Biological factors driving colorectal cancer metastasis

Approximately 20%of colorectal cancer(CRC)patients present with metastasis at diagnosis.Among Stage I-III CRC patients who undergo surgical resection,18%typically suffer from distal metastasis within the first three years following initial treatment.The median survival duration after the diagnosis of metastatic CRC(mCRC)is only 9 mo.mCRC is traditionally considered to be an advanced stage malignancy or is thought to be caused by incomplete resection of tumor tissue,allowing cancer cells to spread from primary to distant organs;however,increa-sing evidence suggests that the mCRC process can begin early in tumor development.CRC patients present with high heterogeneity and diverse cancer phenotypes that are classified on the basis of molecular and morphological alterations.Different genomic and nongenomic events can induce subclone diversity,which leads to cancer and metastasis.Throughout the course of mCRC,metastatic cascades are associated with invasive cancer cell migration through the circulatory system,extravasation,distal seeding,dormancy,and reactivation,with each step requiring specific molecular functions.However,cancer cells presenting neoantigens can be recognized and eliminated by the immune system.In this review,we explain the biological factors that drive CRC metastasis,namely,genomic instability,epigenetic instability,the metastatic cascade,the cancer-immunity cycle,and external lifestyle factors.Despite remarkable progress in CRC research,the role of molecular classification in therapeutic intervention remains unclear.This review shows the driving factors of mCRC which may help in identifying potential candidate biomarkers that can improve the diagnosis and early detection of mCRC cases.

Na_(2)CO_(3)-Na_(2)SO_(4)复盐熔炼法从碱溶渣中高效分离钨的工艺研究

钨合金废料资源化利用过程中容易产生含钨碱溶渣,且该部分含钨碱溶渣中钨品位较高。本文开发了一种复盐(Na_(2)CO_(3)-Na_(2)SO_(4))熔炼工艺,以对含钨碱溶渣中的钨进行高效分离;探究Na_(2)CO_(3)和Na_(2)SO_(4)的添加量、复盐熔炼温度、熔炼时间以及水浸液固比、水浸温度对钨回收率的影响。结果表明:从含钨碱溶渣中高效分离钨的最优条件为n(W)∶n(Na_(2)CO_(3))∶n(Na_(2)SO_(4))=1∶1.25∶0.54,复盐熔炼温度为800℃,熔炼时间为3 h,水浸液固比为2.5,水浸温度为75℃,在该最优条件下可将含钨碱溶渣中99.93%的钨分离出来。同时,本文通过XRD分析以及热力学分析对复盐熔炼的反应机理进行了探讨,复盐体系的构建有助于降低体系共熔点,降低能耗,同时有助于促进碱溶渣与反应介质的充分接触,提高反应效率。

The Spectral Characterization of Blue Spinel and Other Blue Gemstones with the Alexandrite Effect

In gemmology,the term“Alexandrite effect”is used to describe colour change phenomenon when a gemstone is observed under different light sources,usually between daylight and incandescent light.The definition of the Alexandrite effect is constantly being broadened with new discovery of gem resource.The traditional definition of the Alexandrite effect attributing the colour change phenomenon to the presence of two maximum transmission regions and a maximum absorption region in the absorption spectra.In this study,7 blue spinels and 5 blue gemstones(including tanzanite,kyanite,fluorite,and 2 sapphires)showing the Alexandrite effect were investigated.The goal is to explain the cause of blue-to-violet Alexandrite effect and the spectral features causing such colour change.In the UV-Vis spectra,all samples showed a maximum absorption peak in the range of 534-610 nm,within the green region to orange region.The traditional explanation of green to red Alexandrite effect required a transmission window in the red region;however,some of our samples did not show this transmission window and the blue-to-violet Alexandrite effect was still visible.Therefore,it is incomplete to explain the mechanism of the Alexandrite effect according to their characteristic absorption spectra,a systematic study based on modern colour science and colour perception in human vision is required to elucidate the blue-to-violet Alexandrite effect.

Provenance of Coloured Gemstones-Availability,Testing Methods,Future Trends

Gemstones have fascinated mankind forever,and people traveled far to find them.The Silk Road is one of the most traditional trade routes in the middle ages that was used to bring the precious stones to the European market.Later,emeralds from Colombia were shipped via the ocean to the Old World.

