is the most diverse chiropteran family, and its diversity is concentrated in warmregions of the World; however, due to physiological and behavioral adaptations, these bats alsodominate bat faunas in t...Vespertilionidae is the most diverse chiropteran family, and its diversity is concentrated in warmregions of the World; however, due to physiological and behavioral adaptations, these bats alsodominate bat faunas in temperate regions. Here we performed a comparative study of vespertili-onid assemblages from two broad regions of the New World, the cold and harsh Patagonia, versusthe remaining temperate-to-subtropical, extra-Patagonian eco-regions of the South AmericanSouthern Cone. We took an ecomorphological approach and analyzed the craniodental morpho-logical structure of these assemblages within a phylogenetic framework. We measured 17 cranio-dental linear variables from 447 specimens of 22 currently recognized vespertilionid species of thestudy regions. We performed a multivariate analysis to define the morphofunctional space, andcalculated the pattern and degree of species packing for each assemblage. We assessed the im-portance of phylogeny and biogeography, and their impact on depauperate （Patagonian） versusrich （extra-Patagonian） vespertilionid assemblages as determinants of morphospace structuring.We implemented a sensitivity analysis associated to small samples of rare species. The morpho-logical patterns were determined chiefly by the evolutionary history of the family. The Patagonianassemblage can be described as a structurally similar but comparatively depauperate ecomorpho-logical version of those assemblages from neighboring extra-Patagonian eco-regions. ThePatagonian assemblage seems to have formed by successively adding populations from Northernregions that eventually speciated in the region, leaving corresponding sisters （vicariants） in extra-Patagonian eco-regions that continued to be characteristically richer. Despite being structurallyakin, degree of species packing in Patagonia was comparatively very low, which may reflect the ef-fect of limited dispersal success into a harsh region for bat survival.展开更多
文摘This study deals with an extensive evaluation focusing on phylogenetic and chemotaxonomic infrageneric relationships of the genus Annulohypoxylon(Xylariaceae,Ascomycota),whose species are ubiquitously associated with seed plants as endophytes and saprotrophs in all forested areas of the world.Using evidence from phylogenetic,chemotaxonomic and morphological data,various varieties within the genus are raised to species level,leading to the new combinations for A.areolatum(:A.bovei var.microsporum),A.macrosporum(:A.leptascum var.macrosporum),and A.microdiscum(:A.moriforme var.microdiscum).Annulohypoxylon substygium nom.nov.is applied for A.stygium var.annulatumand the four new tropical and subtropical species A.massivum,A.violaceopigmentum,A.viridistratum and A.yungensis are introduced.Furthermore,A.leucadendri is excluded from the genus as its morphological characters disagree with the generic concept,the recently erected A.palmicola is synonymized with A.leptascum and A.austrobahiense has been reassigned to the genus Hypoxylon.In addition,the key taxa A.annulatum and A.truncatum have been reinvestigated and epitypes have been defined.For the first time,a dichotomous key to the genus is provided.A phylogenetic b-tubulin tree in conjunction with stromatal HPLC profiles clearly shows that Annulohypoxylon comprises two distinct lineages.The A.cohaerens/multiforme group might eventually warrant segregation into a new genus as further molecular data become available.
基金s The authors appreciate the financial support and postgraduate scholarship provided by State Key Laboratory of Mycology,Institute of Microbiology,Chinese Academy of Sciences,Beijing,China and Mushroom Research Foundation,Chiang Mai,Thailand.National Research Council of Thailand(Mae Fah Luang University)for a grants“Biodiversity,phylogeny and role of fungal endophytes of Pandanaceae”(Grant No.:592010200112)Thailand Research Fund(TRF)entitled“Biodiversity,phylogeny and role of fungal endophytes on above parts of Rhizophora apiculata and Nypa fruticans”(Grant no RSA5980068)National Research Council of Thailand(Mae Fah Luang University)entitled“Diseases of mangrove trees and maintenance of good forestry practice”(Grant no 60201000201)are thanked for the financial support.Authors extend their grateful acknowledgment to PDD,S,B,BISH,IMI,K,IFRD,PH,BRIP,E,MEXU,NY,UPS,TROM and all other herbaria for kindly loaning the herbarium material for the study.C.Suraweera,N.P Daranagama,V.K.Daranagama,and Ruvishika Jayewardene are also thanked for the support provided during the preparation of this manuscript.Lucy Wendt is thanked for the critical reading of part of this manuscript and Jaques Fournier is thanked for the specimens.
