This study focuses on air quality in southern Benin in order to show public authorities what the Beninese populations are exposed to for efficient decision-making. Two sampling campaigns were carried out, one in the w...This study focuses on air quality in southern Benin in order to show public authorities what the Beninese populations are exposed to for efficient decision-making. Two sampling campaigns were carried out, one in the wet period and the other in the dry season. The measurements were taken using a monitor called an “Air Quality Monitor”. For data processing, the multiple comparison methods of Dun (1961) and the Wilcoxon test were used. To maintain legitimacy, all spatial data were included in the official cartographic repository of Benin: WGS 1984, Transverse Mercator Universe Projection (UTM), Zone 31 North. The Moran statistic was used to measure the levels of spatial autocorrelation of the variables studied and to test the significance. In order to locate the spatial subsets, the local spatial association indices of Anselin Local Moran and Getis-Ord, Gi* were used. In terms of results, on the 13 monitoring sites and the 8 parameters chosen to determine air quality, we do not note any significant inter-seasonal difference. Of the eight parameters, only three parameters present spatial autocorrelation leading to predictions of ambient air quality over the entire study area based on the distance separating the points, namely, PM<sub>2.5</sub>, PM<sub>10</sub> and ambient air quality index (AQI). The localities affected by atmospheric pollution in South Benin are located in the south-western part of Benin, headed by Cotonou, which is heavily polluted by CO<sub>2</sub>, TCOV, PM<sub>10</sub> and PM<sub>2.5</sub>.展开更多
The present study focused on the chemical characterization of the watercourse of the Togbadji Lake wildlife ranch. The methodological approach followed is as follows: Bibliography review, Sampling campaign. The result...The present study focused on the chemical characterization of the watercourse of the Togbadji Lake wildlife ranch. The methodological approach followed is as follows: Bibliography review, Sampling campaign. The results obtained were the subject of descriptive statistics, the two-sample Wilcoxon test to determine the impact of different localities on the abundance of microbiological contaminants, a Principal Component Analysis (PCA) with the software R version 3.5.0, in order to group the pollution parameters according to the different levels and sources of contamination. From our results, it is found that the respective average values in dry and rainy seasons for ammonium ions are 0.38 ± 0.16 mg/L and 0.22 ± 0.03 mg/L;for nitrite ions 0.20 ± 0.25 mg/L and 0.02 ± 0.01 mg/L;for nitrate ions 3.72 ± 2.52 mg/L and 7.84 ± 4.91 mg/L;for total Kjeldahl nitrogen 1.27 ± 1.44 mg/L and 1.19 ± 1.49 mg/L;for orthophosphate ions 0.20 ± 0.25 mg/L and 0.02 ± 0.01 mg/L;for total phosphorus 0.04 ± 0.01 mg/L and 0.11 ± 0.23 mg/L;the chemical oxygen demand 93.36 ± 61.73 mg/L of O2 and 89.93 ± 66.11 mg/L of O2 and the biochemical oxygen demand over 5 days 25.50 ± 18.22 mg/L of O2 and 37 ± 33.15 of O2. It emerged that the main sources of pollution in Lake Togbadji are runoff water, discharges of various wastewater from artisanal activities, livestock farming and open defecation.展开更多
This study focuses on monitoring the exposure of populations in South Benin to atmospheric pollution. Thirteen (13) monitoring points were identified where the Air quality measurements were taken using autonomous elec...This study focuses on monitoring the exposure of populations in South Benin to atmospheric pollution. Thirteen (13) monitoring points were identified where the Air quality measurements were taken using autonomous electronic devices called “Air Quality Monitor”. Calibrated and turned on, the measuring device automatically determines the concentrations of carbon dioxide CO<sub>2</sub>, Total Organic Compounds, methanal (HCHO), particulate matter PM<sub>2.5</sub> and PM<sub>10</sub>, temperature in degrees Fahrenheit and relative humidity (RH). Per site, air pollution levels are recorded for 5 minutes every 30 minutes from 7 a.m. to 6 p.m. After the analyses, it appears that the carbon dioxide CO<sub>2</sub> contents vary from 400 to 1444 ppm with an average of 486.80 ± 184.3 ppm, the daily contents of Total Volatile Organic Compounds from 0.01 to 6 .91 mg/m<sup>3</sup> with a daily average of 0.36 ± 0.65 mg/m<sup>3</sup>, aldehydes from 0.005 to 3 mg/m<sup>3</sup> with an average of 0.05 ± 0.17 mg/m<sup>3</sup>, for particulate matter of diameters less than or equal to 2.5 μm (PM<sub>2.5</sub>) pollution levels vary between 5 and 173.8 μg/m<sup>3</sup> with an average of 21.5 ± 17.62 μg/m<sup>3</sup>. On the other hand, for PM<sub>10</sub>, the contents vary from 5 to 449.6 μg/m<sup>3</sup> with an average of 28.17 ± 31.74 μg/m<sup>3</sup>, the Air Quality Index (AQI) varies from 0, 3 to 243 with an average of 39 ± 33.16. From the results observed, it appears that the south-western part of South Benin is heavily polluted by CO<sub>2</sub>, Total Volatile Organic Compounds, PM<sub>10</sub> and especially PM<sub>2.5</sub> with the city of Cotonou at its head, in particular the Red Star crossroads, the Toyota crossroads and the crossroads after the friendship stadium. The impacts of this pollution could be significant on sensitive people such as the elderly, newborns and patients with acute and chronic respiratory illnesses.展开更多
Northern Koh Sulaiman foldbelt, Shirani, North and South Waziristan (South Punjab, Balochistan and Khyber Pakhtunkhwa) comprised mostly PermoTriassic to Recent sediments with subordinate igneous and metamorphic rocks....Northern Koh Sulaiman foldbelt, Shirani, North and South Waziristan (South Punjab, Balochistan and Khyber Pakhtunkhwa) comprised mostly PermoTriassic to Recent sediments with subordinate igneous and metamorphic rocks. These sedimentary strata folded and faulted by geodynamic and tectonic forces occurred during Late Cretaceous to Recent revealed through anticlinal and synclinal foldings and active faultings. The Northern Koh Sulaiman foldbelt, Shirani, North and South Waziristan areas host many economic minerals like copper and chromite, construction stones, marble limestones, gypsum and cement resources, uranium and other radioactive mineral resources, low-quality iron, phosphate and muddy coal, high-quality gemstones, petroleum potential and excellent water resources and many other rocks and minerals. High-quality window and faden quartz crystals deposited in fractures and fissures as vugs and veins deposited by high-temperature hypothermal solution created by the tectonic compression process. The area has economic chromite and magnesite deposits. The Northern Koh Sulaiman foldbelt, Shirani, North and South Waziristan areas have large cement raw materials/resources (limestones, gypsum and shale/clays available mostly on same sites) which vitally need to install many cement industries in these areas because the ideal central location and now only one cement industry (Dera Ghazi Khan cement industry) is in operation. The Northern Koh Sulaiman foldbelt, Shirani, North and South Waziristan consists of excellent surface water resources which need the construction of smaller and medium-sized dams on different rud kohi/streams/rivers for the development of the area. Sakhi Sarwar area of Dera Ghazi Khan (South Punjab) yielded fossil of new Tomistominae (False Gharial) Gavialidae and further its surroundings recently yielded fossils of famous vertebrates like reptiles (dinosaurs, crocodiles, pterosaur and snake), birds and mammals, and tracks/trackways of Late Cretaceous archosaurs like Sauropaonia, Ornithopaonia and Pteropaonia.展开更多
Mobile Ad-Hoc Network (MANET) is an infrastructure less wireless network of autonomous collection of mobile nodes (Smart phones, Laptops, iPads, PDAs etc.). Network is self-configured to reconstruct its topology and r...Mobile Ad-Hoc Network (MANET) is an infrastructure less wireless network of autonomous collection of mobile nodes (Smart phones, Laptops, iPads, PDAs etc.). Network is self-configured to reconstruct its topology and routing table information for the exchange of data packets on the joining and leaving of each node on ad-hoc basis. This paper is based on the MANET applications and challenges. The researchers can get the overall concept of MANET as well as its applications and challenges.展开更多
We investigate the emission properties of CuI film scintillators and the effect of distributed Bragg reflectors.The free-exciton emission and the donor-acceptor pair emission from the CuI thin film with the peak wavel...We investigate the emission properties of CuI film scintillators and the effect of distributed Bragg reflectors.The free-exciton emission and the donor-acceptor pair emission from the CuI thin film with the peak wavelengths of 410 nm and 420 nm are observed.However,for the two emission bands,the distributed Bragg reflector reflection results in different enhancements,which is interpreted by the varying transmittance with wavelength.Angle-dependence of emission profile is decided by the transmittance and DBR reflection,which may be useful in scintillation detection applications.展开更多