The CCOP-IUGS/GEM Thematic Session on ＂Sustainable development of geo-resources ＆ geo-environment＂ Beijing, China, September 16-17, 2005

The Coordinating Committee for Geoscience Programmes in East and Southeast Asia （CCOP） is an intergovernmental organization whose mission is to facilitate and coordinate the implementation of applied geoscience programmes in East and Southeast Asia in order to contribute to economic development and the improvement of the quality of life in the region. To this end, CCOP promotes capacity building, technology transfer, exchange of information and institutional linkages for sustainable resource development, management of geo-information, geo-hazard mitigation and protection of the environment （http：//www.ccop.or.th/sitemap.asp）.

Spectroscopic Features and Coloration of Gem-Quality Green Tsavorite in Major International Deposits and China

Tsavorite green colored by Cr3+/V3+ has been traditionally found and mined in Tanzania, Kenya and Madagascar in the Neoproterozoic Mozambique metamorphic belt (NMMB), and recently be found in Sanjiang, Litang, Sichuan, China. The differences of the chemical formula, spectroscopic features, as well as the concentrations of the V2O3 and Cr2O3 in the tsavorite crystals collected from major international deposits and Sanjiang, China have been investigated using EPMA, XRF, UV-VIS spectrometers, FTIR, Raman scattering microscopy, DiamondView TM techniques. It was found that the chemical formulas of African tsavorite and Chinese tsavorite are Ca3(Al,V)2[SiO4]3 and Ca3(Al,Cr)2[SiO4]3, respectively, indicating that tsavorite is a solid solution between dominant grossular and minor goldmanite and uvarovite. Two broad bands centered at 430 nm and 605 nm were the main absorption features in the tsavorite samples, which attribute to the absorption of Cr3+ and/or V3+ ions in the lattice. The green coloration is caused by Cr3+ and/or V3+ ions resulting in the absorption of purple and red components of the visible light. Absorptions caused of Fe3+ and Fe2+ ions could add the bluish color component in some of tsavorite samples. The intensity of green color is proportional to the concentrations of V2O3 and Cr2O3. The basic gemological properties, such as refractive index in the investigated samples were presented, and the definition and chemical and spectroscopic properties of tsavorite are discussed.

Comparison on crack propagation under tension at 150℃ of Mg-2Zn-1.5Mn alloy sheets with and without crack notch

Generally,edge crack of rolled magnesium alloy sheets initiates in the RD(rolling direction)-ND(normal direction)plane and then propagate in the RD-TD(transverse direction)plane.Hence,the Mg-2Zn-1.5Mn(ZM21)alloy sheets with and without crack notch were designed to carry out in-situ tensile experiments under 150℃(the same temperature of rolling),with the aim to understand their crack propagation mechanism.The scanning electron microscopy(SEM)and electron backscattered diffraction(EBSD)techniques were utilized to reveal microstructural evolution in real time at designated displacements.The results show that the prismatic slip,basal slip,and extension twining play synergistic role in coordinating strain during the tensile process in ZM21 alloy sheet at 150℃.In both tensile samples with and without crack notch,localized strain is mainly concentrated at relatively fine grain area and the grain boundaries or triple junctions of the grains with large basal Schmid factor(SF)difference,which eventually leads to severe surface roughening and subsequent crack initiation.Compared with the sample without crack notch,the pre-cracked sample exhibits severer deformation at the crack tip due to strain concentration.Strain gradient distribution is observed at the crack tip region in the pre-cracked sample.The crack propagation path of the sample with pre-crack is identified and the underlying mechanism is also discussed.

International experts consensus guidelines on robotic liver resection in 2023

The robotic liver resection(RLR)has been increasingly applied in recent years and its benefits shown in some aspects owing to the technical advancement of robotic surgical system,however,controversies still exist.Based on the foundation of the previous consensus statement,this new consensus document aimed to update clinical recommendations and provide guidance to improve the outcomes of RLR clinical practice.The guideline steering group and guideline expert group were formed by 29 international experts of liver surgery and evidence-based medicine(EBM).Relevant literature was reviewed and analyzed by the evidence evaluation group.According to the WHO Handbook for Guideline Development,the Guidance Principles of Development and Amendment of the Guidelines for Clinical Diagnosis and Treatment in China 2022,a total of 14 recommendations were generated.Among them were 8 recommendations formulated by the GRADE method,and the remaining 6 recommendations were formulated based on literature review and experts’opinion due to insufficient EBM results.This international experts consensus guideline offered guidance for the safe and effective clinical practice and the research direction of RLR in future.

