Cultivation of microalgae for biodiesel production:A review on upstream and downstream processing

Fluctuating market price of fossil fuel and overwhelming emission of greenhouse gases to the atmosphere have resulted in climate change and have been a global concern in this decade. Hence, biodiesel has become an alternative option to fossil diesel as it is renewable and environmentally friendly. Nevertheless, this alternative fuel that is usually derived from terrestrial oil crops will cause shortage in food supply and deforestation if mass production is realized. In recent years, cultivation of aquatic microorganism(particularly microalgae) to produce biodiesel is considered as a practical solution due to their high growth rate and ability to synthesize large quantity of lipid within their cell. However, the development of energy and cost-efficiency of microalgae cultivation system are the main issues in producing renewable microalgae biodiesel. Of late, wastewater or organic compost has been used as the cultivation medium as it can provide sufficient nutrients to sustain microalgae growth.Microalgae cultivation method and system are vitally important as these factors undoubtedly affect the final microalgae biomass and lipid yield. In this review, the cultivation system of microalgae, nutrients demanded for microalgae production, cell harvesting and drying, microalgae oil extraction, and utilization of microalgae biomass for biodiesel production are introduced and discussed. It is anticipated to convey clearer perspectives in upstream and downstream processes in microalgae-derived biodiesel production.

Guided and Direct Wave Evaluation of Controlled Source Electromagnetic Survey Using Finite Element Method

Deep target hydrocarbon detection is still challenging and expensive. Direct hydrocarbon indicators (DHIs) in seismic data do not correspond to economical hydrocarbon exploration. Due to unreliability in seismic data for the detection of DHIs, new methods have been investigated. Marine controlled source electromagnet (MCSEM) or Sea bed logging (SBL) is new method for the detection of deep target hydrocarbon reservoir. Sea bed logging has also the potential to reduce the risks of DHIs in deep sea environment. Modelling of real sea environment helps to reduce the further risks before drilling the oil wells. 3D electromagnetic (EM) modelling of seabed logging requires more accurate methods for the detection of hydrocarbon reservoir. Finite element method (FEM) is chosen for the modelling of seabed logging to get more precise EM response from hydrocarbon reservoir below 4000 m from seabed. FEM allows to investigate the total electric and magnetic fields instead of scattered electric and magnetic fields, which shows accurate and precise resistivity contrast below the seabed. From the modelling results, It was investigated that Hz field shows higher magni- tude with 342% than the Ex field. It was observed that 0.125 Hz frequency can be able to show better resistivity contrast of Hz field (31.30%) and Ex field (16.49%) at target depth of 1000 m below seafloor for our proposed model. Hz and Ex field delineation was found to decrease as target depth increased from 1000 m to 4000 m. At the target depth of 4000 m, no field delineation response was seen from the current electromagnetic (EM) antenna used by the industry. New EM antenna has been used to see the EM response for deep target hydrocarbon detection. It was investigated that novel EM antenna shows better delineation at 4000 m target depth for Ex and Hz field up to 10.3% and 15.1% respectively. Novel EM antenna also shows better Hz phase response (128.4%) than the Ex phase response (38.3%) at the target depth of 4000 m below the seafloor.

Methanol and DME Co-production from CO2 hydrogenation over hybrid catalysts

Catalytic hydrogenation of CO2 into methanol and dimethyl ether was carried out over hybrid catalysts consisting of methanol-synthesis catalyst and zeolite. The methanol-synthesis catalyst, Cu/ZnO/Al2O3, was prepared by a co-precipitation method. Then it was physically mixed with HZSM-5 zeolite at weight ratios of 2：1, 1：1 and 1：2. The CO2 hydrogenation reaction was conducted in a fixed-bed microreactor at 250℃ and 40 bar in pre-mixed H2/CO2 feed with H2：CO2 molar ratios of 3：1 and 7：1. Products detected include methanol, dimethyl ether, carbon monoxide and water. Conversion of CO2 and yield of oxygenated products were influenced by the weight ratio of Cu/ZnO/Al2O3：HZSM-5 in the hybrid system and also the feed ratio. The Cu/ZnO/Al2O3： HZSM-5 hybrid at 1：1 resulted in methanol yield of 22.0% and was found to be an efficient hybrid catalyst for the CO2 hydrogenation reaction.

Single-valued neutrosophic relations and their application to factors affecting oil prices

The recent boom of economic activities has escalated the demand for oil that eventually will affect its prices.However,oil prices are difficult to predict because most of the factors affecting oil prices are vague and intangible.The challenges in predicting oil prices urgently require a novel approach where issues related to multiple-factors,uncertainty,and periodicity can be addressed.The authors propose the single-valued neutrosophic relations based decision-making method inspired by the three memberships of neutrosophic sets,and amplitude and periodicity of complex numbers.The proposed method is applied to the case of oil prices where six factors affecting oil prices and six benchmarks measuring oil prices are employed.This new method combines with complex neutrosophic numbers and algebraic relations,and can suggest the most influential factor that affects oil prices.Considering the periodicity of 24 months,computation results verify the‘global economic rate’as the most influential factor that affects the prices of oil.The main contribution of this study is the development of a neutrosophic relations-based decision-making method to suggest the most influential factor that affects oil prices.The result provides evidence on the feasibility of the proposed method in suggesting the influential factors that affect oil prices.