文摘Species and generic recognition in the order Xylariales has been uncertain due to lack of molecular data from authentic cultures,as well as overlapping morphological characteristics.In this study,we revise the families Graphostromataceae,Hypoxylaceae,Lopadostomataceae and Xylariaceae in Xylariales.Our study is based on DNA sequence data derived from living cultures of fresh isolates,data from GenBank and morphological observation of type and worldwide herbarium specimens.We also collected new specimens from Germany,Italy and Thailand.Combined analyses of ITS,LSU,RPB2 and b-tubulin sequence data were used to reconstruct the molecular phylogeny of the above families.Generic and familiar boundaries between these families are revised and presented in an updated combined phylogenetic tree.We accept six genera in Graphostromataceae,19 genera in Hypoxylaceae,four in Lopadostomataceae and 37 genera in Xylariaceae.Five genera previously treated in Xylariaceae are placed in Amphisphaeriales genera incertae sedis and seven genera are placed in Xylariales genera incertae sedis.Two genera are placed in Sordariomycetes genera incertae sedis,while four genera are placed as Xylariomycetidae genera incertae sedis.Three genera are considered as doubtful.Barrmaelia and Cannonia,presently included in Xylariaceae are transferred to Diatrypaceae and Coniochaetales respectively,based on their morphology and phylogeny.Areolospora and Myconeesia are excluded from Xylariaceae and synonymized with Phaeosporis and Anthostomella respectively.Updated descriptions and illustrations are provided for all taxa with notes provided on each genus.Excluded and doubtful genera are listed with notes on their taxonomy and phylogeny.Taxonomic keys are provided for all revised families with morphological details for genera within the families.
基金This work was supported by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft,Grant Number TO914/2-1 to J.T-D.
文摘Asymmetries in bilateral organisms attract a lot of curiosity given that they are conspicuous departures from the norm.They allow the investigation of the integration at different levels of biological organization.Here we study whether and how behavioral and asymmetrical anatomical traits coevolved and work together.We ask if asymmetry is determined locally for each trait or at a whole individual level in a species bearing conspicuous asymmetrical genitalia.Asymmetric genitalia evolved in many species;however,in most cases the direction of asymmetry is fixed.Therefore,it has been rarely determined if there is an association between the direction of asymmetry in genitalia and other traits.In onesided livebearer fish of the genus Jenynsia(Cyprinodontiformes,Anablepidae),the anal fin of males is modified into a gonopodium,an intromittent organ that serves to inseminate females.The gonopodium shows a conspicuous asymmetry,with its tip bending either to the left or the right.By surveying 13 natural populations of Jenynsia lineata,we found that both genital morphs are equally common in wild populations.In a series of experiments in a laboratory population,we discovered asymmetry and lateralization for multiple other traits;yet,the degree of integration varied highly among them.Lateralization in exploratory behavior in response to different stimuli was not associated with genital morphology.Interestingly,the direction of genital asymmetry was positively correlated with sidedness of mating preference and the number of neuromasts in the lateral line.This suggests integration of functionally linked asymmetric traits;however,there is no evidence that asymmetry is determined at the whole individual level in our study species.
文摘Vespertilionidae is the most diverse chiropteran family, and its diversity is concentrated in warmregions of the World; however, due to physiological and behavioral adaptations, these bats alsodominate bat faunas in temperate regions. Here we performed a comparative study of vespertili-onid assemblages from two broad regions of the New World, the cold and harsh Patagonia, versusthe remaining temperate-to-subtropical, extra-Patagonian eco-regions of the South AmericanSouthern Cone. We took an ecomorphological approach and analyzed the craniodental morpho-logical structure of these assemblages within a phylogenetic framework. We measured 17 cranio-dental linear variables from 447 specimens of 22 currently recognized vespertilionid species of thestudy regions. We performed a multivariate analysis to define the morphofunctional space, andcalculated the pattern and degree of species packing for each assemblage. We assessed the im-portance of phylogeny and biogeography, and their impact on depauperate （Patagonian） versusrich （extra-Patagonian） vespertilionid assemblages as determinants of morphospace structuring.We implemented a sensitivity analysis associated to small samples of rare species. The morpho-logical patterns were determined chiefly by the evolutionary history of the family. The Patagonianassemblage can be described as a structurally similar but comparatively depauperate ecomorpho-logical version of those assemblages from neighboring extra-Patagonian eco-regions. ThePatagonian assemblage seems to have formed by successively adding populations from Northernregions that eventually speciated in the region, leaving corresponding sisters （vicariants） in extra-Patagonian eco-regions that continued to be characteristically richer. Despite being structurallyakin, degree of species packing in Patagonia was comparatively very low, which may reflect the ef-fect of limited dispersal success into a harsh region for bat survival.