煤层H_(2)S与煤脱硫协同治理研究

为研究煤层H_(2)S与煤脱硫的协同治理,自制装置对复配碱液进行H_(2)S吸收和煤脱硫试验。采用离子色谱法、X射线光电子能谱、形态硫测试对吸收液和煤样进行表征,分析协同治理机理,利用响应面法分析各因素对H_(2)S吸收和煤脱硫的影响程度。结果显示:单一碱液均可吸收H_(2)S,但脱硫效果微弱;添加NaClO后,协同治理效果显著且能避免H_(2)S二次逸散,其中NaOH+NaClO协同治理效果最优。在反应后,H_(2)S及煤中低价态硫噻吩、硫醇和硫醚减少,吸收液中SO_(4)^(2-)及煤中高价态硫(亚)砜增加,表明NaOH为元素硫歧化提供碱性条件,元素硫继而被NaClO氧化。NaOH质量浓度对H_(2)S吸收影响最大,NaClO质量浓度对煤脱硫影响最大,NaOH和NaClO交互对煤脱硫与H_(2)S吸收影响显著。利用Design-Expert软件确定最佳参数:NaOH质量浓度为54 g/L、NaClO质量浓度为54 g/L、温度为21.4℃。

采用Cyanex 301从废旧三元锂电浸出液中萃取分离镍和钴

近年来全球电动汽车销量激增,废旧锂电池的回收愈发迫在眉睫。本文以废旧三元锂电池正极材料的硫酸浸出液为研究对象,采用Cyanex 301选择性分离回收其中的Ni(Ⅱ)和Co(Ⅱ);分别考察了初始pH、萃取相比、萃取时间等因素对各金属萃取率的影响,以及反萃剂HCl浓度、反萃时间、反萃温度等因素对金属反萃率的影响。结果表明:在初始pH=2.0、相比(O/A)为2∶1、Cyanex 301体积分数20%、时间30 min的萃取条件下,经两级逆流萃取,Ni(Ⅱ)、Co(Ⅱ)萃取率分别达97.32%和99.45%。萃取完成后,在最优条件下,通过25℃三级逆流反萃Co(Ⅱ)、80℃两级逆流反萃Ni(Ⅱ),反萃率分别达99.23%和99.08%。最后通过红外光谱和核磁共振氢谱初步证明Cyanex 301萃取Ni(Ⅱ)、Co(Ⅱ)的过程为金属离子与S—H键中的H+发生阳离子交换,且与P=S键形成配位键的过程。

氨浸工艺从废旧锂电池中选择性回收有价金属

研究了碳酸氢铵-还原剂体系选择性浸出废旧三元锂电池中锂、镍、钴的过程。考察了浸出温度、碳酸氢铵浓度、还原剂的种类和浓度、固液比及浸出时间等对有价金属浸出率的影响,并通过XRD、SEM-EDS和FT-IR等表征方法对选择性浸出机理进行了初步探明。结果表明:在浸出温度80℃、浸出时间2.5 h、碳酸氢铵浓度2.5 mol/L、固液比50 g/L、还原剂亚硫酸钠浓度0.6 mol/L的条件下,锂、镍、钴的浸出率分别为96.86%、96.36%、93.43%,而锰几乎不被浸出。碳酸氢铵-亚硫酸钠还原浸出体系可以实现从废旧三元锂电池材料中高效、选择性回收锂、镍和钴。

Nanoskin®-ACT—The Impact of Natural Membrane & Soft with Chronic and Untreated Wounds

Bacterial cellulose (BC) is a versatile biomaterial with unique properties that make it promising for various biomedical applications, including wound healing. The extracellular matrix (ECM) plays a crucial role in wound healing, providing a structural scaffold and signaling cues for cell migration and proliferation. This study investigates the potential of BC as a scaffold for ECM production and its effect on in vivo wound healing. In this work, the bacterial cellulose fermentation process is modified by the addition of Green Propolis and Usnic acid to the culture medium and natural materials before the bacteria are inoculated. In vivo behaviour using natural membranes for regenerative medicine is presented and it is in edit. Overall, our findings demonstrate the potential of BC as a scaffold for ECM production and its beneficial effects on in vivo wound healing. BC-based dressings may offer a novel approach to promoting wound healing and tissue regeneration in clinical settings. Further studies are warranted to optimize BC-based therapies and explore their full potential in regenerative medicine.