The bipolar electric field solitary(EFS)structures observed frequently in space plasmas by satellites have two different polarities,first positive electric field peak then negative(i.e.,positive/negative)and first neg...The bipolar electric field solitary(EFS)structures observed frequently in space plasmas by satellites have two different polarities,first positive electric field peak then negative(i.e.,positive/negative)and first negative then positive peak(i.e.,negative/positive).We provide the physical explanation on the polarity of observed bipolar EFS structures with an electrostatic ion fluid model.The results show that if initial electric field𝐸E_(0)>0,the polarity of the bipolar EFS structure will be positive/negative;and if𝐸E_(0)<0,the polarity of the bipolar EFS structure will be negative/positive.However,for a fixed polarity of the EFS,either positive/negative or negative/positive,if the satellite is located at the positive side of the EFS,the observed polarity should be positive/negative,if the satellite is located at the negative side of the EFS,the observed polarity should be negative/positive.Therefore,we provide a method to clarify the natural polarity of the EFS with observed polarity by satellites.Our results are significant to understand the physical process in space plasma with the satellite observation.展开更多
Due to ecological effect, it is expected that population exposures to antimicrobial drugs may lead to microorganisms’ modifications, occasionally leading to resistance emergence. The present review was based on previ...Due to ecological effect, it is expected that population exposures to antimicrobial drugs may lead to microorganisms’ modifications, occasionally leading to resistance emergence. The present review was based on previous empirical data and on related literature search for quantitative empirical models exploring the human-bacterial interactions. Our previous studies have shown the emergence of ciprofloxacin resistant (CIP-R) Escherichia coli significantly related to previous specific levels of ciprofloxacin consumption and to urban clusters of CIP-R E. coli. The evidence of significant spatial clustering of antimicrobial resistance (ciprofloxacin resistance E. coli) reinforces the ecological effect hypothesis as a major drive in resistance emergence. In other words, human populations submitted to a certain ciprofloxacin or quinolone usage level may affect neighbours within certain geographical areas, not necessarily due to individual antimicrobial intake, but as a driving pressure over a modified circulating E. coli population. Apparently quantitative spatial-temporal analytical frameworks may be better for understanding human-bacterial interactions based on any of their epiphenomena (antimicrobial consumption, antimicrobial resistance, geno/phenotypic characteristics).展开更多
文摘This study focuses on air quality in southern Benin in order to show public authorities what the Beninese populations are exposed to for efficient decision-making. Two sampling campaigns were carried out, one in the wet period and the other in the dry season. The measurements were taken using a monitor called an “Air Quality Monitor”. For data processing, the multiple comparison methods of Dun (1961) and the Wilcoxon test were used. To maintain legitimacy, all spatial data were included in the official cartographic repository of Benin: WGS 1984, Transverse Mercator Universe Projection (UTM), Zone 31 North. The Moran statistic was used to measure the levels of spatial autocorrelation of the variables studied and to test the significance. In order to locate the spatial subsets, the local spatial association indices of Anselin Local Moran and Getis-Ord, Gi* were used. In terms of results, on the 13 monitoring sites and the 8 parameters chosen to determine air quality, we do not note any significant inter-seasonal difference. Of the eight parameters, only three parameters present spatial autocorrelation leading to predictions of ambient air quality over the entire study area based on the distance separating the points, namely, PM<sub>2.5</sub>, PM<sub>10</sub> and ambient air quality index (AQI). The localities affected by atmospheric pollution in South Benin are located in the south-western part of Benin, headed by Cotonou, which is heavily polluted by CO<sub>2</sub>, TCOV, PM<sub>10</sub> and PM<sub>2.5</sub>.