基于离子液的超声辅助萃取小蓼叶中的精油及真实溶剂似导体屏蔽模型研究

Ionic liquids ( ILs) based ultrasonic-assisted extract has been applied for the extraction of essential oil from Persicaria minor leaves. The effects of temperature,sonication time,and particle size of the plant material on the yield of essential oil were investigated. Among the different ILs employed,1-ethyl-3-methyli midazolium acetate was the most effective,providing a 9. 55% yield of the essential oil under optimum conditions( 70 ℃,25 min,IL ∶hexane ratio of 7 ∶10 ( v /v) ,particle size 60-80 mesh) . The performance of 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium acetate in the extraction was attributed to its lowviscosity and ability to disintegrate the structural matrix of the plant material. The ability of 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium acetate was also confirmed using the conductor like-screening model for realistic solvents. This research proves that ILs can be used to extract essential oils from lignocellulosic biomass.

Effect of alkyl chain length on the thermophysical properties of pyridinium carboxylates

In the present study, new series of pyridinium carboxylate protic ionic liquids(PILs) were synthesized by pairing pyridinium cation with carboxylate anion from C_1–C_3 forming pyridinium formate([C_5H_6N^+][HCOO^-]),pyridinium acetate([C_5H_6N^+][CH_3COO^-]) and pyridinium propionate([C_5H_6N^+][CH_3CH_2COO^-]) respectively.The physical properties namely, density, viscosity, surface tension(298.15–343.15) K, and refractive index(293.15–323.15) K were measured. Thermal properties namely, glass transition temperature, molar heat capacity, and thermal decomposition temperatures were also determined. The thermal expansivity was calculated using the experimental density data. The effect of increasing the alkyl chain length on the thermophysical properties of the pyridinium carboxylate PILs has been evaluated. As expected the physical properties i.e. density,viscosity, surface tension and refractive index of the investigated pyridinium carboxylates decreased with increasing temperature. In general pyridinium carboxylate PILs possessed low viscosity, high thermal stability and excellent hydrogen bonding capability, and these properties lead them to outperform conventional solvents employed for lignin dissolution.

Electromagnetic Response Studies of the Antenna for Deep Water Deep Target CSEM Environments

The Controlled Source Electromagnetic Method (CSEM) is used for offshore hydrocarbon exploration. Hydrocarbon detection in seabed logging (SBL) is a very challenging task for deep hydrocarbon reservoirs. The electromagnetic field response of an antenna is unable to detect deep hydrocarbon reservoirs due to a weak electromagnetic signal response in the seabed logging environment. This work premise deals with the comparison of the electromagnetic signal strength of a new antenna with a straight antenna and the orientation of an antenna for deep target hydrocarbon exploration. Antenna position and orientation (Tx and Ty) was studied using Computer Simulation Technology software (CST) for deep targets in marine CSEM environments. The model area was assigned as (40 ′ 40 km) to replicate the real seabed environment. From the results, the new dipole antenna shows an 804% and 278% increase in electric and magnetic field strength than the straight antenna. An electric (E) and magnetic (H) field component study was done with and without the presence of a hydrocarbon reservoir. Ex and Hz field component responses with the new antenna at the1 kmtarget were measured in a deep water environment. It was analyzed that the antenna shows 53.10% (Ex) and 83.13% (Hz) field difference in deep water with and without a hydrocarbon reservoir at the30 mantenna position from the sea floor. From the antenna orientation results, it was observed that, the electric field Ex and magnetic field Hz responses decreased from 18% to 12% and 21% to 16%, respectively but was still able to detect the deep target hydrocarbon reservoir at the4 kmtarget depth. This EM antenna may open new frontiers for the oil and gas industry for deep target hydrocarbon detection (HC).

A Fractal-Fractional Model for the MHD Flow of Casson Fluid in a Channel

An emerging definition of the fractal-fractional operator has been used in this study for the modeling of Casson fluid flow.The magnetohydrodynamics flow of Casson fluid has cogent in a channel where the motion of the upper plate generates the flow while the lower plate is at a static position.The proposed model is non-dimensionalized using the Pi-Buckingham theorem to reduce the complexity in solving the model and computation time.The non-dimensional fractal-fractional model with the power-law kernel has been solved through the Laplace transform technique.The Mathcad software has been used for illustration of the influence of various parameters,i.e.,Hartman number,fractal,fractional,and Casson fluid parameters on the velocity of fluid flow.Through graphs and tables,the results have been implemented and it is shown that the boundary conditions are fully satisfied.The results reveal that the flow velocity is decreasing with the increasing values of the Hartman number and is increasing with the increasing values of the Casson fluid parameter.The findings of the fractal-fractional model have elucidated that the memory effect of the flow model has higher quality than the simple fractional and classical models.Furthermore,to show the validity of the obtained closed-form solutions,special cases have been obtained which are in agreement with the already published solutions.