高球形度超高镍三元前驱体合成因素的研究

探讨不同的搅拌频率、不同的固含量对三元前驱体合成因素的影响,通过共沉淀反应过程中梯次降低搅拌频率和调控反应过程中浆料的固含量,制备了高球形度、高振实密度、粒度分布适中的超高镍三元前驱体Ni_(0.95)Co_(0.04)Mn_(0.01)(OH)_(2)。结果表明:以38 Hz开机,然后以每12 h下调3 Hz的速度梯次降低搅拌频率至20 Hz,并且将固含量控制在300 g/L,既可以保证高球形度、高振实密度,减少球粘连,又可以避免前驱体产生裂纹和碎球,制备出了高球形度、颗粒分布均匀的超高镍三元前驱体。

Development and strengthening mechanisms of a hybrid CNTs@SiCp/Mg-6Zn composite fabricated by a novel method

The hybrid addition of CNTs was used to improve both the strengths and ductility of SiCp reinforced Mg matrix composites.A novel method was developed to simultaneously disperse SiCp and CNTs in Mg melt.Firstly,new CNTs@SiCp hybrid reinforcements were synthesized by CVD.Thus,CNTs were well pre-dispersed on the SiCp surfaces before they were added to Mg melt.Therefore,the following semisolid stirring and ultrasonic vibration dispersed the new hybrid reinforcements well in Mg-6Zn melt.The hybrid composite exhibits some unique features in microstructures.Although the distribution of SiCp was very uniform in the Mg-6Zn matrix,most CNTs distributed along the strips in the state of micro-clusters,in which CNTs were bonded very well with Mg matrix.Most of the CNTs kept their structure integrity during fabrication process.All these factors ensure that the hybrid composite have much higher strength and elongation than the mono SiC/Mg-6Zn composites.The dominant strengthening mechanism is the load transfer effect of CNTs.Apart from grain refinement,the CNTs toughen the composites by impeding the microcrack propagation inside the material.Thus,the hybrid CNTs@SiCp successfully realizes the reinforcing advantage of“1+1>2”.

Processing,microstructure and mechanical properties of bimodal size SiCp reinforced AZ31B magnesium matrix composites

The bimodal size SiC particulates(SiCp)reinforced magnesium matrix composites with different ratios of micron SiCp and nano SiCp(M-SiCp:N-SiCp=14.5:0.5,14:1,and 13.5:1.5)were prepared by semisolid stirring assisted ultrasonic vibration method.The AZ31B alloy and all as-cast SiCp/AZ31B composites were extruded at 350℃ with the ratio of 12:1.Microstructural characterization of the extruded M14+N1(M-SiCp:N-SiCp=14:1)composite revealed the uniform distribution of bimodal size SiCp and significant grain refinement.Optical Microscopy(OM)observation showed that,compared with the M14.5+N0.5(M-SiCp:N-SiCp=14.5:0.5)composite,there are more recrystallized grains in M14+N1(M-SiCp:N-SiCp=14:1)and M13.5+N1.5(M-SiCp:N-SiCp=13.5:1.5)composites,but in comparison to the M13.5+N1.5 composite,the average grain size of the M14+N1 composite is slightly decreased.The evaluation of mechanical properties indicated that the yield strength and ultimate tensile strength of the M14+N1 composite were obviously increased compared with other composites.

Improving the Young’s modulus of Mg via alloying and compositing–A short review

Lightweight,high-modulus structural materials are highly desired in many applications like aerospace,automobile and biomedical instruments.As the lightest metallic structural material,magnesium(Mg)has great potential but is limited by its low intrinsic Young’s modulus.This paper reviews the investigations on high-modulus Mg-based materials during the last decades.The nature of elastic modulus is introduced,and typical high-modulus Mg alloys and Mg matrix composites are reviewed.Specifically,Mg alloys enhance Young’s modulus of pure Mg mainly by introducing suitable alloying elements to promote the precipitation of high-modulus second phases in the alloy system.Differently,Mg matrix composites improve Young’s modulus by incorporating high-modulus particles,whiskers and fibers into the Mg matrix.The modulus strengthening effectiveness brought by the two approaches is compared,and Mg matrix composites stand out as a more promising solution.In addition,two well-accepted modulus prediction models(Halpin-Tsai and Rule of mixtures(ROM))for different Mg matrix composites are reviewed.The effects of reinforcement type,size,volume fraction and interfacial bonding condition on the modulus of Mg matrix composites are discussed.Finally,the existing challenges and development trends of high-modulus Mg-based materials are proposed and prospected.