文摘The present study focused on the chemical characterization of the watercourse of the Togbadji Lake wildlife ranch. The methodological approach followed is as follows: Bibliography review, Sampling campaign. The results obtained were the subject of descriptive statistics, the two-sample Wilcoxon test to determine the impact of different localities on the abundance of microbiological contaminants, a Principal Component Analysis (PCA) with the software R version 3.5.0, in order to group the pollution parameters according to the different levels and sources of contamination. From our results, it is found that the respective average values in dry and rainy seasons for ammonium ions are 0.38 ± 0.16 mg/L and 0.22 ± 0.03 mg/L;for nitrite ions 0.20 ± 0.25 mg/L and 0.02 ± 0.01 mg/L;for nitrate ions 3.72 ± 2.52 mg/L and 7.84 ± 4.91 mg/L;for total Kjeldahl nitrogen 1.27 ± 1.44 mg/L and 1.19 ± 1.49 mg/L;for orthophosphate ions 0.20 ± 0.25 mg/L and 0.02 ± 0.01 mg/L;for total phosphorus 0.04 ± 0.01 mg/L and 0.11 ± 0.23 mg/L;the chemical oxygen demand 93.36 ± 61.73 mg/L of O2 and 89.93 ± 66.11 mg/L of O2 and the biochemical oxygen demand over 5 days 25.50 ± 18.22 mg/L of O2 and 37 ± 33.15 of O2. It emerged that the main sources of pollution in Lake Togbadji are runoff water, discharges of various wastewater from artisanal activities, livestock farming and open defecation.
文摘This study focuses on monitoring the exposure of populations in South Benin to atmospheric pollution. Thirteen (13) monitoring points were identified where the Air quality measurements were taken using autonomous electronic devices called “Air Quality Monitor”. Calibrated and turned on, the measuring device automatically determines the concentrations of carbon dioxide CO<sub>2</sub>, Total Organic Compounds, methanal (HCHO), particulate matter PM<sub>2.5</sub> and PM<sub>10</sub>, temperature in degrees Fahrenheit and relative humidity (RH). Per site, air pollution levels are recorded for 5 minutes every 30 minutes from 7 a.m. to 6 p.m. After the analyses, it appears that the carbon dioxide CO<sub>2</sub> contents vary from 400 to 1444 ppm with an average of 486.80 ± 184.3 ppm, the daily contents of Total Volatile Organic Compounds from 0.01 to 6 .91 mg/m<sup>3</sup> with a daily average of 0.36 ± 0.65 mg/m<sup>3</sup>, aldehydes from 0.005 to 3 mg/m<sup>3</sup> with an average of 0.05 ± 0.17 mg/m<sup>3</sup>, for particulate matter of diameters less than or equal to 2.5 μm (PM<sub>2.5</sub>) pollution levels vary between 5 and 173.8 μg/m<sup>3</sup> with an average of 21.5 ± 17.62 μg/m<sup>3</sup>. On the other hand, for PM<sub>10</sub>, the contents vary from 5 to 449.6 μg/m<sup>3</sup> with an average of 28.17 ± 31.74 μg/m<sup>3</sup>, the Air Quality Index (AQI) varies from 0, 3 to 243 with an average of 39 ± 33.16. From the results observed, it appears that the south-western part of South Benin is heavily polluted by CO<sub>2</sub>, Total Volatile Organic Compounds, PM<sub>10</sub> and especially PM<sub>2.5</sub> with the city of Cotonou at its head, in particular the Red Star crossroads, the Toyota crossroads and the crossroads after the friendship stadium. The impacts of this pollution could be significant on sensitive people such as the elderly, newborns and patients with acute and chronic respiratory illnesses.
文摘Northern Koh Sulaiman foldbelt, Shirani, North and South Waziristan (South Punjab, Balochistan and Khyber Pakhtunkhwa) comprised mostly PermoTriassic to Recent sediments with subordinate igneous and metamorphic rocks. These sedimentary strata folded and faulted by geodynamic and tectonic forces occurred during Late Cretaceous to Recent revealed through anticlinal and synclinal foldings and active faultings. The Northern Koh Sulaiman foldbelt, Shirani, North and South Waziristan areas host many economic minerals like copper and chromite, construction stones, marble limestones, gypsum and cement resources, uranium and other radioactive mineral resources, low-quality iron, phosphate and muddy coal, high-quality gemstones, petroleum potential and excellent water resources and many other rocks and minerals. High-quality window and faden quartz crystals deposited in fractures and fissures as vugs and veins deposited by high-temperature hypothermal solution created by the tectonic compression process. The area has economic chromite and magnesite deposits. The Northern Koh Sulaiman foldbelt, Shirani, North and South Waziristan areas have large cement raw materials/resources (limestones, gypsum and shale/clays available mostly on same sites) which vitally need to install many cement industries in these areas because the ideal central location and now only one cement industry (Dera Ghazi Khan cement industry) is in operation. The Northern Koh Sulaiman foldbelt, Shirani, North and South Waziristan consists of excellent surface water resources which need the construction of smaller and medium-sized dams on different rud kohi/streams/rivers for the development of the area. Sakhi Sarwar area of Dera Ghazi Khan (South Punjab) yielded fossil of new Tomistominae (False Gharial) Gavialidae and further its surroundings recently yielded fossils of famous vertebrates like reptiles (dinosaurs, crocodiles, pterosaur and snake), birds and mammals, and tracks/trackways of Late Cretaceous archosaurs like Sauropaonia, Ornithopaonia and Pteropaonia.