Effect of Preparation Method on the Physicochemical Properties of MoVNbTe Catalyst for Propane Ammoxidation to Acrylonitrile

MoVNbTe catalyst has been found to be the most active and selective catalyst in the ammoxidation of propane to ACN, the selective oxidation of propane to acrylic acid and in the oxidative dehydrogenation of ethane to ethylene. However, in our previous work, when 0.5 mL of MoVNbTe catalyst prepared using slurry method was tested in the propane ammoxidation to ACN, it only shows 1% conversion of propane with about 55% selectivity to CAN, thus giving only 0.6% yields to ACN. The poor catalyst activity is attributed to insufficient formation of crystalline phases essential for the propane activation process. In an attempt to improve the physicochemical properties of this catalyst, several preparation methods have been used, namely hydrothermal, reflux, changing the solvent and changing the calcinations temperature. The modified catalysts have been characterized using X-Ray Diffraction （XRD） and N2 physisorption （BET）. The MoVNbTe catalyst prepared by hydrothermal method shows a remarkable improvement in the formation of crystalline phases.

Effect of the Spin-Orbit Interaction (Heisenberg XYZ Model) on Partial Entangled Quantum Network

Dzyaloshiniskii-Moriya (DM) interaction in three directions (Dx, Dy and Dz) is used to generate entangled network from partially entangled states in the presence of the spin-orbit coupling. The effect of the spin coupling on the entanglement between any two nodes of the network is investigated. The entanglement is quantified using Woottores concurrence method. It is shown that the entanglement decays as the coupling increases. For larger values of the spin coupling, the entanglement oscillates within finite bounds. For the initially entangled channels, the upper bound does not exceed its initial value, whereas the entanglement reaches its maximum value for the channels generated via indirect interaction.

Thermal analysis of melting effect on Carreau fluid flow around a stretchable cylinder with quadratic radiation

The melting phenomenon plays a critical role in optimizing the performance of power storage, electronic cooling, and semiconductor devices. The present study aims to analyzethe melting effect on the flow of Carreau fluid over a stretchable cylinder, with special consideration given to the impact of quadratic thermal radiation. Similarity variables and the homotopy analysis method are used to simplify and determine the semi-analytical homotopicsolutions of the governing equations. The present findings reveal that the melting parameter increases the heat transfer rate by more than 10% for both fluids, water (Pr=0.71), and polymer(Pr=10). However, as the temperature ratio due to quadratic radiation increases, the localNusselt number for water has been reduced by 25%, and an even more substantial reductionis observed for the polymer. The present study offers valuable insights into achieving optimalefficiency in electronic devices.

Simultaneous harvesting and cell disruption of microalgae using ozone bubbles:optimization and characterization study for biodiesel production

In the present study, ozone was introduced as an alternative approach to harvest and disrupt microalgae cells (Chlorella vulgaris) simultaneously for biodiesel production. At the optimum ozonation conditions (6.14 g·h^(−1) ozone concentration, 30 min ozonation time, 1 L·min^(−1) of ozone flowrate at medium pH of 10 and temperature of 30℃), the sedimentation efficiency of microalgae cells increased significantly from 12.56% to 68.62%. It was observed that the microalgae cells aggregated to form flocs after pretreated with ozone due to the increment of surface charge from −20 to −6.59 mV. Besides, ozone had successfully disrupted the microalgae cells and resulted in efficient lipid extraction, which was 1.9 times higher than the control sample. The extracted microalgae lipid was mainly consisted of methyl palmitate (C16:0), methyl oleate (C18:1) and methyl linolenate (C18:3), making it suitable for biodiesel production. Finally, utilization of recycled culture media after ozonation pre-treatment showed robust growth of microalgae, in which the biomass yield was maintained in the range of 0.796 to 0.879 g ·h^(−1) for 5 cycles of cultivation.

IMPROVED TABU SEARCH RECURSIVE FUZZY METHOD FOR CRUDE OIL INDUSTRY

The minimization of the profit function with respect to the decision variables is very important for the decision makers in the oil field industry.In this paper,a novel approach of the improved tabu search algorithm has been employed to solve a large scale problem in the crude oil refinery industry.This problem involves 44 variables,36 constraints,and four decision variables which represent four types of crude oil types.The decision variables have been modeled in the form of fuzzy linear programming problem.The vagueness factor in the decision variables is captured by the nonlinear modified S-curve membership function.A recursive improved tabu search has been used to solve this fuzzy optimization problem.Tremendously improved results are obtained for the optimal profit function and optimal solution for four crude oil.The accuracy of constraints satisfaction and the quality of the solutions are achieved successfully.