Definition and Classification of the Stakeholders in Land Consolidation Project

Using the methods of questionnaire survey, statistical analysis and multidimensional rating, we define and classify the stakeholders in land consolidation project. 25 kinds of stakeholders are determined, divided into three categories: core stakeholders, including county-level government, county-level land departments, county-level land consolidation center, the rural collective economic organizations, farmers, township government, and the villagers' committee; middle stakeholders, including central government, the Ministry of Land and Resources, the Ministry of Land and Resources Land Consolidation Center, the provincial land departments, the provincial land consolidation center, the county-level finance departments, the county-level water resources departments, the government supervisory departments, government audit departments, and the public; peripheral stakeholders, including the county-level environmental protection departments, the county-level agricultural departments, supervisory agencies, design agencies, project contractors, equipment suppliers, material suppliers, and the bidding agencies. The project managers should pay attention to the interest appeal of the stakeholders, and adopt different coping strategies.

Uncertainty Propagation of Structural Computation for Fatigue Assessment

Offshore wind substations are subjected to uncertain loads from waves,wind and currents.Sea states are composed of irregular waves which statistics are usually characterized.Irregular loads may induce fatigue failure of some structural components of the structures.By combining fatigue damage computed through numerical simulations for each sea state endured by the structure,it is possible to assess fatigue failure of the structure over the whole deployment duration.Yet,the influence of the discretization error on the fatigue damage is rarely addressed.It is possible to estimate the discretization error on the quantity of interest computed at the structural detail suspected to fail.However,the relation between this local quantity of interest and the fatigue damage is complex.In this paper,a method that allows propagating error bounds towards fatigue damage is proposed.While increasing computational burden,computing discretization error bounds is a useful output of finite element analysis.It can be utilized to either validate mesh choice or guide remeshing in case where potential error on the fatigue damage is too large.This method is applied to an offshore wind substation developped by Chantiers de l’Atlantique using two discretization error estimators in a single sea state.

Microstructure and room temperature tensile properties of 1μm-SiCp/AZ31B magnesium matrix composite

In the present study,AZ31B magnesium matrix composites reinforced with two volume fractions(3 and 5 vol.%)of micron-SiC particles(1μm)were fabricated by semisolid stirring assisted ultrasonic vibration method.The as-cast ingots were extruded at 350℃ with the extrusion ratio of 15:1 at a constant ram speed of 15 mm/s.The microstructure of the composites was investigated by optical microscopy,scanning electron microscope and transmission electron microscope.Microstructure characterization of the composites showed relative uniform reinforcement distribution and significant grain refinement.The presence of 1μm-SiC particles assisted in improving the elastic modulus and tensile strength.The ultimate tensile strength and yield strength of the 5 vol.%SiCp/AZ31B composites were simultaneously improved.

Detection of Natural and Synthetic Emerald by Using Infrared Spectroscopy–ATR,Specular Reflection,Transflectance and Diffuse Reflectance Techniques

Emerald is a green(Cr-bearing)variety of beryl.It has also been one of the highest value and highly demanded gemstones in the world.For this reason,the methods for synthesis emerald(i.e.,hydrothermal,flux grown)have been constantly developed.In many cases,it is hard to distinguish the natural emerald from the synthetic one using the basic instruments.Therefore,with the advantage of non-destructive technique,the infrared spectroscopy has been efficiently applied for the task.In this study,to find the potential technique in FTIR spectroscopy for classifying between natural and synthetic emerald(hydrothermal and flux-grown),the observed spectra from the Attenuated Total Reflectance Radiation(ATR),Diffuse Reflectance(DRIFT),transflectance,and specular reflection techniques were compared.The result showed that the spectra obtained from the transflectance and the DRIFT techniques were similar with equal spectral qualities.Unlike the diffuse reflectance spectra,the transflectance spectra were not affected by the sample orientations.The spectral features associated with water molecule in the crystal structure were clearly observed in both the DRIFT and transflectance spectra.Although the spectral features associated with weak absorption bands of water were not observed in both the DRIFT and transflectance spectra,the position of strong absorption band at 3 800-3 500 cm^(-1) and 1 635 cm^(-1) could be detected in the ATR spectra.In addition,the lack of absorption of water between 4 000 and 3 400 cm^(-1) in flux-grown emerald samples is the clue to separate it from the natural and hydrothermal one.In the meantime,the absence of the strong absorption peaks between 2 300 and 1 400 cm^(-1) in hydrothermal emerald can differentiate it from the natural one.