文摘Mobile Ad-Hoc Network (MANET) is an infrastructure less wireless network of autonomous collection of mobile nodes (Smart phones, Laptops, iPads, PDAs etc.). Network is self-configured to reconstruct its topology and routing table information for the exchange of data packets on the joining and leaving of each node on ad-hoc basis. This paper is based on the MANET applications and challenges. The researchers can get the overall concept of MANET as well as its applications and challenges.
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant Nos 11179019,11044011and 91022002Innovation Program of Shanghai Municipal Education Commission under Grant No 11ZZ29+1 种基金Shanghai Municipal Science and Technology Commission under Grant No 11ZR1440500the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities.
文摘We investigate the emission properties of CuI film scintillators and the effect of distributed Bragg reflectors.The free-exciton emission and the donor-acceptor pair emission from the CuI thin film with the peak wavelengths of 410 nm and 420 nm are observed.However,for the two emission bands,the distributed Bragg reflector reflection results in different enhancements,which is interpreted by the varying transmittance with wavelength.Angle-dependence of emission profile is decided by the transmittance and DBR reflection,which may be useful in scintillation detection applications.
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant Nos 40874084,41074114 and 40921063the Knowledge Innovation Project of Chinese Academy of Sciences under Grant No KJCX2-YW-T13-3by the Project Supported by the Specialized Research Fund for State Key Laboratories.
文摘The bipolar electric field solitary(EFS)structures observed frequently in space plasmas by satellites have two different polarities,first positive electric field peak then negative(i.e.,positive/negative)and first negative then positive peak(i.e.,negative/positive).We provide the physical explanation on the polarity of observed bipolar EFS structures with an electrostatic ion fluid model.The results show that if initial electric field𝐸E_(0)>0,the polarity of the bipolar EFS structure will be positive/negative;and if𝐸E_(0)<0,the polarity of the bipolar EFS structure will be negative/positive.However,for a fixed polarity of the EFS,either positive/negative or negative/positive,if the satellite is located at the positive side of the EFS,the observed polarity should be positive/negative,if the satellite is located at the negative side of the EFS,the observed polarity should be negative/positive.Therefore,we provide a method to clarify the natural polarity of the EFS with observed polarity by satellites.Our results are significant to understand the physical process in space plasma with the satellite observation.
基金supported by a FAPESP Research Grant:2006/53922-9(http://www.fapesp.br/english/).
文摘Due to ecological effect, it is expected that population exposures to antimicrobial drugs may lead to microorganisms’ modifications, occasionally leading to resistance emergence. The present review was based on previous empirical data and on related literature search for quantitative empirical models exploring the human-bacterial interactions. Our previous studies have shown the emergence of ciprofloxacin resistant (CIP-R) Escherichia coli significantly related to previous specific levels of ciprofloxacin consumption and to urban clusters of CIP-R E. coli. The evidence of significant spatial clustering of antimicrobial resistance (ciprofloxacin resistance E. coli) reinforces the ecological effect hypothesis as a major drive in resistance emergence. In other words, human populations submitted to a certain ciprofloxacin or quinolone usage level may affect neighbours within certain geographical areas, not necessarily due to individual antimicrobial intake, but as a driving pressure over a modified circulating E. coli population. Apparently quantitative spatial-temporal analytical frameworks may be better for understanding human-bacterial interactions based on any of their epiphenomena (antimicrobial consumption, antimicrobial resistance, geno/phenotypic characteristics).
